the effect of poor iaq.docx
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THE EFFECT OF POOR INDOOR QUALITY ON OCCUPANT IN INDUSTRIAL
BUILDING
Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
1
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is the significant importance to business, schools, building directors,
inhabitants and laborers since it can affect the wellbeing, solace, prosperity, and efficiency of
the building tenants.
Diya and Kumar (2013) note that individuals spend around 90% of their working time inside
(in office, processing plant etc.) so keeping up sufficient indoor air quality (IAQ) in structures and
work environment has a top need.
IAQ profound impact on occupant either good or bad. IAQ means having a good ventilation
system well maintained and there is less or no contamination in the building. So occupant can
perform the activities required in the building without any problems. While poor IAQ system is
unsafe because it does not meet the standards set and lead to problems when the occupant is
in the building.
Industry or factory is a building or gathering of structures where product are produced or
collected majority by machine or large group of worker. Starting through Industrial Revolution,
people could progress advance into the 21st century. Innovation grew quickly, science got to be
progressed and the assembling age came into perspective. With this situation, one more impact
came, contamination.
Therefore , a good IAQ is an important element to be considered in an industrial building as
to ensure that employees who work in the factory is always productive , health and yield high
production volume of products
In industry, there are many factors that cause bad indoor air quality, especially the impact of
harmful gases released from production.
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Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
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Here are examples of common indoor air contaminants and their main sources.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), tobacco smoke, fragrance, personal stenches – from building
inhabitants
Dust, fiberglass, asbestos, gasses, including formaldehyde – from building materials
Harmful vapors, unstable natural mixes (VOCs) – from work environment chemicals,
solvents, pesticides, disinfectants, pastes
Gasses, vapors, scents – off-gas discharges from furniture, covers, and paints
Dust vermin – from rugs, fabric, froth seat pads
Microbial contaminants, parasites, molds, microscopic organisms, – from moist
zones, stagnant water and condensate dish
Ozone – from printers, electric engines, electrostatic air cleaners
(Canadian Centre For Occupational Health and Safety, 2013).
Bad indoor quality resulting negative impact on residents in terms of health in the short term
such as eye pain , skin irritation , asthma , and cough while in the long term can lead to chronic
respiratory problems and cancer .Health workers that affected would result in decreasing
productivity and this will harm the industrial economy because the production becomes
inconsistent and the quality deteriorated. Security workers also neglected due to exposure to an
unhealthy environment even inside buildings.
Levy, (has cited in Healthy Heating,2009) has noted that,"we do not seem to recognize that
our real customer is the occupant, not the building." It is clear that the indoor air quality gives
great impact on occupant, especially for industrial buildings.
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THE EFFECT OF POOR INDOOR QUALITY ON OCCUPANT IN INDUSTRIAL
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Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
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1.1 Problem statement
Nowadays Malaysian government and the public in rural and urban areas of Malaysia
was more concerned regarding the quality of indoor air quality and the effect on health. In order
to further study the affect of poor indoor air quality of industrial building in Malaysia, it is vital for
us to know exactly what are the main reason of indoor pollutants in industrial buildings that can
lead to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) or Tight Building Syndrome (TBS), Building-Related
Illness (BRI) and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (MCS) Example of SBS are dizziness, skin
irritation, asthma, coughing and etc.
Next, in order to increases the awareness towards protecting the environment in
development, this study emerges as a tool to help and enable the determination of the effect of
poor indoor air quality in industrial buildings. Siah (as cited in Nur,2010) we need to contribute tothe environment thaht receives or possibly receives the impact from the test conducts, through
self commitment and provision of resources to make an environmental management successful.
Several studies have shown that presence of occupants, contaminants in air, location
characteristics and the quality of ventilation system are large causes of poor indoor air quality
(Nur, 2010).In order to improve the quality of indoor air quality in industrial building, existing
research will be developed on the affects of poor indoor air quality to occupants which will be
discussed in the following chapter.
1.2 Objective
To investigate indoor air quality that effect on occupant in industrial building.
1.3 Research questions
The questions are:
1. What is indoor air quality?
2. What is the effect of poor indoor quality on occupant in industrial building?
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THE EFFECT OF POOR INDOOR QUALITY ON OCCUPANT IN INDUSTRIAL
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Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition air quality
Clean air is a fundamental necessity of life. The nature or quality of air inside and
outside schools, workplaces, homes and offices where people spend a significant bit of
their life is a determinant key of healthy life. Unsafe substances discharged from cabinet,
construction materials or human activities inside, for instance, fuels for cooking or
warming may lead to an extensive extent of health issues and may be lethal (World
Health Organization,2005).
Air quality is a measure of the level of climatic contamination, with respect to thepossibility to harm the nature. Through poor air quality, the potential for weakening and
harm to both which is people health and the earth environment, have been perceived at
an administrative and global level. Air pollution is frequently evaluated for comparison
purposes or accomplishment limit on utilizing the Air Quality Index (AQI).
Table 1: Air Quality Index Formula adopted from Michael, Jane, Theophile
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) utilizes the Air Quality Index to quantify five
major contaminations for which it has established National Ambient Air Quality Standard
under the Clean Air Act (Tobias et.al. 2001). The contaminants are particulate matter
such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ground level ozone. Eachof the contaminants, EPA has set up air quality models ensuring against wellbeing
impacts that can happen within short timeframes (a couple of hours or a day).
2.2 Indoor air quality (IAQ) standard of industrial building
Indoor air constitutes in industrial building is especially rich in various sorts of
contaminations, including gasses, for example, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide
(2), sulfur dioxide (2), nitrogen oxide () and particulate matter of different sizes,
and in addition a variety of natural mixes which can be in both molecule and vaporous
stage. The contaminations start from indoor sources and freed to outside due to the
industrial activities inside the building.
Good IAQ has very minimal percentage of contamination and provide comfort to
occupants in the building. While poor IAQ give the impression of discomfort to the
occupants and cause sick building syndrome. If exposed to poor IAQ in a prolonged
period will result in impaired health in the short and long term.
Standard of IAQ in industrial building can be measured according:
1. Comfort and productivity issues
Comfort is a method for measuring inhabitant fulfillment which, thus, can
straightforwardly influence focus and profitability and sway the expense of
working together.
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement and flow (Velocity, Ventilation, Volume)
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THE EFFECT OF POOR INDOOR QUALITY ON OCCUPANT IN INDUSTRIAL
BUILDING
Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
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2. Health and safety issues
Bad IAQ conditions happen at whatever point vapors, gasses or airborne
particulates are available in focuses that antagonistically influence one or more
occupants in the building.
Carbon monoxide
Chemical in aerosol
Ultrafine particle
Bioaerosols
Light, Noise, Vibration, Ergonomics, Odors
Table 1.1: Air Quality Guideline adopted by TSI Incorporated
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Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
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2.3 Poor indoor air quality
Science has demonstrated that the quality of outdoor air is much better compare
to quality of indoor air which is much worse. Issues of indoor air quality related to illness
and symptoms among people who spend most of their time indoor. If you consider the
numbers of workers at hospitals, school and institution, offices and restaurants in
Malaysia, It is common things to learn that indoor air quality give impacts to our health
and productivity majority to the working adults who spend 90 percent of their time
outdoors as well as at work.
The causes of poor indoor air quality in industrial buildings are:
1. Inadequate fresh air supply or poor ventilation system maintenance
2. Pollutants given off by buildings or furnishing materials
3. Pollutants from processes occurring within the building, including cleaning products,
offices machines, pesticides, and off gases form new materials.
4. Contaminants brought into the building form outside; some examples are exhaust
from sanitary stacks, boiler stacks, natural gas vents, or flues.
2.4 Type of contaminant in indoor air quality of industrial
Contaminant in indoor air quality as cited in United State Department of Labour (2016)
are :
1. Carbon Dioxide
A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds
and by respiration.
Sources:Unvented gas and kerosene appliances, improperly vented devices,
processes or operations which produce combustion products, human respiration.
Acute health effects : Difficulty concentrating, drowsiness, increased respiration
rate.
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THE EFFECT OF POOR INDOOR QUALITY ON OCCUPANT IN INDUSTRIAL
BUILDING
Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
NurulAienBintiMahat( 2015149613)
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2. Carbon Monoxide
Colorless, odorless toxic flammable gas formed by incomplete combustion ofcarbon.
Sources: Fossil-fuel engine machineries exhausts, improperly vented fossil-fuel
appliances.
Acute health effects: Dizziness, headache, nausea, cyanosis, cardiovascular
effects, and death.
3. Formaldehyde
A colorless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol.
Sources: Off-gassing from urea formaldehyde foam insulation, plywood, particle
board, and paneling; carpeting and fabric; glues and adhesives; and combustion
products including tobacco smoke.
Acute health effects: Hypersensitive or allergic reactions; skin rashes; eye,
respiratory and mucous membrane irritation; odor annoyance.
4. Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides are a family of poisonous, highly reactive gases. These gases
form when fuel is burned at high temperatures.
Sources: Combustion products from gas furnaces and appliances, welding
Acute health effects: Eye, respiratory and mucous membrane irritation.
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5. Ozone
A triatomic very reactive form of oxygen that is a bluish irritating gas of pungent
odour is a major air pollutant in the lower atmosphere but a beneficial
component of the upper atmosphere, and that is used for oxidizing, bleaching,
disinfecting, and deodorizing.
Sources: Copy machines, electrostatic air cleaners, electrical arcing, smog.
Acute health effects: Eye, respiratory tract, mucous membrane irritation;
aggravation of chronic respiratory diseases.
6. Miscellaneous Inorganic Gases.
Includes ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide.
Sources: Microfilm equipment, combustion products, blueprint equipment.
Acute health effects: Eye, respiratory tract, mucous membrane irritation;
aggravation of chronic respiratory diseases.
7. Asbestos
A heat-resistant fibrous silicate mineral that can be woven into fabrics, and is
used in fire-resistant and insulating materials such as brake linings.
Sources: Insulation and other building materials such as floor tiles, dry wall
compounds, reinforced plaster.
Acute health effects: Asbestos is normally not a source of acute health effects.
However, during renovation or maintenance operations, asbestos may be
dislodged and become airborne. Evaluation of employee exposure to asbestos
will normally be covered under the OSHA Asbestos standard.
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8. Synthetic Fibers
any of various man-made textile fibers including usually those made from naturalmaterials (such as rayon and acetate from cellulose or regenerated protein fibers
from zein or casein) as well as fully synthetic fibers (such as nylon or acrylic
fibers)
Sources: Fibrous glass and mineral wool.
Acute health effects: Irritation to the eyes, skin and lungs; dermatitis.
9. Microorganisms and Other Biological Contaminants (Microbials).
Living organisms (such as bacteria, enzymes, fungi, viruses) or their products
that can be hazardous to animal or human health if inhaled, swallowed, or
otherwise absorbed into the body.
Sources: Air handling system condensate, cooling towers, water damaged
materials, high humidity indoor areas, damp organic material and porous wet
surfaces, humidifiers, hot water systems, outdoor excavations, plants, animalexcreta, animals and insects, food and food products.
Acute health effects: Allergic reactions such as hypersensitivity diseases
(hypersensitivity pneumonitis, humidifier fever, allergic rhinitis, etc.) and
infections such as legionellosis are seen. Symptoms include chills, fever, muscle
ache, chest tightness, headache, cough, sore throat, diarrhea, and nausea.
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10. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's).
Chemicals used to manufacture and maintain building materials, interior
furnishing, cleaning products and personal care products.
Sources: Paints, cleaning compounds, moth-balls, glues, photocopiers, "spirit"
duplicators, signature machines, silicone caulking materials, insecticides,
herbicides, combustion products, asphalt, gasoline vapors, tobacco smoke, dried
out floor drains, cosmetics and other personal products.
Acute health effects: Nausea; dizziness; eye, respiratory tract, and mucous
membrane irritation; headache; fatigue.
2.5 Effect of poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) on occupants
IAQ is an important element that needs to be in a building, especially industrial buildings.
This is because the IAQ impact on productivity, safety and health of workers engaged in
a large scale. In ensuring the economic production of products in a consistent state and
quality, IAQ should be emphasized in influencing the workers involved.
The following is the effect resulting from poor IAQ.
1. Health
Numerous indoor air contaminants, (for example, ellergen, unstable natural
mixes, microscopic organisms, infections, mold spores, ozone and particulates)
can be physically disturbing or wellbeing debilitating, in spite of the fact that they
are not normally deadly. Among the most well-known side effects is the
aggravation of fragile tissues, for example, the eyes skin, or mucous films.
Numerous contaminants cause chilly like side effects that are regularly mixed up
as the impacts of a viral contamination. (ASHRAE. 2004)
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Bluepoint Environmental (2014) provides example of illness effects by poor IAQ
a. Short terms:
• Short of breath
Shortness of breath — known medically as dyspnea — is frequently
depicted as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger or a sentiment
of suffocation.
(Mayo Clinic Symptoms Shortness of Breath, 2016)
• Dizziness
As a confusion, dizziness is arranged into three classes vertigo, syncope,
and nonsyncope nonvertigo. Every class have all identified with the
feeling of equalization. All in all, syncope is characterized by a brief loss
of cognizance (blacking out) or by darkened vision and feeling awkward,
confused, and lightheaded.
(The Free Dictionary, 2016)
• Skin irritation
The rash is regularly reddish and bothersome with a layered composition.
Psoriasis is a typical skin condition that can bring about a flaky,
bothersome, red rash to frame along the scalp, elbows, and joints.
(Health Line, 2016)
• Asthma
A typical lung issue in which aggravation causes the bronchi to swell and
slender the airways, making breathing challenge that may go from mild to
life-threatening.
(Medicine Net, 2016)
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• Coughing
A cough is a reflex action to clear your airways of mucus and irritants
such as dust or smoke.(NHS Choices,2015)
• Eye irritation
Eye irritation is a general term used to describe sensations that bother the
eyes, like dryness, itchiness, burning and grittiness.
(American Academy of Ophthalmology,2016)
b. Long term
• Lung cancer
Disease that starts in the lungs is called essential lung tumor. Disease
that spreads from the lungs to somewhere else in the body is known as
optional lung tumor. This page is about essential lung disease.
There are two principle sorts of essential lung malignancy. These are
ordered by the kind of cells in which the disease begins. They are:
non-little cell lung disease – the most widely recognized sort,
representing more than 80% of cases; can be either squamous
cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or vast cell carcinoma
little cell lung disease – a less basic sort that as a rule spreads
quicker than non-little cell lung growth
(NHS Choices,2015)
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Next, based on (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016)
stated some related health issues that occupant of structures with poor IAQ report an
extensive variety of wellbeing issues which are regularly called Sick Building Syndrome
(SBS) or Tight Building Syndrome (TBS), Building-Related Illness (BRI) and Multiple
Chemical Sensitivities (MCS).
The term wiped out building disorder (SBS) is utilized to depict cases in which
fabricating tenants experience unfriendly wellbeing impacts that are obviously connected
to the time they spend in the building. Be that as it may, no particular diseases or cause
can be recognized.
Building-Related Illness (BRI) alludes to less regular (yet frequently more
genuine) instances of individuals turning out to be sick in the wake of being in a
particular working at a specific time. In these cases, there is normally a comparable
arrangement of clinical manifestations experienced by the general population and an
unmistakable cause can frequently be found upon examination. Legionnaires Disease is
a case of BRI brought on by microorganisms which can debase a building's aerating and
cooling framework.
A specific rate of specialists might respond to various chemicals in indoor air,each of which might happen at low focuses. Such responses are known as different
substance sensitivities (MCS). A few medicinal associations have not perceived various
substance sensitivities. Be that as it may, medicinal sentiment is separated, and assist
examination is required.
So in order to avoid building sickness employees are encouraged to wear
protection such as masks, goggles and the like for early preventive measures against
pollution resulting from work carried out in the factories. So indoor air quality importance
to the health of workers to ensure that the work can be done properly and avoid labor
shortages due to illness.
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Norumizafarhana Binti Saimun (2015180263)
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2. Productivity
Indoor air quality affects labor productivity in producing the product. It is
closely associated with comfort when they are in the building. Ventilation systems
are weak, poorly maintained HVAC even harmful gas released from the product
and product manufacturing methods can affect the level of indoor air quality.
Consequently, the occupant in the building involved will experience
discomfort such as Sick Building Syndrome. The symptoms of sick building
syndrome are as eye irritation, dizziness, cough, asthma and nausea
experienced by employees that they cannot focus in the production of the
product produced thereby making poor quality and reject. Production of the
product quality and reject not caused a decline in production and productrevenue to be little progress had deteriorated.
However, there are recent studies, both domestic and international, that
lend support to the premise that a high-performance building will lead to a net
productivity gain for building occupants.
When facility executives survey the available research on the impact of
enhanced IAQ and thermal and visual comfort, they find that it strongly suggests
that those factors influence productivity.
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3.0 References list
Ashrae Standard 62. (1999). Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/doclib/public/200418145036_347.pdf.
ASHRAE. (2004). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2.2004, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality in in Low Rise Residential Building. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers, INC.
American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2016). Irritation. Retrieved from http://www.aao.org/eye-
health/symptoms/irritation.
Canadian Centre For Occupational Health and Safety. (2013). Indoor Air Quality- Ganeral.
Retrieved from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/iaq_intro.html
Diyya, K., & Kumar, N. A. (2013).Indoor Air Quality. International Journal of Engineering Trends
and Technology (IJETT), 4, 2231-5381. Retrieved from http://www.ijettjournal.org
Healthy Heating. (2009). The importance of IEQ. Retrieved from
http://www.healthyheating.com/cafe.htm#.VxkdeqvztqU
Health Line. (2016 ). What Causing My Rash?. Retrieved from
http://www.healthline.com/health/rashes
Mayo Clinic Symptoms Shortness of Breath. (2016). Symptoms Shortness of Breath. Retrieved
from http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/shortness-of-breath/basics/definition/sym-20050890
Medicine Net. (2016). Definition of Asthma. Retrieved from
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2373
NHS Choices. (2015). Cough. Retrieved from
http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cough/pages/introduction.aspx
NHS Choices. (2015). Lung Cancer . Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cancer-of-the-
lung/Pages/Introduction.aspx
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Nur, F. (2010). A Study of Indoor Air Quality in Dormitories of University Malaysia Pahang.
Retrieved from http://umpir.ump.edu.my/3311/1/NUR_FITRIAH_BINTI_ISA.PDF
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.(2011). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial and
Institutional Buildings.Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3430indoor-air-quality-
sm.pdf
Studies Relate IAQ and Productivity. (2006). Retrieved from
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/Studies-Relate-IAQ-and-Productivity-Facilities-
Management-Green-Feature--5581
The Free Dictionary. (2016). Dizziness. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dizziness
United States Department of Labor.(2016). Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_2.htmlm
World Health Organization. (2005). Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone,
Nitrogen and Sulfur
Dioxidehttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69477/1/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf