THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STATE

• NARRATIVE EMBROIDERY, 231 FEET BY 19 INCHES, PROVIDES IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF NORMAN & ANGLO SAXON WARRIOR CLASS

• Edward the Confessor (c.1003 - 1066) dies and the crown passes to King Harold II (c.1022 - 1066). In April of that year, Halley's Comet passes overhead (bottom right).

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA & HOLY ROMAN EMPIREObj: How did Kings consolidate political power in Spain & the HRE?

DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM SPAIN• 711 DEFEATED VISIGOTHS

• ABD AL-RAHMAN 756-788

• ARABIC LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS

• DISTINCTLY PLURALISTIC

• AGRICULTURALLY ADVANCED

• ABD AL-RAHMAN III 912-961

• CHRISTIAN SPAIN NORTH & PORTUGAL

• CIVIL WAR ENSUED

RECONQUISTA OF SPAIN11TH – 15TH CENTURIES

• PLURALISTIC SOCIETY WILL BEGIN TO FRAGMENT

• MUSLIM & CHRISTIAN RELATIONS DISINTIGRATE

• VIEWS OF THE STATE

• CHRISTIAN VIEW – GEOGRAPHIC & MUSLIM VIEW – WHEREVER MUSLIMS LIVE

• CASTILE LARGEST CHRISTIAN KINGDOM KING ALFONSO VI

• 1085 CAPTURE TOLEDO

• BRIEFLY TAKEN BACK BY ALMORAVID’S OF NORTH AFRICA

• 1212 RECAPTURED BY ALFONSO VIII (1158-1214) AT LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA

BEGINNING OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

• ESTABLISHED REPRESENTA-TIVE ASSEMBLIES: CORTES

• CLERGY,NOBILITY & URBAN DWELLERS ALL MEMBERS BUT MET SEPARATELY

• CHRISTIANIZATION

• OF FORMER MUSLIM AREAS

• VALENCIA MOSQUE 1233 NOW A CATHEDRAL (SIMILAR FATE TO HAGIA SOPHIA)

• SPAIN HIGHLY URBANIZED DUE TO MUSLIM INFLUENCE

• EXPEL MUSLIMS, RECRUIT EURO-PEANS

SPAIN & SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA• PILGRIMAGES PART OF MANY

RELIGIONS• ST. JAMES’ TOMB FOUNDED IN

N. SPAIN UNDER ALFONSO II 792-842

• 1075 CONSTRUCTION OF CATHEDRAL UNDER ALFONSO VI AT SITE OF ST. JAMES’ TOMB

• LEGEND SAYS ST. JAMES BEGAN EXPULSION OF MUSLIMS OUT OF SPAIN BUT LIVED 600 YEARS BEFORE MOHAMMED

• ROLE OF RELICS IMPORTANT – INTERCESSION ON YOUR BEHALF – DONATION FUNDED CHURCH

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE BY 11TH CENTURY

• OTTO I (963-973) RELIED ON CHURCH FOR $ & ARMY FROM CHURCH LANDS, PAY HOMAGE

• CROWNED EMPEROR BY POPE IN AACHEN – ELECTED POSITION

• 1000-1300 REGIONAL AUTHO-RITY: TERRITORIAL LORDSHIP

• CIVIL WAR MOST OF 12TH CENT.

• ELECTION OF FRED. BARBAR-OSSA 1152-1190

• IMPERIAL AUTHORITY FIRST

• LANDFRIEDEN – PEACE ASSOC.

• USE OF ROMAN LAW TO JUSTIFY ITALIAN EXPEDITIONS 1154-88

• 1176 BATTLE OF LEGNANO

FINANCES & ECONOMY IN HRE• NORMAN DOMINATION IN SICILY

1061-1091 ROGER I & SON ROGER II

• FREDERICK I 1152-90 & FREDERICK II 1212-1250 – VIEW ITALY AS REVENUE PRODUCING

• N. ITALIAN CITY-STATES & PAPAL STATES NOT INTERESTED & DEFEAT IN LEGNANO

• COMPROMISE N. ITALY REMAINS INDEPENDENT BUT PAYS ANNUAL FEE TO F. BARBAROSSA

• HENRY VI SON OF F.B. STRONGEST RULER SINCE CHARLEMAGNE BUT PREMATURE DEATH & EMPIRE FELL APART

• FREDERICK II RAISED IN SICILY & COSMOPOLITAN & FOCUS ON ITALY SO GERMAN PRINCES TAKE OVER