the dimension of meaning
TRANSCRIPT
Topics of presentation
REFERENCE AND DENOTATION CONNOTATION
SENSE RELATIONSLEXICAL AND
GRAMMATICAL MEANING
Reference & denotation
• Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.• Denotation is literal definition of a word
that might be found in a dictionary.
Kinds of connotation:
• Flavor or positive connotation: words that make people feel good.
• Unfavorable or negative connotation: words that provoke a negative emotional response.
• Neutral connotation: not good or bad; indifferent; used when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions either way.
Positive Neutral Negative
That is a glamorous necklace.
That is a nice necklace.
That is a gaudy necklace.
Andi is a little one.
Andi is a child. Andi is a brat.
For example:
Synonym
Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as or very nearly the same as, another word in the same language.
For example:
Close (informal) = Shut (formal)
Please shut the door!
Please close the door!
Antonym
Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.
For example:
Big >< Small
Big: I ever eat big burger.
Small: I have shoes with small size.
Polysemy
Polysemy is a word that has many meaning, but it includes a central groove.
For example:
Eye, is a central groove and the branches of eye are eye care, eye wind, cow eye, and humanizer eye.
Hyponym
Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized in a broader sense. Parts of hyponym are:• Subordination is the meaning or extends (vertical). E.g.
flower.• Co-Hyponym is below or narrow meaning (horizontal)
E.g. roses, orchid, etc.
Lexical & grammatical meaning
Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word formation which produces new words. It changes part of speech and meaning.
Grammatical (inflectional morphology) studies word formation related to grammar. It does not change part of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical information
Lexical
For example:
Noun modifies adjective
Happy (Adjective) => Happiness (Noun)
They look happy after winning the competition.
My father does it for my happiness. Verb modifies noun
Smoke (Verb) => Smoker (Noun)
Don’t smoke here!
My father is a smoker.
Grammatical
For example:
Simple past vs Simple present
A dog barked. A dog barks.
Singular vs Plural
A dog barked. Some dogs barked.