the effects of political changes to the … in the case of belgrade the political changes have...
TRANSCRIPT
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑAMáster universitario en gestión y valoración urbana
student: Ljubica Gajevićdirector: Rolando Biere Arenas
Barcelona, 03/03/2011
THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CHANGES TO THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES: BELGRADE CASESSocialism, transition and democracy
Belgrade is the capital of Serbia . It is located in southeastern Europe's BalkanPeninsula at 44049'14" north latitude, 20027'44" east longitude and at analtitude of 116.75 m.It lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube. The river waters surround itfrom three sides and that is why since ancient times had been the guardian ofriver passages. Because of its position, was properly called "gate "of the Balkansand the "door "to Central Europe. Belgrade is the crossroads of Eastern andWestern Europe to the river valleys to the shores of the Aegean Sea, Asia and theMiddle East.The Danube flows through Belgrade in lenght of 60 km, the Sava 30 km. The totallength of river banks of Belgrade is 200 km.The City of Belgrade has an area of 322,268 ha (immediate metropolitan area35,996 ha) and is administratively divided into 17 urban municipalities.According to the census from 2002 on the Belgrade area live 1 576 124inhabitants.
Introduction: Geographical position- fortune of the place
Belgrade(Singidunum)New Belgrade
Zemun(Taurunum)
Hypothesis
In the case of Belgrade the political changes havegrand influences to the urban planning processes .
TURN A NEW PAGEThis study should focus on theconsequences of strong politicalideologies and political changes,regression or progress, on plans anddevelopment of the city.
Transformation on the history time line
XIII XVI XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI…I-XIIMODERN PERIODTURKISH-AUSTRIAN PERIODROMAN PERIOD
The
Rom
ans
crea
ted
sett
lem
ents
wit
h re
ctili
near
str
eet
grid
cal
led
Sing
idun
um a
nd T
auru
num
.
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idun
um r
each
ed t
he h
ighe
st r
ank
of s
ettl
emen
t –
it w
as a
col
ony
of R
oman
cit
izen
s.
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rade
was
at t
he b
orde
r bet
wee
n tw
o R
oman
Em
pire
s.
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anti
que
Sing
idun
umw
as d
estr
oyed
.
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icpe
ople
sap
pear
edat
the
tim
ean
dbe
cam
eso
stro
ngth
atth
eych
ange
dth
eet
hnic
cont
ent
ofal
lreg
ions
.
Sinc
e 12
84,t
he f
irst
Ser
bian
kin
g to
rul
e ov
er B
elgr
ade
was
Dra
guti
n.
Empe
ror
Dus
anco
nque
red
Bel
grad
e in
133
4, H
unga
rian
s’ r
ule
late
r fr
om 1
346,
and
he
rega
ined
it a
gain
in 1
354.
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win
gth
eB
ettl
eon
Koso
voin
1389
,th
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rbia
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pire
bega
nto
crum
ble
asth
eO
ttom
anEm
pire
conq
uere
dit
sso
uthe
rnte
rrit
ory.
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stth
eO
ttom
ans
for
alm
ost
70ye
ars.
Bel
grad
ew
asa
have
nfo
rth
em
any
Balk
anpe
ople
sfle
eing
from
Ott
oman
rule
and
have
had
apo
pula
tion
ofso
me
40–5
0,00
0.
Aft
erde
spot
Stev
an’s
deat
hin
1427
his
succ
esso
rD
jura
djBr
anko
vic
had
tore
turn
Bel
grad
eto
the
Hun
gari
ans,
and
Smed
erev
obe
cam
eth
ene
wca
pita
l.D
urin
ghi
sre
ign,
the
Ott
oman
sca
ptur
edm
ost
ofth
eSe
rbia
nD
espo
tate
,uns
ucce
ssfu
llybe
sieg
ing
Belg
rade
first
in14
40an
dag
ain
in14
56.
In15
21B
elgr
ade
was
fina
lyoc
cupi
edby
Sult
anSu
leym
anth
eM
agni
ficen
tbe
com
ing
the
seco
ndla
rges
tO
ttom
anto
wn
inEu
rope
atov
er10
0,00
0pe
ople
.
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Aus
tria
ns
conq
uere
dB
elgr
ade
in16
88,b
utth
eTu
rks
gain
edit
back
in16
90an
dke
ptit
unti
l171
7.A
ustr
ian
troo
psen
tere
dB
elgr
ade
and
stay
edth
ere
unti
l173
9.D
urin
gth
ispe
riod
,th
eci
tyw
asaf
fect
edby
the
two
Gre
tSe
rbia
nM
igra
tion
s,in
whi
chhu
ndre
dsof
thou
sand
sof
Serb
s,le
dby
thei
rpa
tria
rchs
,ret
reat
edto
geth
erw
ith
the
Aus
tria
nsin
toth
eH
absb
urg
Empi
re.
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ing
the
reig
nin
Bel
grad
e,fr
om17
23to
1736
,the
Aus
tria
nru
lepr
epar
edpl
ans
for
ara
dica
lrec
onst
ruct
ion
ofth
efo
rtre
ssan
dbo
roug
h.D
urin
ga
shor
t-te
rmga
inof
Belg
rade
(178
9–17
91)
the
Aus
tria
nspe
rfor
med
ade
taile
dm
easu
ring
and
map
ping
ofB
elgr
ade,
whe
reth
eysh
owed
plan
imet
rics
prop
orti
ons
and
cons
truc
tion
bloc
shap
es,
asw
ella
sla
yout
sof
arch
itec
tura
lbui
ldin
gs.
An
agre
emen
tof
1862
,st
ipul
atin
gem
igra
tion
ofth
eTu
rkis
hpo
pula
tion
from
all
plac
esin
Serb
ia.
The
Firs
tR
egul
atio
nPl
anof
the
Bor
ough
inth
eTr
ench
done
in18
67by
the
engi
neer
Emili
jan
Josi
mov
ic.
Not
all
idea
sfr
omJo
sim
ovic
’spl
anw
ere
real
ized
,bu
tth
ehi
ghlig
htw
as:
new
regu
lar
grid
ofbl
ocs
and
traf
ficro
utes
,w
hich
was
pres
erve
das
toth
isda
y.It
ison
the
basi
sof
his
plan
that
Bel
grad
eha
sbe
entr
ansf
orm
edin
toa
mod
ern
Euro
pean
capi
tal.
On
June
28,1
914
Gav
rilo
Prin
cip'
sas
sass
inat
ion
ofA
rchd
uke
Fran
zFe
rdin
and
and
his
wif
eSo
phie
,in
Sara
jevo
and
ittr
igge
red
Firs
tW
orld
War
.Aus
tro-
Hun
gari
anm
onit
ors
shel
led
Belg
rade
onJu
ly29
,191
4.M
aste
rPl
anfr
om19
23,
appr
oved
in19
24..
Seve
ral
orig
inal
idea
sw
ere
prop
osed
,th
eon
ew
asth
eid
eao
oftr
ansp
ort
syst
emac
ross
the
Sava
-the
tram
whi
chw
ould
conn
ect
Belg
rade
and
Zem
un.
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41,t
hego
vern
men
tsi
gned
the
Trip
arti
tePa
ct,j
oini
ngth
eA
xis
pow
ers
inan
effo
rtto
stay
out
ofth
eSe
cond
Wor
ldW
ar.B
utit
didn
’tst
opth
ew
ar.B
elgr
ade
was
bom
bed
in19
41an
d19
44.T
heki
ngm
oved
toU
K.In
,19
45l
Josi
pB
roz
Tito
proc
laim
edth
eFe
dera
lPe
ople
'sR
epub
licof
Yugo
slav
iain
Bel
grad
e.Th
eKi
ngdo
mof
Yugo
slav
iaw
astr
ansf
orm
edin
toso
cial
isti
cre
publ
ic.T
hene
wM
aste
rPl
anfo
rB
elgr
ade
from
1950
was
plan
edas
the
reco
nstr
ucti
onof
the
exis
ting
sett
lem
ent
and
desi
gnof
the
new
calle
dN
ewBe
lgra
de.
Mas
ter
Plan
for
Bel
grad
ede
velo
ped
in19
72w
assu
ppos
edto
beco
nduc
ted
onth
eba
sis
ofsp
ecia
lpro
gram
sof
spat
ial
deve
lopm
ent
and
cons
truc
tion
ofBe
lgra
de–
step
byst
eppr
ogra
ms
onth
efo
unda
tion
sof
the
self
-m
anag
emen
tpl
anni
ngsy
stem
.M
aste
rPl
anof
Bel
grad
efr
om19
85w
asba
sed
onth
esa
me
prin
cipl
esas
the
prev
ious
Plan
.
Citi
es o
btai
ned
Slav
ic n
ames
Beo
grad
and
Zem
lin.
In11
than
d12
thce
ntur
y,nu
mer
ous
pilg
rim
san
dcr
usad
espa
ssed
thro
ugh
Bel
grad
ean
dZe
mun
,w
hich
influ
ence
dth
eir
deve
lopm
ent.
The
city
surp
asse
dit
sde
limit
atio
ns.
Out
side
the
fort
ified
city
,su
burb
sgr
ewto
beco
me
seve
ralt
imes
larg
erth
anth
eci
tyw
ithi
nth
era
mpa
rts.
The
Neo
lithi
cSt
arce
voan
dV
inca
Cult
ures
exis
ted
inB
elgr
ade
and
dom
inat
edth
eB
alka
nsab
out
7,00
0ye
ars
ago,
they
wer
eth
efir
stkn
own
sett
lem
ents
onth
ete
rrit
ory
ofB
elgr
ade.
Som
esc
hola
rsev
enbe
lieve
that
the
preh
isto
ric
Vin
casi
gns
repr
esen
ton
eof
earl
iest
know
nfo
rms
ofal
phab
et.
. Des
pite
Mar
shal
lTi
to’s
high
-pro
file
brea
kw
ith
Sovi
et-s
tyle
com
mun
ism
in19
48an
dth
em
uch
publ
iciz
edre
form
sto
war
d“m
arke
tso
cial
ism
”w
ith
the
idea
sof
self-
man
agem
ent
init
iate
din
the
mid
-196
0s.
In 1
980.
Josi
pB
roz
Tito
die
d.Th
een
dof
bloc
kdi
visi
onan
dco
llaps
eof
the
Ber
linW
alli
n19
89m
arke
dat
the
sam
eti
me
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
dem
ocra
tiza
tion
ofEa
ster
nEu
rope
.In
1900
sst
arte
ddi
visi
onof
the
Soci
alis
tFe
dera
lR
epub
licof
Yugo
slav
iaw
hich
caus
edth
ene
wB
alka
nW
ar19
92-1
995.
NA
TOA
llian
ce b
ombe
d Se
rbia
dur
ing
the
Koso
vo W
ar in
199
9.A
fter
the
elec
tion
ofSe
rbia
’sfi
rst
dem
ocra
tic
post
-com
mun
ist
gove
rnm
ent
in20
00an
dB
elgr
ade
star
ted
grow
ing
ina
diff
eren
tdi
rect
ion.
The
new
Mas
ter
Plan
ofB
elgr
ade
2021
,had
been
adop
ted
in20
03.I
tde
fine
sth
ena
ture
ofth
esp
atia
lorg
aniz
atio
nan
dco
nstr
ucti
onin
Bel
grad
e,in
line
wit
hth
ere
quir
emen
tsan
dde
man
dsof
aso
ciet
yin
‘tra
nsit
ion’
,w
hich
isch
arac
teri
zed
byth
ein
trod
ucti
onof
am
arke
tec
onom
yan
dth
epr
oces
sof
priv
atiz
atio
n.
Aft
erth
eFi
rst
Serb
ian
Upr
isin
gin
1804
Serb
iape
rcei
ved
itse
lfas
anin
dep
ende
ntst
ate
for
the
first
tim
eaf
ter
mor
eth
anth
ree
cent
urie
sof
Ott
oman
Rule
and
shor
t-la
stin
gA
ustr
ian
occu
pati
ons.
SOCIALISM
PLAN 1950
“TUMOR”
SOCIALISMSELF-MANAGEMENT
PLAN 1972/85
“dreamer”
“TUMOR”
CAPITALISM – QUASI TRANSITION
1989 - 2000
DEMOCRACY -REAL TRANSITION
PLAN 2003
“pricelist”
LAND PROPERTY LAND PROPERTY (FROM 2010) LAND USAGE LAND USAGE LAND USAGE
In 1
943
King
dom
of
Yugo
slav
ia w
as t
rans
form
ed in
to F
eder
al R
epub
lic o
f Yug
osla
via.
Colla
pse
of t
he B
erlin
Wal
l in
1989
, the
beg
inni
ng o
f the
dem
ocra
tiza
tion
of E
aste
rn E
urop
e.
Div
isio
n of
the
Soc
ialis
t Fed
eral
Rep
ublic
of
Yugo
slav
ia -
Balk
an W
ar 1
992-
1995
.
NA
TO A
llian
ce b
ombe
d Se
rbia
dur
ing
the
Koso
vo W
ar in
199
9.
In 2
000
the
first
dem
ocra
tic
pres
iden
t w
on o
n th
e el
ecti
ons.
KINGDOM
Problem definition
1950 1972 1985 2003
Josip Broz TitoPetar II Karađorđević Slobodan Milošević Boris Tadić
What I would like to discover?
TURN A NEW PAGEStarting from the hypotheses trough this research I would tryto find out:• What is it that made a city socialist – or is there such athing as a socialist city?• Did the planned economy of socialism cause more or lesscreativity in architecture and urban planning then trademarket economy?• Does the evolution of urban planning in Belgrade duringthe socialist period attests to the changing nature ofsocialism in Yugoslavia• Was urban planning fundamentally different in socialistYugoslavia than in free-market, liberal-democratic states?• Is there thus a great deal of continuity in urban planningideology between liberal democratic states and socialiststates?• What caused the transition after the collapse of the BerlinWall in 1989?• How the new democratic regimes after 2000 deal withthe burden of the past?• What change of the land use to the land property, marketeconomy and foreign capital investments brought toBelgrade?• Which is the position of planers in planning processes indifferent periods? Do they initiate them, role them or justparticipate?The study should discover the mechanisms that provide citywith a specific character over time, enabling it to maintain,enhance, or change it with future interventions. Theseanswers will explain political climate in the given time inBelgrade and how the shift of the political regime influencedthe change in the planning processes and urban morphologyof the city.
How do I plan to discover it?
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF URBAN REGENERATION
PRESENT THE EFFECTS OF THE POLITICAL CHANGES TO THE URBAN
TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES
PRESENT THE CASE OF BELGRADE
ANALYSE HOW BELGRADE WAS AFFECTED
OBJETIVOS
THEORETICAL DATABASE ANALYSES
THEORETICAL DATABASE ANALYSES
THEORETICAL/HISTORICAL/POLITICAL DATABASE
TECHNICAL DATABASE
METHODOLOGY
?
•URBAN FORTUNES: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PLACE• THE CITY IN THE SHADOW OF THE WAR•THE CITY TRANSFORMATION: TOWARDS DE-POLITICIZATION OF URBAN ISSUES•BELGRADE AND EUROPE 1918-1941…•RATIONAL OR COLLABORATIVE MODEL OF URBAN PLANNING IN SERBIA: INSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS
•NEW BELGRADE: MODERNISM QUESTIONED•EXPERIENCE OF THE PAST•NEW BELGRADE- THE MODERN CITY’S UNSTABLE PARADIGMS •PARADISE SPURNED: HOUSING POLICY AND THE LIMITS OF UTOPIAN PLANNING IN BELGRADE, 1950-1967•THE MODERNIST CITY RECONSIDERED: CHANGING ATTITUDES OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND URBAN DESIGNERS IN 1960S YUGOSLAVIA…
MASTER PLAN OF BELGRADE 1950/1972/1985/2003…
REFERENCES
Calendar
December January February March April May Jun July
Collecting bibliography
Bibliography research
The project of the theses presentationSeminar*
Case study
Theoretical analysis according to the case study analyses
Conference
Synthesis
The theses presentation
* Transition: Informal Tactics and the Aftermath of Modernization http://www.unfinishedmodernisations.net/conference-transition-informal-tactics-and-th(May 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia)
