The Drive to Nationhood- The Drive to Nationhood- Confederation & Confederation &

British North America Act British North America Act 1854-18671854-1867

Social Studies 10Social Studies 10Class NotesClass Notes

Mr. BausbackMr. Bausback

Impact of Act of Union, 1840Impact of Act of Union, 1840 Lord Elgin's handling of the Lord Elgin's handling of the

Rebellion Losses BillRebellion Losses Bill Effect of “double (house) majority” Effect of “double (house) majority”

and “political deadlockand “political deadlock”” Influence of the American Civil War Influence of the American Civil War

and resentment towards Britain and and resentment towards Britain and her coloniesher colonies

1. Important Factors 1. Important Factors Contributing to Contributing to Confederation:Confederation:

Influence of the Irish American “Fenian Influence of the Irish American “Fenian Raids”Raids”

Effect of Britain's abandonment of the Effect of Britain's abandonment of the mercantile system- “free trade”mercantile system- “free trade”

Threat of western expansion and US Threat of western expansion and US “manifest destiny”“manifest destiny”

The need for a trans-continental railway The need for a trans-continental railway to foster trade and improve defensesto foster trade and improve defenses

1. More Important Factors 1. More Important Factors Contributing to Contributing to Confederation:Confederation:

Establishes Establishes responsible government in Canada in Canada

Invites Invites Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and and Robert Baldwin to form a government to form a government

First Governor General to remove himself from First Governor General to remove himself from the affairs of the legislaturethe affairs of the legislature

Allows passing of Allows passing of Rebellion Losses Bill (compensating French Canadians for losses (compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the suffered during the Rebellions of 1837) despite ) despite Tory opposition and rioting Tory opposition and rioting

Negotiated the Negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economyCanadian economy

2. Lord Elgin & His Efforts:2. Lord Elgin & His Efforts:

Reciprocity = Free TradeReciprocity = Free Trade End to British mercantile system- no End to British mercantile system- no

trade preference with coloniestrade preference with colonies British colonies in North America British colonies in North America

traded with Britain (lower or no trade traded with Britain (lower or no trade taxes)taxes)

Britain enters free-trade period Britain enters free-trade period (lowest deal available, from any (lowest deal available, from any country)country)

British colonies in North America lost British colonies in North America lost specialties, economy sufferedspecialties, economy suffered

3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-1865:1865:

1854-1854- Reciprocity Treaty signed between British Reciprocity Treaty signed between British North America and U.S. (resulted in free trade North America and U.S. (resulted in free trade of natural goods between British North of natural goods between British North American colonies and U.S.)American colonies and U.S.)

British North American colonies got specialties British North American colonies got specialties (no trade tax) with U.S. trading(no trade tax) with U.S. trading

1865-1865- U.S. ended Reciprocity Treaty; they U.S. ended Reciprocity Treaty; they thought British colonies could keep trading thought British colonies could keep trading amongst themselves without taxes and amongst themselves without taxes and economic wealth would continueeconomic wealth would continue

3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-1865:1865:

George Brown- huge supporter!George Brown- huge supporter! Number of elected members in Legislative Number of elected members in Legislative

Assembly depended on number of votersAssembly depended on number of voters Two West parties, Two East partiesTwo West parties, Two East parties East favored rights of “Canadiens” and bi-East favored rights of “Canadiens” and bi-

culturalismculturalism West wanted ‘rep by pop’ for majority powerWest wanted ‘rep by pop’ for majority power Before ‘rep by pop’, there was a political Before ‘rep by pop’, there was a political

deadlock (equal power; laws couldn’t be passed)deadlock (equal power; laws couldn’t be passed) West parties decided to form the West parties decided to form the Great Coalition Great Coalition

(Brown-Cartier-Macdonald) (Brown-Cartier-Macdonald) (1864) with East (1864) with East

parties (wanted federal union/Confederation)parties (wanted federal union/Confederation)

4. Representation by 4. Representation by Population:Population:

After American Civil War, After American Civil War, Americans entered period of Americans entered period of expansion westward, gathering expansion westward, gathering land from Spain, Mexico, France land from Spain, Mexico, France and Great Britain- this was known and Great Britain- this was known as Manifest Destinyas Manifest Destiny

Good farmland was difficult to get, Good farmland was difficult to get, and expansion westward would and expansion westward would provide lots of settlement areasprovide lots of settlement areas

5. 5. Expansion of the United States- Expansion of the United States- Manifest Destiny:Manifest Destiny:

Colonies realized if they could join Colonies realized if they could join together, they could arrive at western together, they could arrive at western areas before Americans (concerned about areas before Americans (concerned about expenses)expenses)

In 1866, the Fenians made armed raids In 1866, the Fenians made armed raids across the border into the British North across the border into the British North American colonies (could not attack Britain American colonies (could not attack Britain directly, had to settle for attacking their directly, had to settle for attacking their colonies instead)colonies instead)

5. Expansion of the United States- 5. Expansion of the United States- Manifest Destiny:Manifest Destiny:

Manifest Destiny- Manifest Destiny- Map of Expanding United Map of Expanding United

States:States:

Canada sensed that U.S.A wanted to Canada sensed that U.S.A wanted to expand into itexpand into it

U.S.A wanted to join with British Columbia U.S.A wanted to join with British Columbia by building expensive railroad by building expensive railroad

John A. McDonald decided to create John A. McDonald decided to create federal unionfederal union

He united Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and He united Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Province of Canada (Quebec & Ontario) in Province of Canada (Quebec & Ontario) in 18671867

Newfoundland and P.E.I rejected union Newfoundland and P.E.I rejected union (afraid of losing control of local affairs)(afraid of losing control of local affairs)

6. Towards Confederation:6. Towards Confederation:

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, NewfoundlandNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, NewfoundlandSerious problems: scarce industrial developmentSerious problems: scarce industrial developmentScarce population growth - residents forced to Scarce population growth - residents forced to move elsewheremove elsewhereTrade problem (U.S. planned to end Reciprocity Trade problem (U.S. planned to end Reciprocity Treaty)Treaty)Less demand for goods from Atlantic coloniesLess demand for goods from Atlantic coloniesThreat of American expansion, Atlantic Colonies Threat of American expansion, Atlantic Colonies wanted to be stronger, they banded togetherwanted to be stronger, they banded togetherConference of Charlottetown was held in 1864 to Conference of Charlottetown was held in 1864 to discuss the possible union of the Atlantic discuss the possible union of the Atlantic ColoniesColonies

7. The Atlantic Colonies:7. The Atlantic Colonies:

September 1, 1864- union of the September 1, 1864- union of the Atlantic ColoniesAtlantic Colonies

Newfoundland did not attendNewfoundland did not attend Province of Canada tried convincing Province of Canada tried convincing

Atlantic colonies to join larger unionAtlantic colonies to join larger union The Fathers of Confederation attendedThe Fathers of Confederation attended Province of Canada promised to make Province of Canada promised to make

railroad connecting Atlantic Colonies railroad connecting Atlantic Colonies and Canada and Canada

Second meeting in Quebec, 1866Second meeting in Quebec, 1866

7. Atlantic Colonies & 7. Atlantic Colonies & Charlottetown Conference -Charlottetown Conference -

1864:1864:

7. Atlantic Colonies & 7. Atlantic Colonies & Charlottetown Conference -Charlottetown Conference -

1864:1864:

8. Who Were the Fathers of 8. Who Were the Fathers of Confederation?Confederation?

Represented the British North Represented the British North American colonies more than once in American colonies more than once in confederationconfederation

Conferences in Charlottetown, 1864; Conferences in Charlottetown, 1864; Quebec, 1866; and London, 1866Quebec, 1866; and London, 1866

The people were: John A. Macdonald; The people were: John A. Macdonald; George Brown; George-Etienne George Brown; George-Etienne Cartier, Alexander Tilloch Galt, Cartier, Alexander Tilloch Galt, Charles Tupper, Thomas D'Arcy Charles Tupper, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Hector-Louis LangevinMcGee, Hector-Louis Langevin

8. Who Were the Fathers of 8. Who Were the Fathers of Confederation?Confederation?

George Etienne Cartier- Parti Blue; C. East; George Etienne Cartier- Parti Blue; C. East;

Conservative; Promote traditions & French Conservative; Promote traditions & French

CultureCulture Louis-Joseph Papineau- Parti Rouge; C. East; Louis-Joseph Papineau- Parti Rouge; C. East;

Reformer; Promote French interests, lower Reformer; Promote French interests, lower

classes, working with C. West classes, working with C. West John A. Macdonald- Tory; C. West; Conservative; John A. Macdonald- Tory; C. West; Conservative;

Pro Britain, industry, & commercePro Britain, industry, & commerce George Brown- Clear Grits; Liberal; “Rep by George Brown- Clear Grits; Liberal; “Rep by

pop”, pro-Canadian, and anti-Frenchpop”, pro-Canadian, and anti-French

9. Political Leaders & Views:9. Political Leaders & Views:

9. Political Leaders:9. Political Leaders:

Job of delegates at Quebec conference: convincing Anti-Job of delegates at Quebec conference: convincing Anti-Confederates to join ConfederationConfederates to join ConfederationFor the 72 resolutions to be passed, had to be approved For the 72 resolutions to be passed, had to be approved by the Colonial assemblies in Province of Canada at the by the Colonial assemblies in Province of Canada at the Quebec Conference, 1866Quebec Conference, 1866In Atlantic Colonies In Atlantic Colonies New Brunswick and Nova Scotia voted against idea of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia voted against idea of ConfederationConfederationPrince Edward Island and Newfoundland rejected idea of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland rejected idea of ConfederationConfederationPeople in Nova Scotia close to railway: interested in People in Nova Scotia close to railway: interested in Confederation Confederation London Conference: Sixteen Delegates from New London Conference: Sixteen Delegates from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia presented the Seventy-two Brunswick and Nova Scotia presented the Seventy-two Resolutions Resolutions

10. Quebec Conference, 10. Quebec Conference, 1866:1866:

Created as a result of the London Conference, Created as a result of the London Conference, 18661866

Constitution Act of 1867 occurred on March 29Constitution Act of 1867 occurred on March 29thth (constitutions are rules that govern a country)(constitutions are rules that govern a country)

Purpose: Union of Canada (Nova Scotia and New Purpose: Union of Canada (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick)Brunswick)

Canada was divided up into 4 divisions: Ontario, Canada was divided up into 4 divisions: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, & New Brumswick Quebec, Nova Scotia, & New Brumswick

Formerly called BNA act (British North America Formerly called BNA act (British North America Act)Act)

Act outlined the Distribution of Powers between Act outlined the Distribution of Powers between central parliament and the provincial legislaturescentral parliament and the provincial legislatures

Canada’s constitution was written and unwritten, Canada’s constitution was written and unwritten, U.S. constitution: written, Britain’s constitution: U.S. constitution: written, Britain’s constitution: unwrittenunwritten

11. London Conference- 11. London Conference- 1866- BNA- 1867:1866- BNA- 1867:

Wide spread opposition to idea of Wide spread opposition to idea of Confederation in Prince Edward Island Confederation in Prince Edward Island and Newfoundlandand Newfoundland

July 1873 - joined Confederation - July 1873 - joined Confederation - Newfoundland on 1949Newfoundland on 1949

Canadian government gave Prince Edward Canadian government gave Prince Edward Island $80,000 for joining confederationIsland $80,000 for joining confederation

Little in common with people of CanadaLittle in common with people of Canada Drop in prices of fish, seal oil, - faced Drop in prices of fish, seal oil, - faced

bankruptcybankruptcy Business community and Roman Catholic Business community and Roman Catholic

Church: Anti-ConfederatesChurch: Anti-Confederates

12. Completing 12. Completing Confederation- PEI & Confederation- PEI &

Newfoundland:Newfoundland:

Louis Riel led Metis Rebellions of Louis Riel led Metis Rebellions of 1869-70 at red River Colony 1869-70 at red River Colony (Winnipeg)(Winnipeg)

Allowed Manitoba to join Allowed Manitoba to join Confederation in 1870Confederation in 1870

Canada's 5Canada's 5thth “Postage Stamp” “Postage Stamp” provinceprovince

BC Cariboo Gold Rush debt in 1860'sBC Cariboo Gold Rush debt in 1860's Need for a inter-colonial railway to Need for a inter-colonial railway to

connect the BC with East to tradeconnect the BC with East to trade Led to British Columbia's entry to Led to British Columbia's entry to

confederation in 1871confederation in 1871 Canada's 6Canada's 6thth province province

12. Completing Confederation- 12. Completing Confederation- Manitoba & British Columbia:Manitoba & British Columbia:

Second Metis rebellion in 1885 in Second Metis rebellion in 1885 in Northwest TerritoriesNorthwest Territories

Problems with native rights and Problems with native rights and problems policing a “wild west” problems policing a “wild west” during Whiskey tradeduring Whiskey trade

Forced Ottawa to invite Alberta & Forced Ottawa to invite Alberta & Saskatchewan join Canada in Saskatchewan join Canada in 19051905

Canada's 7Canada's 7thth & 8 & 8thth provinces provinces

12. Completing 12. Completing Confederation- Alberta & Confederation- Alberta &

Saskatchewan:Saskatchewan:

Born January 10Born January 10thth, 1815 in Glasgow, , 1815 in Glasgow, ScotlandScotland

Died June 6Died June 6thth 1891 1891

Had severe stroke 1 week before his Had severe stroke 1 week before his death (couldn’t talk due to stroke)death (couldn’t talk due to stroke)

Brought four western provinces into Brought four western provinces into confederation (Manitoba, B.C., confederation (Manitoba, B.C., Saskatchewan, Alberta)Saskatchewan, Alberta)

Was 1Was 1st st PrimePrime Minister of CanadaMinister of Canada

Started off a very poor lawyer, then Started off a very poor lawyer, then climbed up to be Prime Minister of Canadaclimbed up to be Prime Minister of Canada

13. Sir John A. Macdonald, 13. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s First Prime Minister:Canada’s First Prime Minister:

British North America Act (BNA act)British North America Act (BNA act) Created Dominion of Canada in 1867Created Dominion of Canada in 1867 Stated the powers of provincial and federal Stated the powers of provincial and federal

governmentsgovernments Outlined the way in which government would Outlined the way in which government would

be structuredbe structured Guaranteed protection of some minority groupsGuaranteed protection of some minority groups Goal was to create federal union or Goal was to create federal union or

confederation of colonies of British North confederation of colonies of British North

AmericaAmerica

14. British North America Act 14. British North America Act and Canada’s System of and Canada’s System of

Federalism:Federalism:

Stands for: British North America ActStands for: British North America Act Patriated from Britain in 1982Patriated from Britain in 1982 Main written constitution from 1867-Main written constitution from 1867-

19821982 Won independence in 1931, but still Won independence in 1931, but still

required British approval required British approval Got total independence because of Got total independence because of

changes made to BNA Actchanges made to BNA Act British North America Act renamed: British North America Act renamed:

Constitution Act of 1867Constitution Act of 1867

15. When Did Canada Finally Do 15. When Did Canada Finally Do Away With the BNA Act?Away With the BNA Act?

1. The raising of Money by any Mode or 1. The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation. System of Taxation.

2. Postal Service. 2. Postal Service. 3. The Census and Statistics. 3. The Census and Statistics. 4. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and 4. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and

Defence. Defence. 5. Navigation and Shipping. 5. Navigation and Shipping. 6. Currency and Coinage, Banking, 6. Currency and Coinage, Banking,

Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money. Paper Money.

7. Weights and Measures. 7. Weights and Measures. 8. Indians, and Lands reserved for the 8. Indians, and Lands reserved for the

Indians. Indians. 9. Naturalization and Aliens. 9. Naturalization and Aliens. 10. Marriage and Divorce. 10. Marriage and Divorce. 11. The Criminal Law, except the Constitution 11. The Criminal Law, except the Constitution

of Courts of Criminal Jurisdiction, but of Courts of Criminal Jurisdiction, but including the Procedure in Criminal Matters. including the Procedure in Criminal Matters.

16. Power- BNA Federal 16. Power- BNA Federal Powers- Section 91:Powers- Section 91:

1. Direct Taxation within the Province 1. Direct Taxation within the Province 2. The Management and Sale of the Public 2. The Management and Sale of the Public

Lands Lands 3. The Establishment, Maintenance, and 3. The Establishment, Maintenance, and

Management Prisons, Hospitals, Asylums, Management Prisons, Hospitals, Asylums, Charities, Charities,

4. Municipal Institutions in the Province. 4. Municipal Institutions in the Province. 5. Shop Licences 5. Shop Licences 6. Local Works- roads, highways, ferries6. Local Works- roads, highways, ferries 7. Property and Civil Rights in the 7. Property and Civil Rights in the

Province. Province. 8. Administration of justice, courts, fines, 8. Administration of justice, courts, fines,

penalties & imprisonment penalties & imprisonment 9. Education9. Education 10. Healthcare10. Healthcare

16. Powers- BNA Provincial 16. Powers- BNA Provincial Powers- Section 92:Powers- Section 92:

17. BNA Map:17. BNA Map:

18. BNA Government 18. BNA Government Diagram:Diagram:

Responsible Government Responsible Government Diagram:Diagram:

The End!The End!