the effect of engineering innovation on society lawnmowers
TRANSCRIPT
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The Effect of Engineering Innovation on Society
Lawnmowers
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Lawnmowers
• Early lawnmowers were heavy and cumbersome, which meant that whilst they were effective, they were still tiring.
• As lawnmowers developed, they became more user-centred. This means that the way they operated did not impact negatively on the user.– Examples such as?
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The internal combustion engine
• The cause of most environmental effects associated with the lawnmower (and other powered equipment).
• Lawnmowers use either an unleaded 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine, whilst some commercial models have a diesel power plant.
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4-stroke engine
• Why is it called a 4-stroke?
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Induction
• In this stage the crankshaft rotates and draws the piston down sucking in and air/fuel mixture through the open inlet valve.
• At the end of the stroke the camshaft will close the inlet valve.
• The air and fuel mixture is mixed by a carburettor on a mower.
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Compression
• On the compression stroke both valves are closed and the piston travels back up the cylinder compressing the fuel/air mixture.
• Just prior to reaching the top of its travel the spark plug ignites the compressed mixture.
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Power
• This ignition drives the piston back down the cylinder which is where the power is produced.
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Exhaust
• Once the piston reaches the bottom of its power stroke the exhaust valve opens and the piston then travels back up the cylinder pushing the exhaust gases out.
• The cycle then repeats itself.
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2-stroke engine
• Why is it called a 2-stroke?
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The two strokes
• The 2-stroke engine compresses the four strokes into two so that every down stroke of the piston is a power stroke.
• Very effective in small motors, not so in larger motors.
• Tend to be less clean and environmentally friendly because of its oil/fuel mix.
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Effect on the environment
• ICE’s operate at an efficiency rate of about 15%, meaning that 85% of the potential energy of the fuel is not used (burned).
• Gaseous bi-products include carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide – both of which are particularly dangerous to humans.
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Diesel engines
• Removes the spark plug and ignition system and relies on the heat of the compressed air to ignite the diesel.
• Traditionally more simpler than a petrol engine, modern advances in fuel injection and computerised fuel management mean that simplicity is now gone.
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How does a diesel work?
• Still 4-strokes…which were?
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How does a diesel work?
• On the induction stroke only air is drawn in by the descending piston. The inlet valve closes and the piston now rises and compresses the air to a higher degree than a petrol motor.
• This compression causes the air to heat up and when the diesel is injected into the cylinder ignition occurs.
• This causes the power stroke, and when the piston travels back up the exhaust valve opens and the gases are pushed from the cylinder and the cycle starts again.
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Diesel in context
• Traditionally found use in industrial applications.
• More efficient than petrol engines, with efficiency ratings between 20-25%.
• Equals greater fuel economy and better torque ratings.
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The Internal Combustion Engine
• 4 stroke• 2 stroke
• Diesel Engine
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Activity
• Choose 3 similar sized cars, one petrol engine, one diesel engine and if possible a hybrid. Compare their emission, fuel economy and performance. Assess the best choice for a range of uses, e.g. long distance touring, city commuting etc.