The End of World The End of World War IWar IThe Peace NegotiationsThe Peace Negotiations

Woodrow Wilson’s Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Point Plan 14 Point Plan

No secret treatiesNo secret treaties Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas Tariffs and economic barriers should be Tariffs and economic barriers should be

lowered or abolishedlowered or abolished Reduction of armamentsReduction of armaments Colonial policies should consider the interests Colonial policies should consider the interests

of the colonial peopleof the colonial people Boundaries based on self-determination and Boundaries based on self-determination and

nationalitynationality A League of NationsA League of Nations

The “Big Four”The “Big Four”

David Lloyd George David Lloyd George of Great Britainof Great Britain

Vittorio Orlando of Vittorio Orlando of ItalyItaly

Georges Georges Clemenceau of Clemenceau of FranceFrance

Woodrow Wilson of Woodrow Wilson of the United States the United States

Different Nations – Different Nations – Different Intentions Different Intentions

Great Britain – to limit the size of German navy; Great Britain – to limit the size of German navy; refused to back freedom of the seasrefused to back freedom of the seas

France – to prevent future attacks from France – to prevent future attacks from Germany; establish a buffer zoneGermany; establish a buffer zone

Italy – to gain landItaly – to gain land United States – Idealistic goals: “peace without United States – Idealistic goals: “peace without

victory”, “war to end wars”, “make the world victory”, “war to end wars”, “make the world safe for democracy”safe for democracy”

The Treaty of Versailles - The Treaty of Versailles - 19191919

Germany – disarmedGermany – disarmed Germany lost its colonies in Asia & AfricaGermany lost its colonies in Asia & Africa Germany forced to admit guilt for the warGermany forced to admit guilt for the war Germany had to pay huge reparation payments ($33 Germany had to pay huge reparation payments ($33

billion) to Alliesbillion) to Allies Germany had to accept occupation of the Rhineland by Germany had to accept occupation of the Rhineland by

France for 15 years & return Alsace-Lorraine to FranceFrance for 15 years & return Alsace-Lorraine to France Independence to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, & FinlandIndependence to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, & Finland New Nations created: Poland, Czechoslovakia & New Nations created: Poland, Czechoslovakia &

YugoslaviaYugoslavia Created League of NationsCreated League of Nations

Which of Wilson’s 14 Points were Which of Wilson’s 14 Points were included in the Treaty of Versailles?included in the Treaty of Versailles?

Which were NOT included?Which were NOT included?

U.S. Debate on the Treaty U.S. Debate on the Treaty of Versaillesof Versailles

Support for the TreatySupport for the Treaty

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Many DemocratsMany Democrats Majority of American peopleMajority of American people Those who believed in the League of NationsThose who believed in the League of Nations

Would meet the threats to world peaceWould meet the threats to world peace Would create forum where nations could talk Would create forum where nations could talk

through their disagreementsthrough their disagreements Would provide collective securityWould provide collective security

Opponents of the Treaty - Opponents of the Treaty - IrreconcilablesIrreconcilables

Senator William BorahSenator William Borah Some Republican SenatorsSome Republican Senators Those who could not accept membership Those who could not accept membership

in the League of Nationsin the League of Nations

Opponents of the Treaty - Opponents of the Treaty - ReservationistsReservationists

Senator Henry Cabot LodgeSenator Henry Cabot Lodge Larger group of SenatorsLarger group of Senators Those who Those who couldcould accept the League of Nations accept the League of Nations

if certain “reservations” were added to the if certain “reservations” were added to the agreementagreement

Those who believed that membership in the Those who believed that membership in the LeagueLeague Would threaten U.S. isolationWould threaten U.S. isolation Would require U.S. involvement in Europe & in wars Would require U.S. involvement in Europe & in wars

without consent of Congresswithout consent of Congress

Rejection of the TreatyRejection of the Treaty

Senate voted twice in 1919 to reject the Senate voted twice in 1919 to reject the Treaty (with and without the reservations)Treaty (with and without the reservations)

Senate rejected the Treaty again in 1920 Senate rejected the Treaty again in 1920 after Wilson encouraged loyal supporters after Wilson encouraged loyal supporters of the Treaty to reject it with any of the Treaty to reject it with any reservations attachedreservations attached

Reasons for refusal to ratify Reasons for refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versaillesthe Treaty of Versailles

Wilson unwilling to compromiseWilson unwilling to compromise Wilson alienated Senate Republicans by not Wilson alienated Senate Republicans by not

including them in the Paris delegationincluding them in the Paris delegation The American people assumed the Senate The American people assumed the Senate

would ratify the Treaty & did not make their would ratify the Treaty & did not make their wishes known to their representativeswishes known to their representatives

““Article X”Article X” US feared the League of Nations would “entangle” US feared the League of Nations would “entangle”

the US in European affairsthe US in European affairs US worried that it would lose its sovereignty to the US worried that it would lose its sovereignty to the

League of NationsLeague of Nations

US in International US in International Affairs after World War IAffairs after World War I

Washington Naval Disarmament Washington Naval Disarmament Conference (1920 – 1921)Conference (1920 – 1921) Limited battleship production in ratio Limited battleship production in ratio

London Naval Disarmament Conference London Naval Disarmament Conference (1927)(1927) Limited cruisers and destroyersLimited cruisers and destroyers

Kellogg-Briand Pact – Kellogg-Briand Pact – 19281928

Between US and France (eventually 62 Between US and France (eventually 62 nations)nations)

Condemned war as a solution to Condemned war as a solution to international controversiesinternational controversies