the diverse roles of universities in regional innovation ... · regional innovation ecosystems:...
TRANSCRIPT
The Diverse Roles of Universities in
Regional Innovation Ecosystems:
Case Studies from University of
California Campuses*
Martin Kenney Department of Human and Community
Development University of California, Davis
& Berkeley Roundtable on the International
Economy
Prepared for
Plan of Talk
• California knowledge economy
• University-industry relations
• The linear and other tech transfer models
• The reality in other domains
• Who starts firms
• Commercialization vs. engagement
• Concluding remarks
California’s Knowledge Economy
California’s Share of USPTO Patents Is Growing
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1963 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
Axi
s Ti
tle
Patents Filed at US PTO by Nation and State, Selected Years, 1963-2012
Germany
Japan
Massachusetts
New York
Texas
California
U.S. (Minus CA, TX, NY, MA)
World Total (Minus U.S., Japan, Germany)
California
Global Top 50 Universities*
• CA: Stanford, UCB, CalTech, UCLA, UCSD, UCSF, UCSB, UCI, USC, UCD (10 total)
• UK (5 total)
• New York (4 total)
* Shanghai Jiaotong University AWRU 2014
Venture Capital Disbursements by
Region, 1980 - 2012
Source: VentureExpert 2014
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Silicon Valley
Massachusetts
New York
Texas
S. Calif.
SoCal #3
University-Industry Relations
First Principles -- U.S. Universities
• Bulk of funds come from four
sources:
–Tuitions
–Research (Federal government)
–Services such as academic medical
center hospitals
–Endowments
Licensing Income as a Percentage of
University R&D Expenditures, 2007
The Private Sector Does Not
Support R&D!
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
Federalgovernment
State/localgovernment
Industry
Academicinstitutions
All othersources
NSF 2014
Benefits Flow from Core Missions – Research and Teaching
• Research and training dwarfs formal “transfer” activities
• Licensing income is far less than that from sponsored research and philanthropy
• University extension can be an important contributor to local industry
The Linear and Other Tech Transfer Models
The Linear and Biotech Models
Basic Research
Applied Research
Development
Product
University Lab
VC-Funded Start-Up
Big Pharma
New Drugs
Vannevar Bush Model Biotech Model
Patents
Time Horizon – 8-12 years
Direct license
To big pharma
Tech Transfer
Office
Reality in Other Technologies
The Engineering and Scientific Instruments
Model
Academic Research
Results
Firms
Product
Engineering Model
Basic Research
Scientific Instrument
Boot-Strapped Firm
Product
Scientific Instruments Model
Time Horizon – 2 years Time Horizon – Sell
what is made
Open Source
UCB EE&CS Case Study • Students in industry continuing
relationship w/ professors
• Consulting bi-directional tech and
problem transfer
• Professors hired from industry
• Professors take sabbaticals in industry
• Industry researchers take sabbaticals at
university and vice versa
• Industry contributes software, money and
equipment to university
• Importance of open source Source: Kenney et al. 2014
Berkeley Unix – The Simplified Version Software developed at Bell Labs
UCB Prof sees asks for copy
and UCB licenses
With students improve at UCB
Bell Labs researcher
teaches Unix at UCB
for year
UCB Ph.D. student
takes BSD and founds
Sun Micro
UCB provides version
to public for free
Basis for Linux Basis for Apple
OS 10
UCB grad students
Intern etc. at Bell
Adapted from Kenney and Mowery 2014
SendMail Program
UCB Profs and the EDA Industry
E. Kuh A. Sangiovanni -Vincentelli
R. Newton C. Hu E. Lee
R. Rabaey K. Keutzer
R. Brayton C. Spanos
Ecad P. Huang P. Chao G. Antle
Cadence
SDA J. Solomon
= merger/acquisition
= advisor
= founder UCB Professor
Firm Founder (red = UCB grad)
Synopsys A. De Geus
Gradient Design Automation R. Chandra
Celestry Design Solutions
Agile Design
Berkeley Design Tech Jeff Bier
PDF Solutions Averant Ramin Hojati CommandCAD
Frank Gennari Matt Moskewicz
Simplex Solutions Res Saleh Sequence
Design (A)
Amnocore
ReShape
O-in-One Design Automation (M)
CoWare
Source: Kenney and Mowery 2014
ProPlus Design Zhijian Ma
Wine Industry – UC Davis and Napa
• In early years industry leaders had little formal knowledge – UC Davis provided the practical tools
– Even ran wine tasting events at State Fair
• Later industry became more capable needed less practical training
• University scientized and continued to develop new techniques
• 2012 study of Napa winery websites showed almost 80% claimed winemaker trained at Davis.
Source: Lapsley and Sumner 2014
UC Davis – Napa Valley Interactions Evolve
• Napa $6 billion in wine and tourism
revenue
• Deep interaction – mutual learning
• Trained students critical
• Technology Transfer Office plays no role
Who Starts Firms?
Place Where People Can Experiment Companies University
Dell University of Texas*
Microsoft Harvard*
Facebook Harvard*
Linkabyte//Qualcomm UCSD
Broadcom UCLA
Genentech UCSF
Chiron UCSF
Yahoo Stanford*
Google Stanford*
Cisco Stanford
Sun Micro Stanford*
Bose MIT
Akamai MIT
Biogen Harvard
Red = Unlicensed
Yellow Star = Students
Universities as Industry Seeders
• Personnel leaving university are
knowledge carriers
– Many disciplines – Statistics – SAS and
Quintiles
• Entrepreneurial cascades (Klepper 2009)
– Universities creates the seeds
– The cascade comes from already
operational firms
Commercialization Versus
Engagement
Engagement Vs. Commercialization
• Bi-directional – Importance of interacting with local
industry
• People as conduits
• Consulting as learning
• Porous boundaries
• Patenting and licensing are only complements to university research and training missions
But!!! • Universities can act like patent trolls –Sue their own professors
–Reward professors who have valuable inventions not great research
• Professors with firms can act unethically –Withhold information
–Stop contributing to information commons
–Exploit students
–In worst cases, lie, cheat, etc.
University and Social Good
• Train great employees?
• Increase the social knowledge base?
– Upon which commercialization can occur?
• Commercialize research and earn
money for university?
• Provide private sector with patentable
knowledge?
• Be an economic development pole?
• Educate aware and engaged citizens?
Most Important
In a knowledge society we
cannot force the multifaceted
role of university into one small
narrow box need to encourage
experimentation
