THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF ASSISTED

REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY

TO RUMINANT INDUSTRIES

Bui Xuan NGUYEN

Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

e-mail: buixn5@gmail.com

Reasonable ARB

implementation-Breeding

strategies

ARB

Ruminant industries

Economic efficiency of

successful investment

Ruminant industry –

the transformation of animal farming from traditional

grazing systems to intensive industrial farming

Since in the early 1930s

Technological advances in

Nutrition, Veterinary, Bioinformatics,

ARB

Ruminant industry- Global trends

Driving force & Factors • The increasing world demand for

meat, milk

• High economic benefit investement

• Intensive Production

High input

investment

High output

Benefit

TECHNOLOGY

BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

TRANSGENIC

PHARMACEUTICAL

INDUSTRY

REGENERATION MEDICINE

XENOTRANSPLANTATION

GENE THERAPY

INFERILITY TREATMENT

PGD

ANIMAL BREEDING INDUSTRY

BIO-MEDICAL APPLICATION REPRODUCTION

Superovulation

In vitro Fertilization

Somatic cloning

XX

IVM-IVF 38 0C, 5% CO2

Genetic Engineering

Stem cells

Cryobanking

Embryo Transfer

BXNguyen-Paris VI

EMBRYO

New organism

Oocyte

Sperm

Cells

ARB- THE TECHNICAL

PLATFORMFOR A

MODERN RUMINANT

INDUSTRY

Ruminant industries-ARB impact

Selection intensity

Additive genetic

standard deviation

Generation interval

Reproductive performance

Genetic Gain

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Cloning SCNT can lead to acceleration of genetic

gain in cattle by reduction of generation interval

A cost-effective approach that combines genomic

analyses with reproductive technologies can reduce

generation interval by rapidly producing high genetic

merit calves (Poothappillai et al. 2014)

- individual fibroblast cell lines from early stage

embryos

- DNA isolated for genomic genotyping for the

generation of high genomic merit calves.

- The selected cells were used as donor cells in SCNT.

- embryos transfer: Pregnancy at 40 days was 69%

(11/16) and more 30% gestation continue to produce

calves.

Open nucleus breeding system

ONBS-ARB

MOET-OPU-IVF-BLUP-GBLUP

Open nucleus breeding scheme (Cunningham, 1979)

BLUP - Best Linear Unbiased Prediction

The standard method for genetic evaluation in breeding programs

(Henderson 1973)

- compare the estimated breeding values of animals in different

herds and simultaneously solve genetic and environmental effects

- The combination of extensive use of AI with evaluations by BLUP

has resulted in significant phenotypic and genetic gains in dairy

production. A striking difference was reported for the genetic

gain in the period of nearly no gain (2.55 kg milk, years 1960-

1969) and the period of substantial gain ( 83.73 kg milk, years

1969-1979) (Van Vleck, 1986).

ARB- Genomic approach: ARB-ONBS-GBLUP

The application of new technology called genomic selection

decisions based on the idea that a specific gene called hereafter

QTL/ETL (quantitative or economical trait loci) is considered to

revolutionize the dairy cattle breeding(Georges et al. 1995).

A method to include genomic information in national BLUP

evaluation was proposed by Ducrocq and Liu (2009). Selection

decisions on candidates are based on Genomically Enhanced

Breeding Values (GEBV) instead of Estimated Breeding Values

(EBV) obtained after progeny testing.

Advantages:

1) aan increase in accuracy in selection through additional

information directly related to the genotype

2) a possibility to reduce generation interval by adding a new

selection stage at earlier age (Gengler and Druet 2001).

Anualished genetic gain and potential benefit of embryo

techniques to genetic improvement programs. Data from

Lohuis, 1995.

ARB contribution to cattle breeding • Semen doses is >250 million worldwide, fertility is

above 80% for AI using fresh- liquid conserved semen,

and above 60% for AI using frozen semen (Rodriguez-

Martinez 2011).

• 750,000 embryos are produced annually from super

ovulated donors

• More than 450,000 embryos are produced by in vitro

fertilization, 54% were transferred after freezing and

thawing ( Mapletoft 2013).

• OPU-IVP, a donor cow may yield 15-20 oocytes each

week (collection or 15-20 oocytes once a week,

respectively), a cow may potentially produce 50 to 100

calves each year.

(Embryo Transfer Newsletter, IETS 31(4)24-46, 2013; 32(4)14-26, 2014)

世界の体外受精(IVF)胚移植頭数

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000 Africa Asia Europe North America

South

America

Oceania Total

Trends in the world transfer of bovine IVF

embryos by region: Trend of South America

(Embryo Transfer Newsletter, IETS 31(4)24-46, 2013;

32(4)14-26, 2014)

ARB

- Biological aspects: +++

- ECONOMIC ASPECTS ?

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ARB impact- Economic efficiency

ARB has an impact on a ruminant industry

The application of AI and estrus synchronization allows

farms to control the interval to first insemination and

fertility, the voluntary waiting period.

-Exposing cows to natural service was $32.7 more

expensive/cow/yr compared with timed AI In general (Lima et al.

2009)

- The double Ovsynch program and subsequent AI (DO-DO) for the

timed AI programs in lactating dairy cows resulted in $45- $69 more

income per cow/yr, respectively, although they were $17- $21 (DO-

DO) more expensive/cow/yr than the AI based on detection of e

(Giordano et al. 2011)

Economic value of embryo transfer Recent investigation shows that with the average result in more 40-

45% pregnancies, ET has become a more attractive tool to improve

reproductive efficiency in dairy industry.

Ribeiro et al. (2012) compared the costs of five breeding programs

for lactating dairy cows including ET from super ovulated (SOV)

cows

- IVP-OPU

- IVF-S (oocytes at slaughterhouses)

- Timed AI

- Timed AI plus detection of estrus (timed AI + DE).

The costs per pregnancy were 72 US$ and 90 US$ for TAI sexed AI,

235.6 US$ for conventional ET and 267.4 US$ for sexed ET

ARB avalaible if when a pregnancy per AI is 35%, ET using SOV,

IVP-OPU and IVP-S would have to achieve more than 65% fertility to

generate a pregnancy of a similar value.

Evaluation of economic value:

importance for both farm & experts

Embryo transfer in

small farm

AI natural cycle : 20 $

Estrus synchronistion

?

Embryo transfer:

- Free

- 50 $: may be

- > 100 $; No

Genetic change : +

Economic value: ?

Economic evalution To obtain an accurate calculation of economic revenues of the

breeding programs the absolute economic values are needed

(Groen et al. 1997).

Successful investment should involve three major steps:

(i) the definition of a breeding goal: setting up the

aggregate genotype and deciding what traits to be

included,

(ii) the estimation of the breeding value in the

information index, i.e. the estimated breeding value

for each trait and for each potential breeding

animal

(iii) the optimization of a breeding program

The aggregate genotype is used to represent the

genetic merit of an animal. The choice of an aggregate

genotype is the starting point in setting up breeding

programs.

- production traits (carrier, fat, protein, and dressing

percentage) and functional traits (conception

rate,survival rate, body weight, and rumen capacity)

Each genotype being weighted by their predicted

contribution to the increase in the overall objective

(Hazel 1943). This contribution is determined by the so-

called cumulative discounted expressions and

economic values (Groen 1989). Multiplying the

economic value by the cumulative discounted

expression gives the discounted economic value.

Economic value The economic value of a trait expresses to what

extent the economic efficiency of production is

improved at the moment of expression of one unit

of genetic superiority for that trait (Hazel 1943)

net genetic improvement which can be brought about by selecting

among a group of animals is the sum of the genetic gains made for

the several traits which have economic importance.

weight the gain made for each trait (Gi)

relative economic value of that trait (ai).

Economic values are defined by the population level rather than by

the level of an individual animal. The micro-economic approach of

an individual farm is chosen ( Groen et al. 1997), .

where n is the number of animals at the farm, y the level of product output (kg anima-l1

y-1 ; Y = ny); py the price per unit product (Dfl kg-1), xv the level of input of production factor v,

variable per animal (kg animal-1 yr-1; Xv = nXv,), pv the price per unit production factor v (Dfl

kg-1 ), Cfa the costs of input of production factor fa, fixed per animal (Dfl animal-1 yr-1 ; Cfa =

nCfa), and Cff the costs of input of production factor ff, fixed per farm (Dfl yr-1).

Computer programs

to estimate the economic value.

- Noncommercial system programmed in Borland Delphi 5.0 and runs

under Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT (www.zod.wau.nl/abg/) (Misztal et al.

1998).

-The software ZPLAN (Willam et al. 2008) for evaluation of both the

genetic and the economic consequences of the different breeding

strategies for a given investment horizon

2 criteria to compare the value of the different breeding strategies: (1)

Annual monetary genetic gain (AMGG): the average increase per year in

monetary superiority of the progeny of the selected animals after one

round of selection

(2) Discounted profit (DP) : the discounted monetary profit based on the

genetic superiority and expressed as the improved profit per animal in

the total population over the given investment period. (Thomasen et al.

2014).

3.1 Main segment ZPLAN

The main segment reads and stores the parameters of the parameter file (except

INDEX parameters), lists them and calls subroutines.

The sequence of reading the parameters in the main segment is as follows:

Input and output control parameters

Parameters for traits

Biological and technical coefficients

Parameters specific for subpopulations

Parameters for breeding costs

Parameters for generating the transmission matrix

Parameters for discounting

Parameters for variation and optimisation.

GBLUP- DNA markers: Total economic value

GBLUP- DNA markers: Milk economic value

ARB and ruminant industry

for developing countries

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Ruminant industry –Food security

Open Nucleus Breeding System for dairy cattle.

Hodges, 1990

ARB-ONBS for developing countries

limits & advantages

The advantages

-ONBS approache: of this system for the developing countries are

their possibility to make them realize, with reasonable investment,

that integration of smallholder farms is the most important

component of livestock production in the region.

- Technical transfer and selected genetic resources from

developed countries

The limits

- Traditional breeding conditions

- Animal resources of low productivity

- Backwardness of farming reproductive techniques.

ARB-ruminant industry: case of Uganda The system of genetic improvement for the Holstein Friesian cattle

population in Uganda is an example of implementing adaptation of

ONBS to realize under the condition of livestock consisting of

mainly smallholder farms.

The 700 animal for 4 proven bulls (PB)in nucleus on the base

existed farms and consisted of two units: the central unit and the

dispersed unit which consist of farmers with least twenty cows

keeping in the fenced dairying production system for AI and

conducting contemporary testing of daughters of different bulls.

ZPLAN computer simulator programme to model the breeding and

evaluating annual monetary genetic gain (AMGG).

100,000 animals in the farmers in the base population with one or

two cows

AI restricted selection index to get AMGG of 1.00 Ugcp, R of 1.34

Ugcp and P of 1.26 Ugcp. (Nakimbugwe 2005)

C L…which may be the reason why semen of the Gir Leiteiro and other Zebu varieties

is exported from Brazil all over the tropical world, these days.

ARB-ruminant industry: case of Brazil

The development of ONBS-MOET and IVP in Brazil is an

example of ARB contribution as a critical success factor

in the exploitation of the natural advantages for livestock

and ruminant industry.

- livestock population : 209.5 million of beef and dairy

cattle, 9.09 million of goat and 14.18 million of sheep,

- the largest commercial Zebu herd in the world; semen

market in 2013 was estimated in 13 million straws.

- In 1994, a joint program of progeny testing and a MOET

nucleus scheme involving meat and milk traits as

breeding goals was commenced plus in vitro fertilization

laboratorie : to the need of around 15,000 genetic superior

bulls/yr and 450,000 young replacement bulls/yr

(Madalena et al. 2012).

ARB for developing countries:

crossbreeding trends

- Girolando (Holstein/Gir)

crossbreds in Brazil,

- Carora (Brown Swiss:

zebu) in Venezuela,

- Siboney (Holstein:

Brahman) in Cuba,

- Hope (Jersey: Sahiwal) in

Jamaica (Madalena, 2005). -

Ha-An : Yellow X Sindhi X

Holstein (average of 4500 kg

per year, individual 7000 kg

per year).

Crossbreeding for dairying is a major tool in intensification of cattle

production in developing countries.

ARB for developing countries: ONBS for

crossbreeding

ONBS adapted for crossbreeding program was proposed

(Philipsson et al. 2011).

CONCLUSSION

• ARB with the capacity to control totally the reproductive

performance has become the indispensable technical platform for

ruminant industry.

• The reasonable combination of ARB and the genetic selection

based on principle of ONBS-BLUP or Genomic BLUP (GBLUP) is the

fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable ruminant

industry.

• The level of ARB implementation should be based on the definition

of important traits and results of accurate calculation of their

economic values.

• There is a great demand for rapid establishment of ruminant

industry in developing countries in the coming decades. Developing

collaboration for training and formation in ARB and genetic &

ECONOMIC management, exchange of animal genetic resources

should be carried out to meet this challenge.

Thank you

for your kind invitation and attention

- Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (FFTC), Taiwan

- Philippine Council for Agricultural Resource Research

and development (PCCAARRD-DOST)

- Philippine Carabao Center, Department of Agriculture

(PCC-DA)

- Prof Nagai Takashi for document preparation

Post Conference Social Events

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