The Early Middle Ages: The The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal SpiritFeudal Spirit

The Age of CharlemagneThe Age of Charlemagne

Descended from Franks: valued war and Descended from Franks: valued war and destructiondestruction

Blend of two cultures during reign of Blend of two cultures during reign of CharlemagneCharlemagne

Kingdom: Large European kingdom, from Kingdom: Large European kingdom, from the Rhine to Spainthe Rhine to Spain

Renewed interest in learning and artsRenewed interest in learning and arts

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

His interest in culture assembled group of His interest in culture assembled group of scholars and artists. Favorite book: scholars and artists. Favorite book: The The City of GodCity of God

Imperial ideal from Rome and ByzantiumImperial ideal from Rome and Byzantium

Monks copied manuscripts and painted, Monks copied manuscripts and painted, learned chants and interpreted the Bible.learned chants and interpreted the Bible.

Alcuin of York, teacher: revival of learning Alcuin of York, teacher: revival of learning and literacy. Attempted universal educationand literacy. Attempted universal education

The Culture of the BookThe Culture of the Book

Books were expensiveBooks were expensive

Illustrated manuscripts: Hellenistic and Illustrated manuscripts: Hellenistic and Byzantine style, incorporating Anglo-Byzantine style, incorporating Anglo-Saxon art.Saxon art.

Utrecht Psalter: collection of PsalmsUtrecht Psalter: collection of Psalms

Sculpture disappeared. Reliquaries. Sculpture disappeared. Reliquaries.

The cult of relicsThe cult of relics

Charlemagne’s CourtCharlemagne’s Court

Pilgrimage to Rome in 800. Crowned Pilgrimage to Rome in 800. Crowned emperor. First monarch since Roman timesemperor. First monarch since Roman times

Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle. Modeled after Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle. Modeled after Byzantine churchesByzantine churches

Charlemagne’s kingdom only lasted one Charlemagne’s kingdom only lasted one generation after his deathgeneration after his death

New wave of invasions: Muslims, New wave of invasions: Muslims, Hungarians, Vikings Hungarians, Vikings

Feudal EuropeFeudal Europe

France and England brunt of Viking France and England brunt of Viking invasionsinvasions

Decentralized system: feudal estatesDecentralized system: feudal estates

Feudalism: system based on vows of Feudalism: system based on vows of military service and ownership of land.military service and ownership of land.

Based on grant of lands by lords to Based on grant of lands by lords to vassals in return for servicevassals in return for service

Castle: residence of lords familyCastle: residence of lords family

Refuge for the feudal estate during warRefuge for the feudal estate during war

Crusaders came back and improved themCrusaders came back and improved them

Fortresses to defend against siegeFortresses to defend against siege

Decoration of castles simple tapestries to Decoration of castles simple tapestries to protect from coldprotect from cold

Pagan rituals and celebrations: mummingPagan rituals and celebrations: mumming

Origin of masquerades and masked dancesOrigin of masquerades and masked dances

The Song of RolandThe Song of Roland

Oral literature of military exploits such as Oral literature of military exploits such as epics.epics.

Battle from Charlemagne’s campaigns in Battle from Charlemagne’s campaigns in Spain. Hero: Roland who battles Muslim Spain. Hero: Roland who battles Muslim knightsknights

Celebrated knights’ bravery in battle and Celebrated knights’ bravery in battle and loyalty to his lordloyalty to his lord

No womenNo women

Tale of feudal courage, violence and Tale of feudal courage, violence and treacherytreachery

Blows his horn to summon Charlemagne, Blows his horn to summon Charlemagne, but dies before king appearsbut dies before king appears

Feudal and Christian values are Feudal and Christian values are highlightedhighlighted

ChivalryChivalry

Emerged as a way to enforce loyalty.Emerged as a way to enforce loyalty.

Loyal to lord, not sleep with his wife, or Loyal to lord, not sleep with his wife, or surrender his castle as well as religious surrender his castle as well as religious devotion and service to ladiesdevotion and service to ladies

Tournaments: feasting, pageantry and Tournaments: feasting, pageantry and dancedance

Professional warriors emergedProfessional warriors emerged

The Bayeux TapestryThe Bayeux Tapestry

1066: Battle of Hastings William the 1066: Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror’s victory over the EnglishConqueror’s victory over the English

Tapestry: Embroidered wall hanging Tapestry: Embroidered wall hanging recounting the chain of events. 231 feet recounting the chain of events. 231 feet long linen cloth. Probably embroidered by long linen cloth. Probably embroidered by English women. English women.

Influenced by Trajan’s columnInfluenced by Trajan’s column

Muslim SpainMuslim SpainCultivated society where Muslims, Jews Cultivated society where Muslims, Jews and Christians coexisted.and Christians coexisted.

Influence of architecture, poetry and Influence of architecture, poetry and philosophyphilosophy

711 Muslims from North Africa conquer 711 Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain. Power declined after 1000Spain. Power declined after 1000

Sephardic Jews had centers of learningSephardic Jews had centers of learning

Spaniards pushed back Muslims until Spaniards pushed back Muslims until 1492 they expelled the last from Granada1492 they expelled the last from Granada

Muslims and Jews forced to convertMuslims and Jews forced to convert

MonasticismMonasticism

Rules of chastity, poverty and obedienceRules of chastity, poverty and obedience

Refuge from the barbariansRefuge from the barbarians

Centers of learning and Centers of learning and

Evangelizing monks and cloistered monksEvangelizing monks and cloistered monks

Guardians of arts and artifacts of Western Guardians of arts and artifacts of Western civilizationcivilization

Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland (c. 820)Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland (c. 820)

The Romanesque StyleThe Romanesque Style

Descendants of Otto the Great created Descendants of Otto the Great created Romanesque style of architectureRomanesque style of architecture

Rounded Roman arches and barrel vaultsRounded Roman arches and barrel vaults

Massive vaults and piers and decorationMassive vaults and piers and decoration

Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, FranceAbbey of Cluny in Burgundy, France

Some elements of the Gothic churchSome elements of the Gothic church

The Pilgrimage ChurchesThe Pilgrimage Churches

Medieval tourist centers; stopping points Medieval tourist centers; stopping points during pilgrimages to Santiago de during pilgrimages to Santiago de CompostelaCompostela

St. Sernin Latin Cross floorplan)St. Sernin Latin Cross floorplan)

chapels off the apsechapels off the apse

transept( housed the relics)transept( housed the relics)

portalsportals

ambulatoriesambulatories

Romanesque SculptureRomanesque Sculpture

Relief sculpture: Bibles in stoneRelief sculpture: Bibles in stone

Portal sculpture on thePortal sculpture on the tympanum tympanum

Autun: Gislibertus’ lintel sculpture Autun: Gislibertus’ lintel sculpture warning of wages of sinwarning of wages of sin

Vezelay: relics of Mary MagdaleneVezelay: relics of Mary Magdalene

Early Medieval Music and Early Medieval Music and DramaDrama

Musical Notation. Initially, chants were Musical Notation. Initially, chants were taught by oral traditiontaught by oral tradition

Guido d’Arezzo: six note scale and Guido d’Arezzo: six note scale and solmization: ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, tisolmization: ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti

Guidonian HandGuidonian Hand

Staff: tone; Clef set the tone F or CStaff: tone; Clef set the tone F or C

Invited to Vatican to teachInvited to Vatican to teach

Sacred music passed downSacred music passed down

Hildegard of BingenHildegard of Bingen

German abbess (1098-1179)German abbess (1098-1179)

Composed mystical poetry and musicComposed mystical poetry and music

Morality play set to musicMorality play set to music

Women should use Mary as role model Women should use Mary as role model and reject Eve the sinnerand reject Eve the sinner

Drama in the Medieval ChurchDrama in the Medieval Church

Medieval theater: representations of Medieval theater: representations of Christ’s birth death and resurrectionChrist’s birth death and resurrection

The Three Wise Men, Herod’s Slaughter of The Three Wise Men, Herod’s Slaughter of the Innocents, and the Raising of Lazarus.the Innocents, and the Raising of Lazarus.

Written in Latin; briefWritten in Latin; brief

Churchgoers followed the scenes Churchgoers followed the scenes throughout the churchthroughout the church

Moved outside the church in the 13th cent.Moved outside the church in the 13th cent.

Medieval PhilosophyMedieval Philosophy

Christian problems: existence of God, Christian problems: existence of God, relationship between faith and reasonrelationship between faith and reason

Cathedral schools fostered learning; Cathedral schools fostered learning; translation of Aristotle’s workstranslation of Aristotle’s works

Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Tragic love of Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Tragic love of Heloise.Heloise.

Sic et Non: Sic et Non: exposed inconsistencies in exposed inconsistencies in Church teachingsChurch teachings