The electricity from atoms to superconductors

A.F., M.C., F.A.

Classe 3aAET

ITIS Marconi

The Atom

The atom is the smallest part of each element in nature.

The physicist, Niels Bohr, proposed a

very simple model of atom in 1913

The atom is made up of a

central nucleus. Inside the

nucleus there are protons

and neutrons. Around the

nucleus there are the

electrons, that move in

orbits.

The structure of the atom

Subatomic particles

Protons and neutrons are

composed of quarks.

Gluon hold together

quarks.

We know six types of

quarks but only “up” and

“down” quarks are stable.

Electrons

The most external electrons can jump from one

orbit to another.

The electrons in the last orbit can be detached

from the nucleus. We call these electrons free

electrons.

The electric current is a flow of free electrons

that move in a one-way direction.

Electric charges and Static

electricity

The static energy happens when we rub two different

materials and we generate opposite charges, but this

happens only in insulators.

These materials can be discharged by connecting a wire

from one material to the other.

Electric materials

There are four

different types

of materials:

I. Conductors;

II. Insulators;

III. Semiconductors;

IV. Superconductors

.

Electric materials

I. Conductors Conductors easily allow the passage of electrons.

The best conductors are gold, silver, copper and

alluminium.

These materials are normally used in electric

equipment.

Salt water is a good conductor, as well, and we

may receive an electric shock if we handle electric

equipment with wet hands.

II. Insulators

Insulators are materials

which do not allow the

passage of electric current.

A perfect insulator does not

exist because there is

always a passage of

electrons.

The best insulators are:

plastic, rubber,

glass, nylon

porcelain, etc.

III. Semiconductors Semiconductors are insulators that become

conductors when they are doped or when the

temperature rises and free electrons can flow in

the material.

The most important semiconductor is silicon.

IV. Superconductors In some materials the resistance

decreases at very low temperatures,

and they become perfect conductors.

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• Gli autori sono a disposizione degli aventi diritto non potuti rintracciare, nonché per eventuali involontarie

omissioni ed errori di attribuzione.