the critic
and limited
fascinating
details
of
furniture
lore.
The
major
the
are
sometimes
less
the
old
documents,
engravings,
of
this
offer a
the text, to
form A actually
never the
its Industrial
be-
judgments. It
styles that
imagination
an occupation beyond the
province of the student
mass production, virtually
an
with
a
who felt
geography
end
source, too little
 stylish
names,
terms
tion of many
their generous aid.
Galleries;
Liebhold-
Partridge, Inc.;
Vernay, Inc.;
Inc.
The
major
York,
New
York;
Museum
of
New
Newark
Museum,
Newark,
N.J.;
designs. Thus
we find
the
. . .
French
but
paint
was
extensively
gilt,
very perfection brought
it the criticism,
northern
and
the
changing
styles
in New
but
yielded
the
called
 violet
wood
and
 purpleheart.
AMROYNA.
An
East
Indian
wood,
show chairs
later
work
The wood
a wealthier,
more English
Medieval European furniture also appears in the
Pennsylvania
settlements
lowed
board.
fine furniture.
spiral
turnings,
carved
style.
decorated
lacquer.
Ginsburg
FURNITURE FOR TWO
pieces.
roots of
century.
in walnut,
Gostelowe,
tricate
ornament
was
enough
resentment
the period
is
difficult
the French
imports, or
the
Salem
of
American
and
the
French
its way
plantations
supported
great
duced
a
superb
is
the
Windsor
chair,
people de-
fohn
S.
arriving.
that
solid
stonework
of
decorated
with
a resus-
of Assyria
record of
in
stone
with
no
pillars
extends
over
only
while the counter-
reclining animal.
turn must
is recognized
well
studied
and
scratched,
gouged,
glazed
for
turning,
has
drawers
for
supplies.
Made
in
columns, pilasters,
from the
was a
channels
orders.
ARROW.
of the
arts flowed
of
The
ner
England
was
were
more
silver
and
jewelry
work,
Art-Workers
quality
Webb,
created
and
architecture,
pottery,
in
a
parallel
movement;
Elbert
lectual
clearly
individuals were
materializing.
See
of which
to
a
ful
prominent grain
early Windsor
See also
originating
name.
[1132.]
AUSTRIA.
fluences
in Austrian
beds
recall
manner.
Occasionally,
there
BALL
FOOT.
Round
turning
used
as
with
18th
century
this
was
and
as split turnings.
New
York,
the
Jesuit
as distin-
moldings
sacrificed
the
structural
tiness
BARREL
CHAIR.
Easy
the gondole
of a
BASSINET.
and
frames
with
lacing
also
used.
The
fabric
parts
were richer
in the
French
early
panels
in
same idea,
cloth
feet
and
11
curtains looped
10
feet
9
needlework.
has
removed
ing that was required
to
floor, with a panel
brass tubing
Wrought-iron
headboards
coun-
Spain,
way
fabricated
with
the
Tyrol,
THE
Phyfe's bill.
Alex-
ander
I,
some
and
footboard.
in
Federal
types
England,
provincial furni-
or late,
Jean
McLean
Morton,
1951
Belter
is
credited
and
carved
in
complex
designs
124 CENTER
About 1840 Michael
Thonet in Vienna
rendered
as
more
local—pear and other
teresting
example
of
adapting a foreign
black,
and
yellow
such as
are given a cloudy
cessful
mentation,
filled with light
opaque fillers; pickling,
BOARD.
Table,
refers
Normandy
type
section
of
sign.
BONNETIEBE.
French
cabinet,
the only type known until the 17 h century.
About
the
middle
of
that
century
room. About
and rich
the 18th
feature, and
this
size,
with
numerous
work,
of a
and top
59
ROULLE
ROTTLE-E1VB
GLAZING.
Continent, 16th
no initiative
down
to
panels (in
decoration, and so
excellent for
Metropolitan
Museum
of
Art
161
PAINTED
[102.]
furniture of the 18th century. The foot runs two ways
from the
corner, in
in Eng-
generally
for
When
terns.
ing. As
they
are
construc-
tion.
BUTTEB
CUPBOABD.
Ventilated
remain
as Italian
and France
that the
lower
section
by
gence
inet
was
by
their
tified the
woodworking craftsmen, and
the name persisted.
who
specialized
in
reduced
shrinkage.
mere
carpenter.
cabinet,
etc.
Cabinets
so that
today the
of the room, such
Small cabinet
against a wall, only
cabinet
the tall cabinet.
with
new complexi-
ties for
scroll
time the
sharp break
foot. In the
of flowing lines
to Rococo
nevertheless retains
an unbroken
center line
eye
than
an
excessive
curve
[262,
314,479,528.]
CAFFIERI,
JACQUES,
1678-1755;
PHILIPPE,
1714-1774.
in unsupported
patterns for
periods of
Charles II,
brothers;
periods,
partic-
card
tables
on posts. Archi-
CANTEEN.
Small
18th
unrolled scroll or oval table
with
the
central motive
earlier Renaissance
toward
lightness
in bronze,
cast and
carving
more
character
are
called
Atlantes.
Adapted
a chest of
beauty,
made
of
jewels,
papers,
English box settle,
design.
of
stem,
cut.
It
 
ceramic
Germany
Scandinavia.
tvpe,
and
top.
Aprons
names for
wooden chairs
and lion, being
were of
type was called thronos.
of
had some
The Early
a
com-
mon
type,
17th century
four
with
fine
fab-
ric
has had
skirts.
Later,
the
fauteuil,
development
of
mag-
nificent,
luxurious
familiar
forms
had
appeared:
period are delicate, exceedingly graceful, masterpieces
of fluid line. About this time
springs
were
invented,
changing
through
America
and
Eu-
mechanics
and
avant-garde
three
decades
later—
men
the
1920's
culminated
CHAIR
209
ROMAN,
stone,
THE WINDSOR-CHAIR IDEA.
217 ITALIAN (Urbino?),
early 16th century.
222 ENGLISH,
NORTHERN
FRENCH,
ORIGINATED
WITH
»
„„,.„ „
251
SIGNIFY
IMPORTANCE
RATHER
UPHOLSTERY
WELL
AS
253 ITALIAN, 16th
century. 254 PORTUGUESE,
second half of
262 ENGLISH,
early 18th century. Straight front legs with animal foot suggest cabriole.
263
AMERICAN
shape. 264 ENGLISH,
1720-
271 ENGLISH
OF
CHIPPENDALE-
276 COUN-
FLOWED OVER
THE
CENTURY.
281
PROVINCIAL
FRENCH.
Don
Ruseau
curving
Needham's Antiques,
XVI,
THEY
SHERATON
STYLE,
painted
and
gilded.
INFLUENCES.
EM-
after Percier
and Fontaine.
upholstered;
c.
1775-1800.
319
COMB-BACK
WBITING CHAIR, fitted with drawer and candle slide. The comb is off
center, indicating
a comfortable
writing angle
HITCHCOCK STYLE,
TYPE,
1829-1843,
cane
seat.
in
two
CHEESEBOX
SEAT.
used in
drapery
fabrics.
CHEBRY.
from
well as
several seating
gen-
erally
were
courtesy Dover Publications,
14th
CHEST, 1803. Painted in late style. 354
HADLEY
CHEST,
Connecticut,
walnut
drawers
chest
 
(JME
1752).
i
4
was estab-
as the
chest on
etc.,
by
CHEST-ON-CHEST.
other.
Surmounted
by
elab-
often imposing
American, 18th and 19th centuries. See also highboy.
[38,
739.]
CHESTERFIELD.
Overstuffed
couch
or
shovels,
hob
Also
a
as an ornament over
largely
fin-
important
chests, cupboards,
a
that the furni-
there
is
is now associated
outlines have
suggested their
in
toward
the
Chinese
taste
Continent
and
the
colonies
with
[33,
productions
for
manded
high
back
seat;
the
descended
of culture
as crude, bar-
for the
and sculpture
an-
tiquity.
Furniture
it became
researches into
The
Regency,
Biedermeier,
and
the
bird's
earliest form
in Chinese
bronze shows
was a
[27,
flat
surface
to
brace
or
strengthen
or
Queen Anne
in size
and heavily
in most
Englanders to the
chair
English
and
Continental
work,
out to a
COCK BEAD; COCKED BEADING.
English,
18th
century.
At
to
resemble
See
also
hardware.
COCOROLO.
tlements to
onists extended
Spain,
pro-
round
and
entablature
to
form
in furniture consists of
an accepted
purely ornamental feature applied to a case or simi-
lar
structure
to
suggest
support.
[1162.]
Continent the
word applies
was
exaggerated,
were
developed
Chippendale. See
TO
SIZE,
USE,
AND
A
CHEST,
lian;
ENGLAND.
COMPO;
COMPOSITION
(carton-pierre).
are
then
attached
to
and hinged
two or
top
leaf,
to
fold
in
split
spindles.
They
a
series
of
balls
as
decoration.
[869.]
Constitution
Mittor
CONSOLE
steps of the hand process, but at
every
stage
the
quan-
scientific equipment
From the cutting and seasoning of timber,
the con-
Nevertheless,
the
handicraft
sequence.
TOP
RAIL
CkHINQ
£>acjc
po/r
j)/?At
Stomp
are separate
productions outside
at a bench.
the greatest
of new syn-
advent
It is
of
lateral
tion after
the
begin-
ning
of
Rabbeted joints are
boards are shaped to
join
the meeting
im-
proved
by
depend for
plus scientific
most commonly
used, with
Directoire
chairs.
CORBEL.
technique of
decorating leather
orders.
CORNER
ARMCHAIR.
Armchair
Paneling lines often
Corinthian
Cwjm
a
piece
of
furniture
or
18th
century.
CORNUCOPIA SOFA.
American Empire
type with
back, and
stripes.
[647.]
COSTUMIER.
Stand
hanging
COT.
Light,
details
on
century
work
[1324.]
COTTONWOOD.
Soft-textured
light
wood
of
poplar
family;
Mentioned
in
most
early
furnishings
inventories.
COUNTERS.
top
surfaces
sils,
wine,
[838.]
CRADLE.
Child's
rockers
or
Gothic-Jacobean
influence.
COX,
JOSEPH.
CRICKET
TARLE.
Small
Jacobean
three-legged
table,
CRESCENT
STRETCHER.
CRISSCROSSED
WORK.
Latticework.
CROCKET.
Gothic
architectural
veneers produces
in Italian, French, Flemish, and English
work after
as
painting,
as
weavers the
waves or curls. Curly maple
was
favored
supplied most of Europe.
DANISH.
See
Scandinavia.
curving
up
to
a
in America is
ends
the
same
for  a part, signifying the division
of
boards
when
used
as
the
America. Hitchcock
decorated
with
such
transfer
patterns.
DECANTER
STANDS.
See
coaster.
DECORATED
ANNE.
English
style,
approxi-
mately
1710-1730;
were
scriptorium
of
the
[476].
Hence
the
slant-front
the
18th
desk frame with
of
furniture.
made
the slant
tall compositions,
of
the
was
very
 ladies'
desks,
appeared
sections, clos-
came
many
important
writing.
In
also desk.
desk-on-frame.
479
century.
Needham's
Antiques,
Inc.
of
rugs
vertical drawers, usually found
etc.
[477.]
DORIC.
The
primary
the
18th
century.
Now
identified
below.
American,
19th
stool
DUCKFOOT.
Incorrectly
used
end of
and glasses.
An American
and
permanent
char-
acter
in
houses
common, usu-
Chip-
pendale
chairs.
EARLY
AMERICAN.
See
AMERICA.
EARLY
CHRISTIAN.
Byzantine
this
period
show
wide
use
hold
Taste
was
in
England
and
in
deplores  speedy
fashion changes
stuck-on
bits
logic
and
exposition
of
Eastlake
must
of the
our easy
called huchiers,
The name lingered
one of the most
early
less conventionalized animal
fold-
ing-chair
arrangements,
but
always
with
ivummj.
EGYPTIAN.
Ancient
of the use
to
naturalize
France, where it was
Jacobean
Renais-
Gothic
architecture;
the
Italian
Renaissance
Elizabeth's death
in 1603,
trade
and
as
a
now
as
end
tables.
E1VDIVE.
 
furniture
tell
us
great talents that
groping
MEDIEVAL
dormant state
of the
solid boards;
descend-
style
of
carving.
Gothic
covers
roses, pal-
stretchers are
wellian
Ball-
or
bun-turned
were simplified.
Padding appears
in the
Spanish foot.
burl c. 1690.
until
1685.
new feature,
de-
tails
ing.
Gesso,
silvered
or
gilded
tradition
of
importa-
tion,
the
French
worked
in
a
attracted
and
style.
Smaller,
with
needlework;
legs
bun
partly
High polishes empha-
differentiation
Anne fur-
mem-
the
china
tifully
archi-
Vanbrugh,
Ware.
Gilding
1733
let
flowing into
PROPORTION,
REFINEMENT
and
dolphins
Tastefully
type, it
Georgian
basis
fleeting whims:
book
was
so
Of
furniture
dale
himself
produced
a
signs
are
technically
whose classicism
delphia
copies
were
so
liberally
mirrors
All these
details, surprisingly
other
characteristic,
typifies
refinement.
Satinwood
 
designs
so good
Chippendale forty years before,
preferred
to
Hepplewhite's
serpentines;
rangements—folding
The
held
the de-
design.
Among
Copeland,
period
two types:
by
fuller
proportions,
is
early-19th-century
fur-
ornamental
detail
well
composed.
Stair
i>
Company,
Inc.
579
CHINESE
Arthur
BY
HIS PRINTED
BOOK ON
above
shows
From the
1780-
1790.
A
d
a/v\
Pe
destal
Classic
TOKCJ4jFR£
ITY
DEVELOPED
sacrificed
lays and applications;
ing
two-thirds
of
a
century,
incorporating
may
date
The
turned
members,
and
reveal an
has its distinctive
usually arranged
on the
face only.
FAKES AND
ing
dles and curved
mun-
of Hitchcock.
for
utility.
FARTHINGALE
CHAIR.
 farthingales,
In religious
and
uphol-
FALL-LEAF
TARLE.
[87.]
stered
solidly.
FAUX-SATINE
completely classical,
His
earliest
work
1800,
stronger
French
qualities
evident
in
and
pine
were
stained
commonest form was the
were
later
used
as
heavy scrolls
and refined detail
more
every
centuate
a
point
or
the
originates in
perishable ma-
The an-
of their
durability. The Egyptians
their methods, to-
Middle
Ages
appears
to
have
beauty of the
was
Chinese
lacquer)
pounds. They make a
tight skin, or film,
today
is
greatest transparency,
grow on the
yielding long, wide
boards. The wood
heat of
banister-back
chair.
FLEMISM
C46INET.
ITALIAUATE
DETAILS
separated from
usage).
FITTINGS.
of
chairs.
[324.]
FLAMBEAU.
Flaming
which
tended
to
indoors, and
veneer wood
provision
Gothic
architecture,
woodworking,
of high
article
of
furniture.
A
port-
able
catchall
for
tion in
the 14th
arts
serve
nent
except
minor
specialized
upon which
Seatings are
Roman
curule
chair,
ponderous
the
simple
forme
or
fourme.
extension of the wain-
as reasonable
in front
were either
into extensive
were
was still
de
Cluny
rinceau
motifs.
THE
EARLY
RENAISSANCE:
FRANQOIS
I,
1515-1547
as decoration
bed became,
through the reigns
and
architects.
of
seeped down
designs
to
Provincial Furniture, known in
Jacques
the
as
and
Italian
scrolls.
Chairs
portant types,
work executed under Louis XIII.
[175,
1210.]
great
Corneille,
Rubens,
great power,
it brought
the High
columns, and
pilasters of
used
not
only
for
legs
of
 
resistance. They cov-
ered the whole
cloth
used
for dining
were another
Louis
XIII.
with elaborate
frequently
used.
oval, round,
rough
wooden
structure.
640
CABINET,
mid-
the period of Louis
Brun's
direction
Jean
ture. The outstanding
French,
clearly
welded
all its
acanthus
in
endless
variety,
water
The
magnificence; elaborate
the whole.
duplicate the lustrous
manifold
from the ceiling,
was
SOFTER STYLE MARKED BY
unit handsomely
rest
bed,
is the
transitional
period
the
The massive square gran-
ornamental details;
responsible for much
of the ornamental
no novelty,
were
usually
symmetrically
wider range
also
applied
yel-
development
Oriental
vernis
Martin
were
decora-
together
to
and a large
retained,
they
were
footboard, while
tester
a
curving
dome
looped
up
Philippe
 
came
long
before
outlived
cient
vertical
members,
moldings and
feet. Curves,
of ellipses or
Louis XIV: laurel and
arrows,
lyres,
animals,
in
marquetry,
arranged
as
China
with
of
best,
few
scattered
top.
661
DESK,
satinwood
mahogany,
with
ormolu
whole
and
were flat and
molded
into
figures, torches,
or
diaper
a
ped-
porphyry
types
as
bonheur
to
local
conditions.
available
materials
de
its restrained
furniture comprised
receptacles: wardrobes, cabinets, various forms of buf-
fets. In Flanders
XIII enthusiastically
reign
of
Louis
century.
the
details
of
outlines
suggested by
the
Ecole
des
when
its furniture,
ciated,
and
faded
art nou-
has been a spur
decorative
1925.
Many
divergent
currents
of
thought
appeared
Italy
solid ground, usually in
doors
avidly
by
adapted to
of furniture in order to
emphasize its special utility.
that directly con-
bounds,
resulting
in
abject
and
in-
clusive,
embracing
fireplace:
fenders,
built-in
of
architecture
with
as
many
as
.twelve
place
be-
ing
more advanced
I,
interchange of
of
a
given
period
as
that
of
borrowed
from
the
passing of
Queen Anne,
style is
lions'
Roman-
indicate that
Linen-
fold
decoration
form
persists
693 ROUND
the
planes.
signs of
ture
by
1542,
are cupboards extant, probably of his workmanship,
which
show
forms. Classic ornament
type
for
a
generation,
decora-
the rule. Pilasters
car-
of about
Renaissance tradition to
style. Provincial version,
sance. This
appears in the work
of
Late
16th century.
Chairs for
the
Late
Frankfort cupboards
were richly
with
richly
important
work;
it
is
in
South
Germany;
inlays
ribbon
of French
with
near Stuttgart;
Electors'
actually made
century.
Pictorial
secretary-desks
and
cabinets.
to
the
ornamental
repertoire
ex-
The
growing
comfort
and
denced by the acceleration of
the
century pure eclecticism per-
neo-
Empire
and
neo-everything
proportions and some
The classic
David
Roentgen
contempo-
raries
with
his
and
Shera-
appreciable
style
century
produced
furniture,
David
Roentgen.
rich
process the styles
a
where wood
everything
training
more
comprehensive,
ment toward
functional form
the
principal
a carver
His work and
in
pine,
the
panel-
doors, and important furniture. He combined superb
draftsmanship,
a
centuries.
GIMP
(GEIMPE).
Narrow
flat
tape,
est joint of wood known. A proper glue joint will
break
less
readily
than
the
wood
This
actually
marks
XIV. Dur-
chests,
ogee in shape
are also
the
bar-
barians
of
the
time being
peoples,
debased
architectural
forms
pillars and buttresses
nets. These
were
the
stone
skeleton
of
up, a throne-
court.
ing as
or
pivoted
exposed
Tables
for
dining,
were
set
Carv-
ing
in
Gothic
148,
169,
were incor-
rudiments
were
[532,
880.]
NEO
GOTHIC
GOTHIC
REVIVAL
CABINET
C.
as
the
these
ar-
in
ploys in the
in 18th century through the
excavations
free
mixture
liberally
misunderstood
and
misnamed.
&R.EEK.
CHAUUS
724
often
or red
gum has
gum
in Hadley, Mass.
or
small-figured,
typical
of
to a
(
[1299.]
HALVING-IN.
such
the
wealth
almost always
ings very largely in the 18th century.
HANGING
SHELVES;
ROOKSHELVES;
PLATE
SHELVES.
Oldest
surviving
examples
of
these
types
are
century
featured
copper
structure with
box bench,
the
but
delicate reliefs,
imported
and the influx
of Italian motives
began
Chippendale,
reproductions of such
interest
in
This
persisted
The name specifically was applied by
Sheraton to
style of
unique and
(linen
press),
attributed
to
rush
or
caned
these were painted
flowers. See
also chair.
back and pierced splat, with a
heavy-kneed
straight
of the part of a chair
or
table
leg
hori-
zontally
elongated
ern
work
honnet
top.
struction.
HUNT
TARLE.
the
the earlier work
from
materials, such
tinguished
double
in-
Chippendale's
published
that
regional
Church, and
of
Italy,
was born.
and
Romans
and
fostered
the
cult
of
Church
accepted
less
difficult
purity,
simplicity.
3.
period of
versions.
PRE-RENAISSANCE
Italian
furniture
classic-Roman-
esque
basis,
enriched
with
Byzantine
brought
influences
East and
largely in the
and other localities
patterns, sometimes
inlaid with
in fine geometrical patterns
(certosina) in Moorish style.
in place
all furni-
ture of
the Early
OF
THE
UNIVERSAL
16th CENTURIES.
Venice
c.
1700.
common in later
were larger than
while in
istically the aftermath
crystallized
the
change.
The
architects'
Protes-
tant
on
furniture
was
sustained
in
the
northern
lands
fashion
land
and
the
Germanic
countries.
so
that
niture
this
formal
from
France.
Sculptured
best craftsmen found
more particularly
gracefulness
the
rule.
century.
England
wood
and
joinery
achieved
and
even
wood—
imitation.
of some other
furniture. Chests and
is usually lacquered
and highly polished.
several
decades,
furniture; it
was naive
as
well
high
relief,
which
of
flowers
and
Anne
and
earlier
Georgian
earlier
machine
age
of
the
19th
century.
this
type.
JOINERY.
The
technique
or
flowers with
printed with
ober-
kampf.
JEGENDSTIL
too sudden loss of moisture to avoid
checking,
warp-
superior to air drying because
the
easily assembled after shipping.
spell-
of pine were scrupulously
duce
the
concentric
markings
as
 oyster
shell.
See
common
with
moisture,
and
acids.
also
made
opaque,
to
wear
it
is
more
[247.]
LADDER.
BASICS
legs,
developed
in
France
and
wood
pan-
in
1819.
clock.
LATHE.
ap-
plication
factory.
styles.
His
mastery
works
of
the
age.
LEAF.
(A)
Conventionalized
or
naturalistic
(C)
the choicest for
as
part
weaving was
are
among
by
Major
Pierre
L'Enfant
for
frequently
18th century
benches,
chairs,
top
desk,
for books. See
Late Stuart
of
lime.
The
re-
grain, rendering it
out
smooth.
interior pic-
tures of
the 17th
cial
furniture
ralistic. In Gothic
employs
paw
and
head
LIP MOLDING.
Metropolitan
Museum
of
Art
LISTEL.
Also the sliding
flower
decorations.
LOUIS-PHILIPPE.
and
Renaissance,
aggravated
by
the
cation
offered
by
NINETEENTH
CENTURY.
LOUIS
QUATOBZE.
Beginning
of
symmetrical form,
and in
of
the
Empire
motif,
delicately
executed,
for
texture,
ease
Today
mahogany
Central
America,
and
Amer-
ican
mahoganies
were
the
first
to
fine
many
years.
tone, and
and South
19th
century.
They
are
lighter
they have distinct
varieties, its
American
antiques;
this
is
highly
colored
Ryzantine remains show
was
centuries favored marbles, and
furniture of Louis XIV and XV it appears most fre-
quently
were employed in furniture, and the search
abroad
was
for
1750,
porphyry,
lapis
lazuli,
dimin-
marble
effects
so
marble.
century
throughout
Louis-
Philippe,
Victoria,
gray-and-white
marble.
Dressers,
washstands,
tables,
and
commodes
were
generously
important
public
and
William III
of England
he issued
of
Hampton
Court
Palace
bears
In
lesser
hands
de-
animal and
texture,
Dutch,
cen-
tury;
Chippendale,
of the age appear
inlay; parquetry.
Vcrnay, Inc.
in the
chairs and
variably successful in furniture
including transportation
MAYHEW, THOMAS.
English Georgian
by
etc.
In
India,
a
clue
skill,
and
in
digious amount of
technique. Wholly
us
essen-
tially
metal-minded,
and iron,
frameworks
BOX c.
864 ADAM,
Metropolitan Museum
was heavy
its
industrial
enriched
was
commercial
by
centers,
such
Their in-
acceptance
market
became
turning points
of
overloaded
ornament;
loss
of laminating thin layers of wood plaidwise,
the
cross
grains
The
first
was in
chairbacks designed
effects of
openwork carving
grain
strength
impossible
in
solid
woods
veneer panels were
idea
of
large
surfaces
with
mechanical
such
specialized
furniture
machines
to
which
relevance
whatever.
878E
as
estimate the
the
Baillie,
and
Mackintosh,
the
impact
on
interior
rooms
thinking
by
Biedermeier influence
had never
awak-
the 18th cen-
the
United
its
literature
favored
expres-
sion.
Early
reproductions
called post-Colonial),
uniformly
merchandising
1904,
the
articulate than its
theorists in
at Darmstadt
had Peter
practice. Architects
Harry
enjoyed
which
have
been
a
consistent
force
in
of
honest
workmanship
romantic
by
students
and
Rohe's
tubing
handed;
they
cere
European
designers
furniture
de-
Bertoia's
light
supplement
the
furniture
universal
application
in
the
levels,
ever
(7)
the
roll
all
serpentine
or
classical for
recta, water
stretchers.
gilding are fea-
tures. See also
of
decorative
arts.
erals in art
up-
in Italy,
sug-
First
by
used
in
tea
service
the
the
chairbacks.
NAILS
(upholstery).
Nails
the
Italian
Cinquecento,
rent
Gothic
forms
the
in the same
ebony,
Baroque,
according
to
full
scaled
and
century.
factory
Royal Manufactory in France
ization within each trade. Then came the highly
spe-
of
a
particular
or furniture
furni-
ture
object.
Academic
the
cen-
England.
In
up
in
of the
Bourbon Restoration.
amored of
the Oriental
as
spineless
up-
frame, soft
tisan-designer
lost
stamped, embossed, electroplated, printed—obscured
furniture
flood
of
trimmings.
German
c.
1850.
902
DETROIT
c.
1865.
Infinite
The only architects who showed any interest in fur-
niture
carried
Gothic
Revival
Owen
Jones,
Rich-
movement aimed at
simplest
tools.
His
circle,
the
an intellectual
XV
deriva-
flower carving,
prior
from this
era of
and
Queen
Anne
and
Chippendale.
Renais-
sance
had
Queen
Europe now exploited
ture,
genie
presided
species
of
to
shapers that were
production
ton
by
the
sale. The
idea was
leave
as
a
monopoly
to
8,000
American
chairmak-
industry
varied
by
whim.
Much
of
their
Lakes and
for
grandeur,
and
designer was
found
bed
about
cessories.
There
were
them
in
print
gave
them
undisciplined
composition
out of
success. Clos-
Southwest;
and Crafts'
appear
the
ered before
So
had
The tenures
sim-
by
and small children,
tem-
displacement
by
walnut
and
they were
free-standing
columns. The
little
major
India
and
European
sense
until
cabinets, but
brown
with
blackish
stripes
and
de
These
may
of
recog-
nizable
from
1
1
m
i
^~i>
-1.:
SL
1
repetitions. Naturalistic
merely
in the
with
bases,
archi-
of ornaments
planned for
the embellishment
sic revivals
that look
character
Rococo styles
creating a wholly dis-
OTTOMAN.
influence
in
the
cial
connotation
ment over
and garnished
tail.
See
also
molding.
centric
rings
resemble
the
China. The
the crowning motif
for cabinets, canopies,
18th century.
practice of painting furniture
appeared the
practice of
painting common
Italy about
(
powder
rosewood widely used in
on and
panel
has
its
surface
beneath
that
in
England
Louis
chair splats,
a most
arches
ture varies
from
for inlaying,
sideboard
In
furniture,
a
similar
furniture
this feature in
short before the
finial. The swan-neck
pediment consists of
c.
1765.
PEMBROKE
to their slightly
maple, walnut, cherry, and other fruit trees, they sim-
plified rather than
sawing, such as scallops
and zigzags, and scratch-and-
employed, but most decorative effects were obtained
by
embellished
with
naive,
through its
minor separations in
also be classified by the country that
lends
its
furni-
ture
'
Mr.
too
quality. Phyfe died
an im-
earliest
days.
During
the
Renaissance
with
instrument
(for
reasons
widely repro-
use as tabletops,
[1386.]
m
PILASTERS.
Rectangular
or
half-round
pillar
or
outline.
PIED-DE.RICHE.
backs,
marble
and
other
of
for
painting
paint
leaves
lime-
ex-
tensively
imitation
tapers,
tobacco,
everyday
the
development
chairs and struc-
[965.]
PLAQUE.
Ornamental
inserted into
from
tein, such
both,
are
is
susceptible
to
But
of
these
products
in
between dining rooms
easy access to
glued together so that
solid wood.
used,
panels of
a finely
changed plywood
to a
ness and
reconstituted
are bonded with special
of three
century
dis-
covered
had
manufacture were
processes,
lands,
a
pic-
turesque
in the
studied
and sent
18th century, Portuguese furniture art, like its
Spanish
of Eu-
showing.
ex-
See
also
dress-
ing
table.
[969.]
PRESS.
Box
came larger in 18th century for clothes. Finally
name
tively
of
England;
favored
Hepplewhite
 
the
lesser
of ideas: first,
client or
sign,
of
richer
formulated
the
Empire-Biedermeier
Regence
detail.
973
BANQUETTE
Provincial model.
972 18th-CENTURY
little
later
a
same way to
cabriole
leg
is used for inlay
desks; English
parallel
boards
in
sec-
bookrack,
magazine
Elizabeth,
were
too
soft
BADIATES.
beds the long
member,
vertical.
RAMP.
corresponding
end-
of the
made
chairs
in
the
Chippendale
manner
style
of
Louis
XV.
[91,
George IV, acted
Flanders,
a
same
was
true
Gothic
traces
persisted
in
orna-
ment
in
Italy,
and
the
classic
these carried
etc.,
affair; the
economic
of furniture appeared, at least in
rudimentary forms,
individual countries.
rents.
[1385.]
REPLICA.
Reproduction
material,
reproduction.
988
ENGLISH
REGENCY
ROSEWOOD
CABINET.
Sphinx
is
a
moot
of
original would be
fake. Commercially made pieces that
merely follow
or
couches
one
high
Louis XV epoch
feminine
in
sometimes
two
ber-
gere
with
and France at the end of the 18th century. See
also CHAISE LONGUE; DAYBEDS;
 
**
the restoration of the
monarchy of Charles II
decorative,
scroll
ing
curves
and
grain and
bands of
urges of the
the
Salem
rocker,
backs
and
thick
stenciled ornament
therapy as
period from
lightened
these
forms
forms.
French
6-
Co.,
Inc.
borrowed
treated
Applied
of
of the gay freakish-
ness, but traces of
remain in the
charac-
liberty
the bounds
wied,
French
court.
borrowed
forms
that
fabrics were used loosely.
of
beds
known
today,
with
a
turned
with
metals.
A
pillow
Chests
pa-
scant.
18th-century
chairs
with
excite the
found
in
light-
ness
[596,
600.]
SATYR.
profusely
in
XVI periods.
SAUSAGE TURNING.
elaborate produced
him are
quite simple.
Gothic
work
in
northern
highly polished,
tables, chests,
etc. It
time Italian
and
it
is
employed
scagliola
constantly
Elizabethan
influence.
1014
ing
chair,
to
inventory
I
sold
period of
style
of
and
cover-
ings;
upper part.
shapes
re-
turned,
large
panels
of
painted
papers
were
tall
screens,
William
Rockhill
Nelson
Gallery,
Atkins
7
/jf
1021 SPANISH,
ed
cotton
1788, by Jean-Raptiste
furniture
comprising
SEAWEED
MARQUETRY.
Delicate
plant life. Originating
FALL-FRONT DESK BOX
A
HOLD FIRMLY
IFIED
SECRETARIES
OF
18TH CENTURY.
mechanisms,
front
to
make
a
chests, cabinets, sofas, etc.,
units when
Italy
or
increasing deco-
taste. Shelves
a
uphol-
stered.
[77,
occasionally
a
wooden
hood;
Tudor
times
in America
of pine,
sometimes
1084 Bentwood,
century, painted.
The style
self-sustaining,
they
well
proportioned
and
[1094.]
SEWING
TARLE.
Small
worktable,
usually
with
drawers
or
lid
top,
fitted
seat,
with
 
AND
ECONOMY.
1860
FROM
objects, such as
objects,
resemble
more
a
glass
Siamese Twins
SIDE
CHAIR.
Chair
without
arms,
in the service
from simple
serving tables,
cr
board
In Elizabethan
1103
of
the
17th
century
in
pieces,
Baroque manner.
extensively
Early Georgian
Also,
for
a
the
outline
in Late Geor-
[66.]
SOFFIT.
Underside,
a
Carved
and
gilded
frame.
French
THE
COURT
1153
1164
PEASANTS.
FEW ELEMENTARY AR-
brought European
from
only suggested.
sulted from uncertainty,
with
colorless,
and
bare
rooms;
que
form the current styles in Europe: there
are Spanish
vincial
[1220.]
tation
was
vigorous
and
named.
19th
century;
as
the
spinning
wheels
often
Germany and Flanders. In less
robust
scrolled splat,
[6,
1331.]
as
decoration,
early
in
to
SPKING.
Upholstering
with
coil
springs
originated
carved
and
filleted.
[1336.]
American work from
and
highly
ornamented.
[754].
STOCK.
Bed
stock,
or
styles.
[105.]
STOOLS.
Most
ancient
form
were X-shaped,
developed stool.
the
stool
by
the
and were designed in
styles.
STRINGING.
striped figure, such
Commonwealth,
1649-1660.
time, place,
person, or
group. In
Anne,
it is a loose characterization of the style spirit of
the
Rococo, which
center.
SUNFLOWER.
modern invention,
related
chairs
is a
distinctive shapes and
flowers,
etc.
temples with such garlands; Renaissance
reproduc-
of pieces. Textile
painted
color-
ings,
fabrics
of
Acrilon,
etc.,
have
versatility
and
quality
silk, wool,
content fabric. Each
the functions
have remained to be
draw top being
ultimate
development
England
of the period in
used along
tables
for
sewing,
VARIA-
FOR
TURY,
DEVELOPED
ON
BALANCE INCREASED LEVERAGE. THE WEIGHT FACTOR TENDED TO GET OUT
OF HAND. THIS STYLE REACHED A HIGH
POINT
IN
sections tied with center
c.
1710.
Wal-
Deco-
rated
Museum
of
the
City
of
1236
ENGLISH
Phyfe. 1238 ENGLISH REGENCY,
wood.
1263
WORKTABLE,
American
Sheraton.
Israel
Sack,
Inc.
BOUDOIR
434
TABLE
Card
and
Game
Tables
1275
FEDERAL
STYLE
writing
table.
often
English and American. See
American.
glued
to
18th
cen-
of
weaving,
it
came
in the
of
covering
for
all
as
French
styles
through
Anne.
Wil-
liam
are very
fabrics,
linen,
cotton,
wool,
and
yarns. has added
phane and
dence of its
in
cabinetwork.
[1241.]
TILL.
the
of
of a
reappears
in
classic
re-
with brass strips and wood. Originated
by
Roulle
[1326.]
TOWNSEND,
JOHN.
The
shapes
evolved
were
TREFOIL.
[1215.]
distinguished
from
and
Dolvu
Brothers,
Inc.
1296
TRIPOD
American
furniture.
American
and
English
18th
tables and chest-stands, or a bracket.
Usually orna-
[289,
1301.]
TUCKAWAY
TARLE.
top
leaves,
modification of
a narrow
style and
ture
is
heavy,
richly
and
17th
centuries.
the upholstery. The
both carved
markings,
from
beds,
etc.,
in
various
woodwork is primi-
17th century for upholstery.
rotat-
ing
form of
feet,
spindles,
may be
ish turnings, influenced
straight
form. Early
Spanish and
file that is
American work, along
with the simple
[815.]
I
M(
1
1
ton
mentions
TUMER;
HATRACK.
[1299.]
UNDERRR
ing,
now
thick,
ment
glued
dowels
crossed
stitched down
of
material.
loose
on
the
platform.
shell
than
from
the
methods have created a
new repertoire of comfortable
niture
was
France.
The
 upholder
of
times
(French
1300
work in the 17th
there were
marquise and
age
of
lively
Britain
the national temperament permitted, but the con-
tained shape never was altogether lost in 18th-century
seatings.
lush softness
was perfected
no visible
The rise of synthetics
seating,
a
mid-19th
century.
the
expert
quality
is
often
mis-
leading,
and
a
motive
in
1309A MATCHED
designs. In
had
The
hesives,
but
not
enough
beauty
nating
angles
offsets
applying
Veneers
are
sawn,
copying
re-
by
ingly in reference to
was
Early Victorian
memory
of
Edgar
common than
Philadelphia
Exposition
of
1876,
overwhelmed
by
Orien-
finish of the  Golden
furniture,
Juglans,
has
excessive weight,
grows
from
the
in
the
world;
texture, but
Circassian
or
light
and
dark
the earliest
had only slight
all manner
of craftsmen
the preference for the
Anne is the Age of Wal-
nut, and walnut held sway
until
fashion
turned
to
robes are
content within
a
basin
and
by
times
with
an
upper
shelf.
W&TEE
WAX INLAYING.
2-1/2
to
4
inches
wide,
used
at the
across,
in
France
during
the
Louis
XVI
Has a faint
Particularly
used
in
fitted
with
America; England.
they
attempted
to
slat
flanked
dominant chairs for common use. They appeared
in
bow
backs,
made
in
combinations
of
thick pine, sometimes
vital
flat with straight sides and
there are signs of tack
marks, authorities
conclude that
into
particularly, it then
so
decoratively
[1239.]
WING.
Projecting
impli-
cation
Empire
sofas
and
other
BROUGHT INTO
BOARDS, SERVERS,
FURNITURE REACHED HEIGHTS OF
front
materials.
be
agree-
ably
surfaced
a poor
conductor of
materials
9. It
possesses intrinsic
by
cutting
cross
sections
distinctive
in
of the
it is
annual
rings.
The
coarse,
open-grained
tex-
and
close
that
of
the
against
a
long
knife.
The
grain
appears
very
actively
the
best
and
commonest
all-purpose
wood;
the
fibers
being
straight-
est,
stump figure,
unex-
plained
phenomenon
in
which
solid
leaf.
the
[1152.]
WROUGHT
IRON
chair.
It
in
niture
chiefly
for
decorative
oak
[237.1
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The
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