SEPTEMBER 25, 1942SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ANNOUNCING!

The Third Revised Edition of

PRINCIPLES OFSTRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

By CHARLES M. NEVINProfessor of Geology, Cornell University

One of the foremost textbooks in structural geology, Professor Nevin's book has now beencarefully revised and brought up to date. In preparing the revision, the author made athorough study of the literature that has appeared since the publication of the secondedition. As a result, the discussion has been refined and clarified, and new material inkeeping with current trends has been woven smoothly into the text. The illustrations havebeen improved, and new ones have been added.

The purpose of the book is to discuss as simply as possible, the deformations of the earth.Controversial subjects are treated thoroughly and impartially. The observable failuressuch as folds and faults are dealt with first. The causes of earth movements are treatedlater in the book.This third edition has retained those features which won so favorable a reputation for theearlier editions. The presentation is stimulating to both teacher and student; the contentis lucid, readable and thought provoking; the selected references are ample. All in all, itis a teachable book.

CONTENTS-Introduction. Physical Properties of Rocks. Stress and Strain Relations. Flexures.Faults. Joints. Cleavage. Structures Associated with Igneous Intrusion. Structures in UnconsolidatedSediments. Reflection of Rock Structure in the Topography. Some Facts, Inferences, and HypothesesRegarding the Earth. Continents and Ocean Basins. Mountain Systems. Index.

320 pages 165 illustrations 6 by 9 $3.50

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc., 440 4th AVE., NEW YORK

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SEPTEmBER 25, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS -7

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT VOL. 96, No. 2491

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

AN EXPLODING STAR IN CYGNUSTHE first nova or exploding star to appear in many

months has been discovered in the constellation of Cygnusby Dr. Fritz Zwicky observing from Mt. Palomar, Calif.Observatories all over the world have begun observationsupon the remarkable changes in this star 's spectrumwhich will contribute to the knowledge of stellar structureand of atomic structure as well.Not quite bright enough to be seen with the unaided

eye, the nova now at eighth magnitude is probably as

bright as it ever will get. Inspection of astronomicalphotographs at Harvard Observatory show that it hadbeen photographed more than fifty times since June 8when it was of about tenth magnitude.

Dr. Harlow Shapley, director of Harvard Observatory,stated that "It is likely that the nova reached its explo-sive maximum in early spring when too near the sun fordiscovery. During this summer it has been oscillatingbetween the seventh and eleventh magnitudes. Ultimatelyit will fade away. Its distance is probably greater thana thousand light years."

Dr. Walter Adams, director of Mt. Wilson Observatory,reported the discovery to Harvard Observatory, whencethe news was distributed by radio and telegraph to obser-vatories both in the Americas and in Europe and Asia.Lund Observatory in Sweden relayed the information toobservatories in both United Nations and Axis countries.The spectrum of the nova shows bright bands with mul-

tiple absorption components. A complete curve of thelight variations is being prepared from the Harvardphotographs.

THE SCARCITY OF PHYSICISTSONE good physicist is bred per year per million inhabi-

tants.This estimate, made by Sir Lawrence Bragg, of Caven-

dish Laboratory, Cambridge, England, was based on thenumber of physicists turned out annually by the Britishuniversities, and is confirmed by the Central Register ofthe Royal Society, which corresponds to our NationalRoster. At the beginning of the war, the British hadlisted 1,200 physicists in a population of 45,000,000.Assuming an average working life of thirty years, thiscomes also to about one per million per year.

A survey made in the United States in connection withthe National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Person-nel shows that one good physicist in a million men appliesto the U. S. A., too.

This ranks the physicist among the scarcest of war

"materials." The demand in both England and Amer-ica exceeds the supply, and the universities have beenpressed to train as many men as possible to fill the gap.

The physicist, like the poet, is born and not made, an

editorial in Nature contends. He can not be madeon demand by any system of training. However, theBritish editorial argues, Sir Lawrence Bragg's definitionof a good physicist as "a man capable of independent

thought, with a flair for his subject," has set the stand-ard too high. Many of the tasks for which physicists are

required can be very adequately performed by men andwomen less gifted.

There has been a very substantial increase in the sizeof the physics classes in British universities and colleges.While this may not add materially to the numbers of"'good physicists'' it will add substantially to the num-

bers available for the more routine but no less importantposts for which originality of a high order is not neces-

sary. And this will enable the strictly limited number ofmen with a real flair for research to be assigned to thetasks that they alone can do.

THE TREATMENT OF CANCERWITH X-RAYS

THE experimental treatment of cancer with x-rays gen-

erated by 3,000,000 volts of energy was described atthe Chicago meeting of the American Roentgen RaySociety by Dr. Richard Dresser, who reported that thehigh intensity of the ray created by the experimentalmachine permits a depth dose much greater than has beenobtained even with great amounts of radium; and byProfessor John Trump, of the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, who described the physical characteristics ofthe extremely short ray. Operating on the electrostaticprinciple, by which static electricity is produced by fric-tion, the apparatus is insulated by air under pressure.

A small number of selected patients have been treatedwith rays created by the new machine. Dr. Dresserstated that the 3,000,000-volt x-rays have essentially thesame physical properties as gamma rays of radium. Thepenetrating effect of these rays of such extremely shortwave-length is such that the maximum therapeutic treat-ment effect occurs not on the patient 's skin, but some

distance below in the subcutaneous tissue. Thus the new

machine may make possible larger doses of radiationdirected at deep-seated cancers with proportionately lesseffect upon the skin and adjacent normal tissue.

These preliminary clinical findings substantiate theobservation that as the wave-length of an x-ray beam isdecreased, the skin tolerance and depth dose are increased.

LARGER SUGAR CROPS

SCIENTIFIC control has been developed by Dr. HarryClement, of the Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station,whereby plantings of sugar cane in any location may be

consistently made to yield 100 per cent. of the theoretical

yield.In the beginning of the study a field experiment was

set up to show the relative importance of soil and climate.

This experiment was unique since the type of climate in

the two fields differed radically, although they were onlya few miles apart. The temperature of the areas was

the same, but one had- a low rainfall and high sunlightintensity, while the other was a cloudy region with mod-

erate rainfall. To make sure that the soil for the crops

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SEPTEMBER 25, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9~

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was identical, dirt from one was transported to the other.When cane was grown in the two soils under the sameclimate conditions, the yield was the same. Yet, whencane was grown in these two soils in their respective cli-mates the one yielded 134 tons per acre of good qualitycane while the other gave only 65 tons of medium quality.

All attempts to correlate the differences in growth withsoil, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium levels in the plantwere without success, but an almost perfect correlation(.999) was obtained when the physical factors of leafarea, crop density and sunlight were considered.Thus it was evident that yield and quality are depen-

dent, largely, on the atmospheric energy absorbed by theplant. Since the amount of atmospheric energy variesfrom season to season and from year to year, it is clearthat the growth and quality of the plants will also vary.It follows, then, that the index to the fertilizer programlies in the plant as it integrates the influences of theatmosphere.A system of indices has been established for sugar cane

which makes possible the continual adjustment of prac-tices to requirements. The primary index, the sugar con-tent of the sheaths of certain young leaves, reflects thebalance existing between the metabolism of the plant andenergy available. When this index is normal (about 10per cent. sugar, dry weight) the plant is growing at thedesired rate for the particular climate. If the index rises,the plant is building carbohydrates at a faster rate thanit is using them, that is, it could be growing faster thanit is. If the index falls below normal, the plant is grow-ing faster than it should and hence quality suffers.Whatever the primary index shows Is the key to ad-

justments. If the index is abnormal, secondary indicesfor moisture, nitrogen, etc., are consulted for the cause,and correction in irrigation or fertilizer applications aremade accordingly while the crop is still in the fields.

Using this program, much of the guess work in cropmanagement is eliminated. Economically the programpays for itself many times over in saving of fertilizersand of water, not to mention the high yields of goodquality crops.

THE EXTERMINATION OF INSECTSTHE farmers' annual blitz season is on. The enemy?

Hordes of Oriental fruit moths, potato fleas, boll-weevils,cotton leaf-worms, Japanese beetles, velvetbean caterpil-lars and hundreds of other varieties of insects. However,the latest communique of the Department of Agriculturereports that everything is under control, with only a littlemopping up still to be done.A fresh infiltration of wheat-eating Hessian flies,

sweeping east from Kansas to Pennsylvania, are beingthwarted by a drastic scorched-earth policy. Since thisnewest menace is nourished in its larval stage by the juiceof tender young wheat stalks, it can be combatted by theruthless destruction of "volunteer" or random between-crop growths of wheat which offer breeding ground tothe thirsty Hessian maggots. It is also circumvented by" delayed seeding, " since a touch of frost is harmlessto wheat but slows down flies.Our important wartime crops of peanuts and soybeans

have been menaced by white-fringed beetles, leaf-hoppersand velvetbean caterpillars, which can be dusted withcryolite from low-flying airplanes. The white-fringedbeetle is a new importation from South America, whichresearch experts in Agriculture's Bureau of Entomologyand Plant Quarantine believe is now under control.The beetle called grape colapsis, fond of soybean in

its grub stage, can be foiled by rotation of crops. Thecotton season has presented, in addition to the annualboll-weevil menace, an urgent epidemic of cotton leaf-worm, or Alabama ardillacea, which migrates annuallyfrom the tropics. Thanks to calcium arsenate, dustedfrom airplanes, this is now under control, except for thenorthern edge of the cotton belts. Entomologists arenow working on a new cotton pest-the pink boll worm.Except for a few enemies such as the gipsy-moth, crick-ets and grasshoppers, government entomologists contentthemselves with research, information service and regula-tion of harbor and inter-state plant quarantine, lettingthe farmers carry on the actual warfare.

The innumerable pests which eat stored grain, wooland tobacco in warehouses are an ever-present problem,requiring a vigilant policy of fumigation and "dustingthe air" with arsenate compounds.Although nicotine bentonite is sometimes used in spray-

ing fruit, the most common defense weapon is arsenic,now being absorbed by the war against human enemies.Although no shortage of arsenic has been felt so far,farmers and government experts are not too hopefulabout next year 's supply.

Fruit pests alone number between 250 and 300 varieties,while another myriad of species attack potatoes, vege-tables and all forms of truck crops. Booby traps com-posed of poison bait are used for some varieties: spray-ing, dusting, rotation of crops for others. The cornearworm can sometimes be taken in by breeding longerhusks on corn. Those worms you'll be eating with yourapples this fall are most apt to be youthful codling mothsor Oriental fruit moths.

ITEMSTHE unusual dampness which in most agricultural areas

had delayed the maturing of crops, and aroused fears offrost damage should frost come early this year, have givenway to good growing weather-warm and with plenty ofsunshine. According to reports issued by the U. S.Weather Bureau, in some places corn grew twice as fastas normal for this time of the year. On the whole, infact, growing conditions have been unusually favorablethroughout the whole season, and crop yields 12 per cent.higher than in any past year are predicted. If the fallweather continues good, the final yields may exceed pres-ent forecasts. In any case there is a big harvesting jobahead.

QUANTITIES of precious copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tung-sten, chromium and other strategic metals are being res-cued from low-grade deposits and mine wastes by airbubbles, which float them to the surface. The low-gradeores are ground in water and small amounts of chemicalsare added which selectively attach themselves to the grains

VOL. 96, No. 249110

SEPTEMBER 25, 1942 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

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Although today facilities for large scale manufactureare available, an important part of our work is stilldevoted to the small lot production of new and rarechemicals. This service is in the hands of competentchemists, and is offered to all firms, individuals orschools engaged in research, development or production.A special "Small Lot Price List, No. 11" will be sentwith our catalog when requested.

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 96, No. 2491

of the valuable minerals and float them to the surface.This process of "froth flotation" has been used formany years, but E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Com-

pany announces the development by themselves and othersof new chemicals which improve the process and make itmore economical. The precious minerals are skimmed offthe surface and subsequently smelted and refined, thusadding to the supply for our war implements.

To insure production of the highest quality of dehy-drated foods for the armed forces of the United Nations,the U. S. Department of Agriculture announces the open-

ing at Albany, N. Y., within the next few weeks of thefirst school to train commercial manufacturers in im-proved methods of processing developed in governmentresearch laboratories. Because of the urgent need toconserve shipping space and to prepare foods in a formwhich will keep indefinitely in any climate, the trainingprogram will be expanded sometime this fall to includea school at Rochester, N. Y. The training program isbeing jointly conducted by the Agricultural ResearchAdministration and the Agricultural Marketing Adminis-tration, which is the Lend-Lease purchasing agency. Sub-jects included in the courses will be selection of vegetablevarieties, storage problems, processing, packaging andlaboratory control, to provide maximum quality for thisfuel for the fighting men of the United Nations. Recentimprovements in dehydration processes make possible theshipment of dry vegetables, milk, meat and other food-

stuffs in only a fraction of the space formerly required.Yet when mixed with water at the battle front, they are

reconstituted with nearly all the nutrient value and freshflavor still intact.

THE death rate from tuberculosis in the United Statescontinues to decline, despite an upswing of cases in Euro-pean countries, according to the report of the NationalTuberculosis Association. Last year 44 persons died oftuberculosis for every 100,000 population, compared with46 the previous year. This totals 59,173 persons deadand 105,714 new cases reported. Despite continued im-provement in the death toll, there is slowing up of thedownward trend of cases in this country. Dr. KendallEmerson, managing director of the association, points outthat under wartime conditions tuberculosis may show an

increase here, just as it already has in warring countriesof Europe. Various theories have been offered to explainthe increase abroad. Among them are decreased re-

sistance, due to longer hours of work, strain, anxiety, in-adequate diet, broken rest, overcrowded homes and short-age of medical and nursing personnel. There is every

reason to believe that, as the war goes on, these factorswill operate in this country unless voluntary and publichealth authorities are able to use all their resources.

Every effort is being made to keep tuberculosis out of thearmed forces. Army doctors are fully equipped for x-

raying and are authorized to reject all those who may

have or who have had the disease.

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The Model 400 LUMETRON is a dependable photoelectric instrument of high accuracyfor all colorimetric tests in hospital and clinical laboratories. It offers all the acceptedadvantages of the photoelectric instrument over visual methods and optical comparisoncalorimeters. The LUMETRON Colorimeter is ruggedly built and so designed that it ispractically impossible to damage it by faulty operation. It requires no special care inhandling or carrying. The response is rapid and linear; the dial carries both transmis-sion and density scales. Once calibrated, the instrument does not require standards forthe analysis of unknowns. The photocell has unlimited life and is not subject to anywear whatever.

This colorimeter operates directly from 105 to 130 Volt AC or DC, employs inexpensivePyrex test tubes, and is provided with highly selective filters. Each instrument is sup-plied with 12 matched Pyrex tubes, 6 color filters, directions for operation, and referencebook containing detailed instructions, including the chemical procedures, for practicallyevery calorimetric test in the clinical laboratory.

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14 SCEC-DETSMNTO.9,N.29

Anti-Aircraft Gun Crew- Official U. S. Navy Photograph

"Fire when ready!"Dramatic seconds pass while the

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14 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 96, NO. 2491