The East German

government suddenly

banned all travel to

West Berlin on August 13, 1961

Building the Berlin Wall,

13 August 1961

JFK visits West Berlin in June 1963 with Konrad Adenauer and Mayor Willy Brandt (SPD)

West Berliners gather at the Wall, 13 August 1962

The Brandenburg Gate with guard tower (1974):At least 136 people were killed attempting to cross the Wall

Brandt came to power not because he defeated the CDU in the election of 1969, but because

Walter Scheel and the FDP changed their coalition policy

Chancellor Willy Brandt honors the dead of the

Warsaw Ghetto

Uprising, 7 December

1970

Willy Brandt welcomes Leonid Brezhnev & Andrei Gromyko to Bonn in 1973

Leonid Brezhnev (ruled 1964-82)

rejected domestic reforms, imposed the “Brezhnev Doctrine,” sought détente with

the Nixon Administration.

French Indochina included Laos and

Cambodia;it was partitioned in

1954

The siege of Dienbienphu began in March 1954, and the fortress

was overrun on May 6.The French Union lost 4,000

men killed and 11,000 captured(of whom 8,000 died in

captivity)

French volunteers parachute into the doomed fortress of Dienbienphu in 1954

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) surrendered

some land in 1954 to gain recognition as

President of the Democratic Republic

of Vietnam

OVERVIEW OF THE VIETNAM WAR

1959-63: President Diem loses popular support in the South; U.S. encourages a military coupAugust 1964: Tonkin Gulf ResolutionMarch 1965: LBJ orders massive U.S. military build-up in the South and bombing of the North1968: Bloody Tet Offensive persuades LBJ not to run for reelection and to seek peace talks instead1969: Nixon adopts a policy of “Vietnamization” and gradually reduces U.S. troop strengthJanuary 1973: Paris Peace Accord leads to withdrawal of all U.S. troopsApril 30, 1975: Saigon falls to the North Vietnamese

Self-immolation by a Buddhist monk in South Vietnam, 1963

The corpse of President Ngo Dinh Diem on November 2, 1963

He sought to flee Saigon disguised as a Catholic priest

Lyndon Johnson takes the oath of office as President

aboard Air Force One, November 22, 1963

May 1961: JFK sends 100 special forces

troops;March 1965: LBJ deploys

3,500 Marine volunteers;

Dec 1965: 200,000 troops;

1967/68: 500,000 troops (38% draftees)

THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION, August 4, 1964

(repealed January 1971)

“Whereas naval units of the Communist regime in Vietnam… have deliberately and repeatedly attacked United States vessels lawfully present in international waters, … the Congress approves and supports the determination by the President to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack, … and to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member state of the Southeast Asia Defense Treaty….”There was only one attack, on a U.S. destroyer that was probably in North Vietnamese territorial waters.

U.S. soldiers in the jungle near

Dak ToTheir Vietcong

adversaries

The Ho Chi Minh Trail

Operation Cedar Falls, a “search

and destroy”

mission in the Iron Triangle north of Saigon, January 1967

The Huey helicopter in action

The Vietcong response to Operation Cedar Falls

TWO PICTURES THAT SHOCKED THE U.S.

PUBLIC IN 1968

The national police chief of South Vietnam

shoots a Vietcong officer

Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho won the Nobel Peace

Prize for concluding a peace treaty in Paris in January

1973,but South Vietnam only

survived two years without the U.S. Army

CIA personnel evacuate Saigon on

April 29, 1975

A soldier for the pro-Western

Cambodian General Lon Nol is wounded fighting the Khmer

Rouge in April 1975

Armed by the Chinese, the Khmer

Rouge captured Phnom Penh in May

1975 and launched a reign of terror until Vietnam invaded in

1979