the emergence of the early modern world
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The Emergence of the Early Modern World. 1450 to 1750. Recovery and Transformation of Europe. Rebirth of Learning and Religion. Culture: Renaissance. Begin in Italian city-states Wealthy merchants, Medici family became patrons of arts Greek & Roman influence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Emergence of the Early Modern World
1450 to 1750
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Recovery and Transformation of Europe
Rebirth of Learning and Religion
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Begin in Italian city-states Wealthy merchants, Medici
family became patrons of arts Greek & Roman influenceArtists searched for realistic
depictions of humans Humanism
◦ Focus on humanity subjects and topics
Baldassare Castiglione Wrote The Courtier Taught how to become a
‘Renaissance Man’
Culture: Renaissance
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Forms were in art, architecture, writing
Spread to Northern Europe
Flourished in England during the Elizabethan Age◦William Shakespeare
Printing press ◦Invented by Johann Gutenberg
Spread of Renaissance
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Reforming the Church
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Dissention had existed through Wycliffe and Huss
Martin Luther (1483-1546) attacks Roman Catholic church practices, 1517◦ Notably indulgences◦ Translate Bible into
vernacular Ninety-Five Theses,
rapidly reproduced with new printing technology
Excommunicated 1520s-1530s dissent spread
throughout Central Europe
Challenging the ChurchThe Protestant Reformation
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Switzerland France
◦ John Calvin (1509-1564) codifies Protestant teachings while in exile in Geneva
Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary also experience reform movements
Reform outside Germany
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King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) has conflict with Pope over requested divorce
England forms its own church by 1560
Known as Anglican Church
England’s Reform
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Council of Trent (1545-1563) ◦Reform theology
Society of Jesus◦St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
◦Rigorous religious and secular education
◦Effective missionaries
The Catholic Reformation
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Witch hunts Most prominent in
regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants
belief in devil and human assistants
16th-17th centuries ◦ 110,000 people put on
trial, some 60,000 put to death
◦ Vast majority females, usually single, widowed
Conflict
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Minor Conflicts Protestants and Roman Catholics fight in France
(1562-1598) 1588 Philip II of Spain attacks England to force
return to Catholicism Netherlands rebel against Spain, gain independence
by 1610Thirty Years War (1618-1645) All of Europe becomes involved in conflict
◦ Principal battleground: Germany Political, economic issues are involved Approximately 1/3 of German population killed Ended with Peace of Westphalia
Conflict
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Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
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Statebuilding in Europe
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Populations began to recover from the plague
Monarchs and Nobility in Italy, Spain, France and England began to enhance their power◦ Increase wealth by taxation (sales, direct)◦ Increase standing armies except England◦ Adoption of religion◦ Balance of power politics◦ Military development
Ex. Peace of Westphalia
Statebuilding: Europe
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16th century Europe
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European Royal Dynasty:Hapsburg Family Tree
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Confederation of states Emperor is figure head
who is appointed Emperor Charles V (r.
1519-1556) attempts to revive Holy Roman Empire as strong center of Europe◦ Ultimately fails
Protestant princes object
Foreign opposition
Statebuilding: Holy Roman Empire
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Tudor Dynasty◦innovative new tax revenues
◦Build up of English navy
◦Religious conflict◦Defeats and destroys Spanish Armada
◦Political conflict: crown vs. parliament
Statebuilding: England
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King Philip II of Spain attempts to suppress Calvinists in Netherlands, 1566
Large-scale rebellion follows,
Government◦ Based on a
representative parliamentary system
◦ Will be a global economic giant
Statebuilding: The Dutch Republic
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Established constitutional governments Leaders appealed to religious and political
constituency Merchants were prominent in political affairs Favored maritime trade and commerical
empires Lassiez faire approach with entreprenuers
Statebuilding: England and the Netherlands
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Execution of Charles I
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City-states was political unit
Italy well-developed as economic power through trade, manufacturing, finance
Statebuilding: Italian States
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marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon &Isabel of Castile
Had powerful standing army Religious conflict: Spanish Inquisition
◦ search for those ‘who oppose the church’◦ Spread to western hemisphere
Statebuilding: Unification of Spain
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Divine Right of Kings◦ Power comes from
God◦ ‘lieutenants of God’
Provides justification for monarchs to assume all power
Works in theory, not reality
Statebuilding:Beginning of Absolutism
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Philip II (1556 – 1598) Most powerful monarch
ever in Spain Global power Will marry Mary Tudor
of England Madrid becomes capital Intolerant of religious
minorities Spanish Armada is
defeated by England
Statebuilding: Absolute Spain
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Cardinal Richelieu (under King Louis XIII, 1624-1642)◦ Built bureaucracy to
bolster royal power base
Louis XIV 1643-1715
Versailles◦ Largest building in
Europe Power centered in
court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence
Statebuilding: France
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Versailles
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Early influence from Byzantines
Paid tribute to Mongols until 1450s
Moscow princes began building a powerful state
Moscow “Third Rome” Emergence of Romanov
Dynasty (1613-1917)
Statebuilding: Russia
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Peter I “the Great,” r. 1682-1725 Worked to modernize
on western European model
Developed modern army, reformed government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion
Built new capital at St. Petersburg
Statebuilding: Russia
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Catherine II “the Great”, r. 1762-1796
Huge military expansion◦ Partitions of Poland,
1772-1797 Social reforms at first,
but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773-1774)
Known for her many affairs
Statebuilding: Russia
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takeover khanates, 16th century
Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia
Trading posts develop Russian population
expands dramatically◦ 1763: 420,000 Russians
in Siberia, outnumber indigenous peoples 2:1
Statebuilding: Russian Expansion
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Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange◦ Improved nutrition Role of the potato (considered an
aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries) Replaces bread as staple of diet
◦ Epidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall population
Population Growth and Urbanization
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020406080
100120140160180
1500 1700 1800
Millions
Population Growth in Europe
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050000
100000150000200000250000300000350000400000450000500000
1550 1600 1650
MadridParisLondon
Urbanization
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Emergence Private initiative, not
government control Supply and demand
determines prices Banks, stock
exchanges develop in early modern period
Emergence of rural labor called the domestic system
Effects Improved access to
manufactured goods Urbanization serfdom abandoned in
western Europe◦ retained in Russia
until 19th century Family life women enter income-
earning work force Adam Smith
Capitalism
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Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
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Existing Theory geocentric universe Reliance on 2nd-
century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy ◦ Christians
understand heaven as last sphere
Nicholas Copernicus breaks theory Notion of moving
Earth challenges Christian doctrine
The Copernican Universe
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Johannes Kepler & Galileo Galilei reinforce Copernican model
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionizes study of physics
Rigorous challenge to church doctrines
The Scientific Revolution
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Old Thought◦ Aristotelian philosophy and
Church New Thought
◦ rational thought and scientific analysis
Assumption that Enlightenment thought would ultimately lead to human harmony, material wealth
Decline in authority of traditional organized religion
The Enlightenment
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Exploration, Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
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Revival of trade networks from the plague
China & western Europe were most active
Motives China
◦ Diplomacy and reputation Europeans
◦ Roman Catholicism and profit
Beginnings
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Maritime routes to Asia◦ Spices, silk, porcelain
Silk roads more dangerous since spread of Bubonic Plague
Indian pepper, Chinese ginger essential to diet of European wealthy classes
African gold, ivory, slaves
Economics: The Lure of Trade
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missionaries sent to India, central Asia and China
Violent efforts with Crusades, and the Spanish Reconquista
Culture: Missionary Efforts
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Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century
Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales
Able to determine latitude and direction
Knowledge of winds, currents
The Technology of Exploration
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Wind and current patterns in the world's oceans
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Zheng He Financed by Ming Dynasty Fleet consisted of 317
ships, 28,000 troops Seven Expeditions from
1405-33 Traveled all the way to
Africa Brought back envoys to
pay respects to Ming court Ming abruptly end finance
and support of expeditions
China
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Long tradition of mariners Prince Henry the
Navigator (1394-1460)◦ Promoted exploration
Island colonization Began planting sugarcane traded with Africa, guns,
textiles, manufactured goods for gold and slaves
Others follow◦ Dias, de Gama
Europe: Portugal
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Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Sell west for Asian markets◦ Estimated Japan
approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries
◦ actually 10,000 miles Portugal rejected him Fernando and Isabel of
Spain underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas, Cuba Other nations will follow
his lead
Europe: Spain
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European exploration
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Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522
Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to
Asia Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast
of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific
Europe: Additional Voyages
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European Exploration: Magellan and Cook
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Portuguese first to set up trading posts◦ charge taxes; declines at end of 1500s
English concentrate on Indian trade◦ Establish East India Company (EIC)◦ First corporation in world
Dutch in Cape Town, SE Asia◦ Establish United East India Company (VOC)◦ Claim Indodesia for spice trade
Spain claims the Philippines◦ Chinese silk sent to Mexico
Statebuilding: Commerical Empires
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European trading posts
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The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Commercial rivalries between empires at sea
Global conflict erupts: French and Indian War British emerge
victorious, establish primacy in India, Canada
Statebuilding: Commerical Competition
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Global diffusion:◦ Plants and crops◦ Animals◦ Human populations◦ Disease
Smallpox Permanently alters
human geography, natural environment
The Columbian Exchange
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0100200300400500600700800900
1500 1600 1700 1800
Millions
World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE
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New Worlds The Americas and Oceania
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The Spanish Caribbean Columbus uses Hispaniola (Haiti-
Dominican Republic) as base for trading with Tainos
Encomienda: Forced labor Smallpox epidemics begin 1518
◦ Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century new interest in exploiting Caribbean
for sugarcane production◦ Requires massive importation of slaves
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Conquest Mexico Conquistador Hernán Cortés
◦Conquers Aztecs◦Smallpox destroys besieged Tenochtitlan
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Conquest of Peru Francisco Pizarro
◦Calls conference of warring Inca rulers, massacres them all
◦Captures king, empire falls
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Portuguese Brazil 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divides entire
(non-Christian) world between Spain and Portugal
Portugal claims Brazil Exploited for sugarcane production
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North America Spanish have forts Permanent colonies in North America
◦ France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608)◦ England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay
Colony (1630)◦ Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623) English take it in 1664, rename it New
York
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Spanish Royal backing and
oversight based in New
Spain (Mexico) and New Castile (Peru)◦Viceroys rule
French & English private merchants
invest heavily in expansion of colonies
self-government
Colonial Administration
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European empires and colonies in the Americas about 1700
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North America: Indigenous Peoples North American peoples loosely organized,
migratory◦ Unlike Aztec, Inca empires
Increasing number of Europeans arrive seeking ample land ◦ 150,000 from England in 17th century
negotiate treaties, poorly understood by natives
Military conflict frequent◦ Natives also devastated by epidemic disease
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North American Populations
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
1500 1800
NativeEuropeanAfrican
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The Social HierarchySouth America migrants are primarily men mixed societies formed
◦ People of Spanish and native parentage (‘’mestizo”)
◦ Descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”)
◦ Descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”)
North America Higher ratio of French, English female migrants Higher social stigma attached to relationships
with natives, African slaves
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Slavery in South America: Portugal Brazil Sugarcane to molasses, sugar Portuguese rely on imported African
slaves Large-scale importing of slaves begins
1580s◦ Approximately one human life per ton of sugar
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Slavery in North America African slaves in Virginia from 1610 Increasingly replace European indentured
laborers◦ Slave trading still important part of economy◦ Products made through slave labor
Rum, based on sugar from plantations
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Mining in the Spanish Empire silver relatively plentiful
◦ Extensive employment of natives Major resource of income for Spanish crown Manila Galleons take it to the Pacific rim for
trading
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Manila galleon route 1500-1800
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The Hacienda Large estates produce products of European
origin◦ Wheat, grapes, meat
Encomienda system of utilizing native labor force
Gradually replaced by debt patronage◦ Peasants repay loans with cheap labor
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A Hacienda in Chile
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Fur Trading in North America Indigenous peoples trade fur pelts for wool
blankets, iron pots, firearms, alcohol Beaver hunts cause frequent incursions into
neighboring territories, conflicts European settler-cultivators also displacing
natives from traditional lands
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North American Cash Crops Products developed for European markets
◦ Tobacco◦ Rice◦ Indigo◦ Cotton
Increases demand for imported slave labor◦ European indentured servants, 4-7 year terms
Chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners and criminals
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Export of Tobacco from Virginia
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100000
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200000
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300000
1616 1624 1638
Pounds
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Missionary Activity in the Americas missionaries from 16th century Taught Christian doctrine, literacy Due to conquest and plague, many
natives converted to Catholicism◦retained elements of pagan religion in Christian worship
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The Virgin of Guadalupe
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Australia and the Larger World Broadly similar experiences to American natives Dutch sailors make first recorded sighting of
Australia in 1606 VOC surveys territory, conclude that it is of little
value◦ Limited contact with indigenous peoples◦ Nomadic, fishing and foraging societies
British Captain James Cook lands at Botany Bay, 1770◦ Convicts shipped to Australia
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Africa and the Atlantic World
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African states, 1450-1650
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The States of Africa West Africa
◦ Developed over 8th-16th centuries◦ Kingdom of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
Major Gold Trader effective army, navy
East Africa: Swahili South Africa
◦ Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics
◦ British colonies also develop
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The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors
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Foundations of the Slave Trade African slavery dates to antiquity
◦ War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans
Distinct from Asian & European slavery◦ No private property, therefore wealth defined by
human labor potential, not land◦ Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan
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The Islamic Slave Trade Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab
traders New slaves acquired by raiding villages,
selling on Swahili coast European demand on west coast causes
demand to rise again
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The Early Slave Trade Portuguese raid west African coast in 1441
◦ Met with stiff resistance African dealers ready to provide slaves
◦ 1460: 500 slaves per year to Spain, Portugal◦ 1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane
plantations in the Americas
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Slaves at Work in a Mine
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The Triangular Trade 1. European manufactured goods
(especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to
Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and
returned to Europe
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The Atlantic slave trade, 1500-1800
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African Slave Export per Year
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50000
60000
16th c. 17th c. 18th c.
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The Middle Passage Middle passage under horrific conditions
◦ 4-6 weeks◦ Mortality initially high
often over 50% eventually declined to 5%
Total slave traffic, 15th-18th centuries◦ 12 million
Approximately 4 million killed before arrival
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Effects of Slave trade in Africa African population expands due to
importation of American crops millions of captured Africans removed from
society, deplete regional populations Introduction of firearms increases violence
of pre-existing conflicts
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African Slaves in Americas Most slaves in tropical and subtropical
regions Sugar: major cash crop
◦ Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave
labor Racial divisions of labor due to interracial
relationships
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Destinations of African Slaves
50%
33%
12%
5%
CaribbeanBrazilCentral, South AmericaNorth America
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African-American Culture Diversity Blend of cultures European language adapted with African
influences◦ Creole languages
Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions
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Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)◦ former slave authors best-
selling autobiography Economic costs of slavery
increase◦ prevent rebellions◦ Wage-earners can spend
income on manufactured goods
Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803
Possession of slaves remains legal
Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1883)
End of the Slave Trade
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East AsiaTradition and Change
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Restoration of Chinese Dynasties
Decline of Yuan Dynasty◦ Disease◦ Economic and political
instability Hongwu establishes Ming
dynasty (1368-1644)◦ Means ‘brilliant’◦ Eliminated any Mongol
influence◦ Reestablished Confucian
educational and civil service systems
Statebuilding
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Statebuilding Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-
divine Clothing designs, name characters
forbidden to rest of population
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StatebuildingThe Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power
after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out◦ Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398)
Eradicating the Mongol Past◦ Ming emperors encourage abandonment of
Mongol names, dress◦ Confucian classics◦ Civil service examinations
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Ming China, 1368-1644
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StatebuildingCollapse Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th
century Manchu fighters enter from the north and
retake city Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of
Ming dynasty Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty
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Qing (Manchu) Empire, 1644-1911
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Statebuilding The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Manchus originally pastoral nomads Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia,
China◦ War with Ming loyalists to 1680◦ Support from many Chinese
Manchus forbid ◦ Intermarriage with Chinese ◦ study of Manchu language by Chinese
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StatebuildingKangxi (r.1661-1722) Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central AsiaQianlong (r. 1736-1795)
◦ expands territory
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Society Privileged Classes
◦ Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry◦ Distinctive clothing with ranks◦ Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor
service Working classes
◦ Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants◦ Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants◦ Merchant activity not actively supported
Lower classes◦ Military, beggars, slaves
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Patriarchal Society Filial piety Males receive
preferential status Female Infanticide
common Widows strongly
encouraged not to remarry◦ Chaste widows honored
with ceremonial arches Men control divorce
◦ Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much
Society
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Chinese Population Growth
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50
100
150
200
250
1500 1600 1650 1700 1750
Millions
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Economics Exports: Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Chinese in turn import relatively little silver bullion,crops introduced in 17th
century◦ Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
from Americas Ming dynasty abandons large-scale
maritime trade plans Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC
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During Tang and Song dynasties (7th-13th centuries), China a world leader in technology
Ming and Qing suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result
Technology
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Culture Christianity Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610),
◦ Brought prisms, harpsichords, clocks◦ Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept
Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China
Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) ◦ Confucian morality with Buddhist logic
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Japan
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The Unification of Japan Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries
◦ Large landholders with private armies◦ Constant civil war
Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government◦ Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)
daimyos forced to spend every other year at court◦ Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families
Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations◦ Travel, import of books forbidden
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Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867
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Japanese Population Growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1600 1700 1850
Millions
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Neo-Confucianism in Japan Chinese cultural influence extends through
Tokugawa period Chinese language essential to curriculum Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains
popular “Native Learning” also popular in 18th
century◦ Includes folk traditions, Shinto
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Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549
Government backlash◦ Fear of foreign
intrusion◦ Confucians,
Buddhists resent Christian absolutism
Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity◦ Sometimes by
crucifixion
Christianity in Japan
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Persecution of Catholics
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The Islamic Empires
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The Islamic empires, 1500-1800
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The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)
Osman is founder ghazi devshirme
◦Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries
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Mehmed II r. 1451-1481 Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Renamed Istanbul Transformation from warrior sultan to
emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)
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Suleyman the Magnificent r. 1520-1566
Expanded into Asia, Europe Besieged Vienna, 1529 Develops Ottomans into naval power
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The Safavid Empire Ismail is founder Becomes Shah
◦ proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism
◦ Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad◦ 12th imam in hiding, ready to take power
Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din (1252-1334), Sufi thinker
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Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala
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Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Ottomans vs. Safavids Heavy use of Ottoman gunpowder
technology give them the upper hand Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629)
revitalizes weakened Safavid empire◦ Reforms administration, military◦ Expands trade◦ Military expansion
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The Mughal Empire Zahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur the Tiger) is
founder Gunpowder technology gives Babur
advantage Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty Expands through most of Indian
subcontinent
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Akbar (r. 1556-1605) Created centralized government Destroyed Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar Religiously tolerant
◦ “Divine Faith” Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism
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Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707) Expands Mughal empire into southern India Hostile to Hinduism
◦ Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques
◦ Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion
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Similarities “gunpowder empires” based on military conquest dependent on piety and military prowess of the
ruler◦ Close relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition
Steppe Turkish traditions◦ Intra-family conflicts over power
1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)
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Women and Politics Women officially banned from political
activity
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Agriculture and Trade American crops effect less dramatic
change in Muslim empires◦ Coffee, tobacco important◦ feared lax morality of coffee houses
Population growth also reflects territorial additions and losses
Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC
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Population Growth
020406080
100120140160180200
1500 1600 1700 1800
MughalSafavidOttoman
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Religious Diversity Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews,
Christians Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
Christians, Sikhs
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Status of Religious Minorities Non-Muslim protected peoplePayment of special tax: jizya
◦Freedom of worship, property, legal affairs
Ottoman communities: millet system of self-administration
Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with Hindus
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Capital Cities Istanbul cultural capital of Ottoman
empire, Hagia Sofia church as Aya Sofiya mosque Ishafan major Persian city Akbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri
◦ Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture
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Ottoman DeclineInterior Decline Ottoman princes become lazy through luxury Religious tensions Janissaries mutiny Military, administrative network expensive
Exterior Foreign trade controlled by Europeans Unproductive wars European military technology advances faster
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Cultural Conservatism Islamic empires less interested in outside world,
Europeans very interested in Islamic World Swiftly fell behind in technological development
◦ But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of
dissemination