The Design ofBuilding Structures

Wolfgang SchuellerProfessor of Architecture

University of Florida

PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Contents

Preface viii

Acknowledgments xii

chapter 1 Introduction to Building Structures 1

1.1 General Design Determinants 6Environmental Context 6 / Introduction to Architectural DesignConsiderations 7 / Building Functions 7 / Fire Safety 8 /Construction and Economy 12

1.2 The Early Beginnings of the Science of Mechanics 15

1.3 Structure as Geometry 22

1.4 The Support Structure 29The Building as a Whole 31 / Structure Systems 32 /Force Flow 42 / The Effect of Scale and Rules of Thumb 45

1.5 Basic Structure Components 49Beams 49 / Floor and Low-slope Roof Structures 50 /Columns 53 / Walls 55 / Joints 62

chapter 2 Basic Structure Concepts 66

2.1 Building Loads 69Dead Loads 72 / Live Loads 75 / Wind and Earthquake Loads 82 /Water and Earth Pressure Loads 84 / Loads Due to Restrained VolumeChange: Hidden Loads 84 / Dynamic Loads 86 /Abnormal Loads 88 / Load Combinations 88

2.2 Statics 89

iii

iv Contents

Properties of Forces 89 / Force Systems 91 /

2.3 Internal Forces in Beams and Columns 102The Relationship Among Load, Shear, and Moment 103 /Beam Types: The Effect of Boundary Conditions 105 /Load Types and Load Arrangements 108

2.4 Properties of Sections 113Centroids 113 / The Second Moment of Area or Moment of Inertia 116

2.5 General Material Properties 120Mechanical Material Properties 120 / Building Materials 124 /Comparison of Materials 128

2.6 Stress and Deformation 130Simple Stresses 130 / Stresses in Beams 132 / Elastic Deflections ofShallow Beams 138 / General Notes on Bending Members 143

2.7 Torsion 148Circular Sections 150 / Noncircular Closed Sections 151 /Open Sections 152

2.8 Prestressing 153Application of the Prestress Principle to Various Structure Systems 156 /

2.9 Soil and Foundations 161Soil Properties 163 / Foundation Systems 165 / Sizing ShallowFootings 167

Problems 172

chapter 3 Approximate Structural Design of CommonMember Types 175

3.1 Materials 176Structural Steel 176 / Structural Wood 179 /Reinforced Concrete 186

3.2 Design of Beams 191Steel Beams 193 / Steel Plate Girders 206 / Wood Beams 209 /Built-up Wood Beams 216 / Reinforced Concrete Beams 224 /Prestressed Concrete Beams 239 / Composite Steel ConcreteBeams 246

3.3 Design of Tension Members 248Single Structural Steel Shapes and Built-up Steel Members 248 /Round and Square Steel Rods and Flat Steel Bars 253 / SteelCables 254 / Wood Tension Members 254

3.4 Design of Columns and Beam Columns 255Steel Columns 261 / Wood Columns 270 / Reinforced ConcreteColumns 275

3.5 Design of Connections 284Steel Connections 286 / Wood Connections 299 / Reinforced ConcreteConnections 301

3.6 Design of Simple Reinforced Concrete Column andWall Footings 302

Problems 309

Contents

chapter 4

chapter 5

The Lateral Stability of Buildings 316

4.1 Lateral Load Action 318Wind Loads 319 / Seismic Loads 328 / Load Combinations 345 /

4.2 The Response of Buildings to Lateral Force Action 347Diaphragm Action of Horizontal or Sloped Building Planes 350Lateral Building Deflection 355 /The Distribution of Lateral Forces to the Vertical Lateral Force-resistingStructures 365 / Overturning 378

4.3 Water and Earth Pressure Loads: Basement Wallsand Retaining Walls 380Basement Walls 382 / Retaining Walls 385

Problems 391

Frames, Arches, and Trusses 393

5.1

5.2

5.3'

5.4

5.5

5.6

Introduction to Frames 394General Design Considerations 396

Rectangular Frames 403One-story, Single-bay Frames 403 / One-story, MultibayFrames 430 / Multistory Rigid Frames 441 /The Vierendeel Truss 444

Pitched Frames 446Introduction to General Structural Concepts 448 / Pitched RoofStructures in Residential ConstructionStructures 460

452 / Gable Frame

Arches 467Historical Development 468 / Response of the Arch to Loading 473 /Preliminary Design of Common Arches 485 / Minor MasonryArches 489 .

Trusses 491Basic Truss Characteristics 492 / Preliminary Design of OrdinaryTrusses 500

Long-span Skeleton Structures 508Cantilever Structures 508 / Beam Buildings 514

Problems 515

chapter 6 Space Frames 521

6.1 The Development of Space Frames 522

6.2 Simple Single-layer Space Frames 524Introduction to Space Statics 527

6.3 Multilayer Space Frames 535Design Considerations 535 / Flat Space Frame Roofs 548 /Approximate Design of Flat Double-layer Space Frames 551 /Other Double-layer Space Frames 560

Problems 562

vi

chapter 7

chapter 8

chapter 9

Contents

Folded Plate Structures 564

7.1 Folded Plate Structure Types 565

7.2 Structural Design of Ordinary Folded Plate Roof Structures inConcrete, Steel, and Wood 569

Problems 581

Shell Structures 5848.1 Introduction to Thin-Shell and Skeletal-Shell Structures 585

Bent Surface Structures in Nature 585 / The Development of Bent SurfaceStructures in Architecture 587 / Surface Classification 598 /Membrane Forces 603 / Shell Structure Characteristics 604 /Shell Material 607

8.2 Cylindrical Shells 617Cylindrical Shell Types 618 / Membrane Forces in Circular CylindricalShells 622 / Approximate Design of Barrel Shells 624 / CylindricalGrid Structures 635 / Asymmetrical Shell Beams 637

8.3 Thin-shell Domes and Skeletal Domes 637Dome Types 638 / Membrane Forces in Spherical Dome Shells 647 /Structural Behavior of Dome Shells 650 / Approximate Design ofConcrete Dome Shells 654 / Approximate Design of SkeletalDomes 658 / Approximate Design of Other Dome Shapes 663

8.4 The Hyperbolic Paraboloid 666Hypar Types 666 / Membrane Analysis 672 / Supporting StructureSystems 676Structural Behavior and Approximate Design of Hypar Shells 678

8.5 Other Shell Forms 686

Problems 692

Tension Roof Structures 695

9.1 General Principles 697Stability Considerations 698 / Anchorage of Tensile Forces 700/Materials 702 / Loads 707

9.2 The Single Cable 708Cable Action under Transverse Loads 710 / Cable Action under RadialLoads 725 / The Prestretched Cable 729 / Dynamic Behavior 731 /

9.3 Cable Beams and Cable Trusses 732

9.4 Cable-supported Roof Structures 736Single-strut and Multistrut Cable-supported Beams 737 / Cable-stayedBridges 738/ Cable-stayed Roof Structures 741

9.5 Simply Suspended Roofs 751Double-layer Simply Suspended Roofs 755

9.6 Prestrcssed Membranes and Cable Nets 756Edge-supported Saddle Roof Structures 757 / Arch- supported SaddleSurface Structures and Mast-supported Conical Surface Structures 759 /Approximate Design of Anticlastic Prestressed Membranes 763 /

Contents vii

Approximate Design of Edge Members 770

9.7 Hybrid Tensile Surface Structures 775

9.8 Pneumatic Structures 779Air-supported Structures 780 / Air-inflated Structures 800 /Some Other Soft Shell Structures 803

9.9 Typical Membrane Roof Details 803

9.10 Tensile Foundations 805

Problems 808

chapter 10 High-rise Building Structures 813

10.1 General Introduction to High-rise Structure Systems 817Considerations of Efficiency 821

10.2 Force Flow in High-rise Building Structures 822

10.3 Introduction to Basic Behavipr of High-riseBuilding Structures 825

10.4 Brief Investigation of Common High-rise Structures 827

The New Generation of Tall Structures 837

Appendix A: Tables for Structural Design 842

Appendix B: Answers to Selected Problems 855

Bibliography and References 857

Index 863