The End of WWI & Outcomes

“Armistice Day”November 11, 1918 11:00 AM(the 11th month of the 11th day of the 11th hour, 1918)

1. Who won WWI?2. What made this victory possible?3. What were the short and long-

term effects of WWI?

OBJECTIVES:

Major Outcomes of WWI

1. Winners of WWI

2. Human CostCasualty numbers

3. Map of Europe changesend of Empires

4. Global Impacts Mandate System Colonies seek independence Rising Nationalism Worldwide Depression

A. The Winners:

• The Allied Powers– US entry– Russia leaves– Central powers

leaving 1 by 1 (resources depleted)

B. Immediate Effects-Human Cost

• Casualty numbers• Over 6 million civilians• 1918 influenza

pandemic killed 20 million word wide

…Russian Revolution, Armenian Genocide…

C. Map of Europe Changes:

End of Russian, Austria-Hungarian, Ottoman, German Empires

D. Global Impacts1. Mandate System

–France and GB gain land in Middle East–Angered Arabspromised independence

2. Colonies Seek Independence

• Colonies fought on behalf of imperial power

• Desired independence after war

Historically similar cultures assemble:– Pan-Africanism– Pan-Arabism

3. Rising Nationalism

• Soviet Union (Russia)Lenin/Stalin

• TurkeyAtaturk (modernize, secularize)

• Pan-Africanism– South AfricaApartheid– Egyptindep. in 1922, GB still control monarch

• Pan-Arabism (mandate countries)

– Promised independenceno– Desire for unified Arab Nation, ctrled by Arabs

4. Worldwide Depression

Financial Costs of War:

British Empire- $55 billion +

France- $45 billion +

Russia- $25 billion +

US- $30 billion +

Germany- $60 billion

Austria-Hungary - $20 billion +

This included war expenditures, property losses, shipping losses

(The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History)

Why did the world experience depression in the 1930s?

• Germany was forced to pay huge reparations (payment for war damages) after World War I--totaled 33 billion dollars. The German government responded by simply printing more money caused inflation.

• By 1923, it took 4.2 trillion German marks to equal 1 U.S. dollar.

• The above, combined with the excessive expansion of credit, low farm prices, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929 contributed to worldwide depression.

What was the impact of worldwide depression?

• High unemployment in industrial countries.• Bank failures and collapse of credit.• Collapse of prices in world trade.• The rise of totalitarian leaders (Hitler, Mussolini,

and Stalin).• Nazi Party’s growing importance in Germany;

Nazi Party’s blame of European Jews for economic collapse.

• Depression weakened western democracies= more difficult to challenge the threat of totalitarianism.

Hitler (seated on right) and fellow soldiers during World War I. Hitler volunteered

to fight in WWI at age 25 Throughout most of the war, Hitler had great luck avoiding life-threatening injury. More than once he moved away from a spot where moments later a shell exploded killing or wounding everyone.

Corporal Hitler was a dispatch runner, taking messages back and forth from the command staff in the rear to the fighting units near the battlefield.

In August 1918, Hitler received the Iron Cross 1st Class, a rarity for foot soldiers. Interestingly, the lieutenant who recommended him for the medal was a Jew

"There followed terrible days and even worse nights – I knew that all was lost...in these nights hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed." Written about the WWI armistice, in Mein Kampf:

Causes Significant events/people/innovations

Short-term Effects

Long-termReverberations