the endocrine system (the second messenger system of the body)
TRANSCRIPT
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• The Endocrine System(the second messenger system of the body)
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I. Hormones:
A.Endocrine system produces hormones (chemical messages) that are important in maintaining homeostasis & regulating reproduction, metobolic rate, growth & development plus it mobilizes the immune system.
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I. Hormones:
B. A Hormone is a chemical messenger produced by a cell that causes specific changes in the cellular activity of other cells (target cells).
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Overview of the Endocrine System • The Role of Target Cell Receptors in Hormonal
Action
Figure 10-2
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• Classes of Hormone Receptor–Extracellular Receptors
• Located in cell membrane• Targeted by
–Amino acid derivatives–Peptides–Eicosanoids
• Operates through a second messenger such as cyclic-AMP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview of the Endocrine System
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)1 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
G protein(activated)
Activatesadenylatecyclase
CytoplasmATP cAMP
Acts assecond
messenger
Activates kinase
Alterations inenzyme activity;
opens ion channels
TARGET CELLRESPONSE
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)2 of 7
Membranereceptor
G protein(inactive)
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
Cellmembrane
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)3 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)4 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
G protein(activated)
Activatesadenylatecyclase
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)5 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
G protein(activated)
Activatesadenylatecyclase
CytoplasmATP cAMP
Acts assecond
messenger
Activates kinaseNuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)6 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
G protein(activated)
Activatesadenylatecyclase
CytoplasmATP cAMP
Acts assecond
messenger
Activates kinase
Alterations inenzyme activity;
opens ion channels
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 10-3(a)7 of 7
Membranereceptor
Hormone-receptorcomplex
First messengers(E, NE, peptide hormones,and eicosanoids)
Cellmembrane
G protein(inactive)
G protein(activated)
Activatesadenylatecyclase
CytoplasmATP cAMP
Acts assecond
messenger
Activates kinase
Alterations inenzyme activity;
opens ion channels
TARGET CELLRESPONSE
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleus
DNA
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C. Unlike exocrine glands that release their products at the body’s surface or into body cavities through ducts, the endocrine glands do not secrete substances into ducts instead their hormones are secreted directly into the surrounding extracellular space & then diffuse into nearby capillaries & are transported throughout the body in the blood.
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• D. The endocrine & nervous systems often work together to maintain homeostasis.
• E. The nervous system uses neurotransmitters to act on cells (which is usually short-lived) to maintain homeostasis
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• F. The endocrine system uses hormones (whose effects last longer than neurons) to produce homeostasis.
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• G. Hormones are classified into 2 basic categories: peptides (including amino acids, polypeptides, & proteins) & steroids (complex rings of carbon & hydrogen atoms) synthesized by cholesterol. Ex. Gonadal hormones & adrenocortical hormones
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Now we are going to look at each gland individually:
• These next few slides will be copied onto your paper but do not have blanks to fill in
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• H. Pituitary – found in sella turcia pea-size, gland. It is also called the Master Gland. The Anterior pituitary is hormone production glandular portion. Ex. GH (bone & muscle) & TSH (growth of thyroid)
• The Posterior pituitary is the neural portion & extension of hypothalamus. Ex. Oxytocin (milk release) & ADH ( increase H2O & BP)
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
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The Pituitary Gland• Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Figure 10-8
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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
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• I. Thyroid-Found in anterior throat overlying inferior border of larynx. One of the largest endocrine glands & has a heavy blood supply. Ex. Thyroid hormone T3 & T4 contain iodine.
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• J. T3-T4 Function to 1) accelerate cellular metabolism, 2) tissue growth, 3) skeletal reproductive & nervous system development. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
• K. Thyroid gland unique because it can store & slowly release its hormones (up to 3 months worth)
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Goiter= iodine or T3 / T4
deficiency
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L. Over active & under active thyroid can cause severe disturbances. Ex. Hypothroid syndrome – goiter or cretinism; Severe hyperthyroidism – Graves disease (autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid)-most common.
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M. Parathyroid – 4 to 8 embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland. Ex. PTH important in controlling level of calcium in blood.
•N. Hyperparathyroidism- rare result of PTH deficiency untreated death may occur. Kidney stones, reflexes & skeletal muscle weakness.
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The Parathyroid Glands
Figure 10-11
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• O. Adrenal glands almond size atop the kidneys.
1. Adrenal Medulla (inner)- epinephrine & norepinephrine
2. Adrenal cortex (outer)- Makes steroid hormones called Corticosteroids. Ex. Mineralcotricoids, Glucocorticoids, & Androgens
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Adrenal Medulla Produces two similar hormones 1.Epinephrine – aka Adrenaline;
associated w/the fight or flight system. Axons stimulate hormone secretion. Increases heart rate and force, releases glucose, fatty acids into blood, opens airways
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Adrenal Medulla Produces two similar hormones 2. Norepinephrine: aka. Noradrenaline- associated w/the rest & digest system. Is the antagonist to epinephrine. These hormones prepare the
body to deal with short-term stress
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Norepinephrine – Rest & Digest
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Adrenal Cortex-Mineralcorticoids(mainly aldosterone)
Produced in outer adrenal cortex
Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance
Target organ is the kidney
Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone
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Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoids (including
cortisone and cortisol)
Promote normal cell metabolism
Help resist long-term stressors
Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
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Adrenal Cortex: Sex hormones
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortexAndrogens (male hormones) and some estrogen (female hormones)
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Adrenal Gland Response to Stress
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• P. Pancreas- located partially behind the stomach. Mixed gland so has both endocrine & exocrine capabilities.
• Islets of Langerhans-minute clusters of cells that produce pancreatic hormones. Ex. Insulin-lowers blood sugar level & Glucagon –increases blood sugar
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P. Pancreas: –Islet cells secrete insulin and glucagon
•Insulin produced by beta cells•Glucagon produced by alpha cells
–Exocrine cells secrete enzyme-rich digestive fluid
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• Actions of Insulin and Glucagon–Insulin
•Lowers blood glucose concentration• Increases glucose uptake, storage, and use by target cells
•Targets liver, muscle, fat cells–Glucagon
•Raises blood glucose concentration• Increases glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis
•Targets liver cells
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The Pancreas
Figure 10-13(a)
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Q. Pineal Gland: located in the 3rd ventricle of the brain secretes Melatonin associated w/sleep & wake cycles.
R. Inhibits reproductive functionS. Protects neural tissue from free
radicals
T. Its’ complete function is still unclear.
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Q. Pineal Gland: located in brain
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Thymus Gland Located posterior to the sternum
Largest in infants and children
Produces thymosin
Matures some types of white blood cells
Important in developing the immune system
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Reproductive Glands: Ovaries Estrogen Hormone:
Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
Matures female reproductive organs
Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts to produce milk
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Reproductive Glands: Ovaries
Progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
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Reproductive Glands: Testes
Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Produce several androgens (sex hormones)
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Reproductive Glands: Testes Testosterone (hormone) is the most
important androgen
Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production
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Other Hormone Producing Tissues & Organs:
Parts of the small intestine Secretes hormones to control digestion
Parts of the stomach
–Kidneys Secretes three hormones• Calcitriol—Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption in
intestine• Erythropoietin (EPO)—Stimulates red blood cell production by
bone marrow• Renin—Enzyme that leads to angiotensin II that triggers
aldosterone from adrenal cortex
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Other Hormone Producing Tissues & Organs:
Heart Specialized muscle cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to lower blood volume or blood pressure
• Adipose tissue (fat cells)– Secretes leptin to control appetite– Secretes resistin to reduce insulin response Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells
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Endocrine Functions of the Placenta
Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones
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Patterns of Hormonal Interaction
• Kinds of Interaction between Hormones–Antagonistic (opposing effect)
• E.g., calcitonin versus PTH–Synergistic (additive effect)
• E.g., hGH and cortisol on glucose sparing–Permissive effect
• E.g., epinephrine and thyroid hormones–Integrative effect
• E.g., calcitriol and PTH on calcium levels
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Patterns of Hormonal Interaction
• Hormones Needed for Normal Growth–Growth Hormone–Thyroid Hormones–Insulin–Parathyroid Hormone–Calcitriol–Reproductive Hormones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Patterns of Hormonal Interaction
• Hormones and Stress• Stress—Any condition that threatens
homeostasis• General Adaptation Syndrome to stress
–Alarm phase (sympathetic ANS response)
–Resistance phase (glucocorticoid response)
–Exhaustion phase (organ system failure)Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Development of the Endocrine System Most endocrine organs operate
smoothly until old age Menopause is brought about by lack
of efficiency of the ovaries Problems associated with reduced
estrogen are common Growth hormone production declines
with age Many endocrine glands decrease
output with age
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• The information on the next slides will be found on your notes papers
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II. Hormone Action• C. Hormones activate target cells by 1 of
2 methods, depending upon the chemical nature of the hormone:
• 1) peptide hormones {water soluble} that bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell. The receptor protein, then stimulates the production of a second messenger (either cAMP or calcium.)
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II. Hormone Action
• 2) steroid hormones {lipid soluble} that diffuse through the plasma membrane of the target cell & bind to receptor protein present in the cytoplasm that activates a DNA segment that turns on specific genes
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III. Control of Hormone Production
• A. Endocrine glands release hormones in response to 1 or more of the following stimuli:
• 1. Hormones form other endocrine glands
• 2. Chemical characteristics of the blood
• 3. Neural stimulation
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III. Control of Hormone Production• 4. most hormone production is regulated by
negative feedback system. • a. negative feedback: hormones
secretion is triggered by some internal or external stimulus, then rising hormones levels inhibit further hormone release resulting in blood levels of many hormones varying only within a very narrow margin.
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IV. Communication b/w the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Glands
• A. Communication b/w the hypothalamus & the Anterior Pituitary Gland occurs through chemicals that are produced by the hypothalamus & delivered to the ant. pituitary through blood vessels.
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IV. Communication b/w the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Glands
• B. Communication b/w the hypothalamus & the Posterior Pituitary Gland occurs through neurosecretory cells that connect the 2 glands.
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V. Antagonistic Hormones• A. When the body hormone levels drop
below normal homeostasis levels the antagonistic hormones are secreted to bring the body back to homeostasis.
• B. Ex. Bundles of cells in the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans contain 2 kinds of cells alpha (secrete glucagons) & beta (secrete insulin) cells, that control blood glucose concentrations by producing the antagonistic hormones insulin & glucagon
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VI. Major Endocrine OrgansGland Hormone Released Target Tissue/Organ Chief Function of
HormonePineal Melatonin Various Tissues Involved in daily
rhythms; possibly involved in maturation of sex organs
Hypothalamus Hypothalamic-releasing & release-inhibiting hormones
Anterior pituitary Regulate anterior pituitary hormones
Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin; (LTH)Luteininzing Hormone; Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid stimulating (TSH)MSH (Melanocyte stimulating Hormone)
Soft tissues, bonesMammary glndsOvary, testesGonadsAdrenal cortexThyroidSkin & Melanocytes
Stimulates protein synth. & bone growthStimulates milk production & secretionReg. Oogenesis & spermatogenesisSame as LHStimulate secretion of gluco-corticoidsStimulate secretion of T3 & T4
Stimulates melanin skin pigment formation.
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VI. Major Endocrine OrgansGland Hormone Released Target Tissue/Organ Chief Function of
HormonePosterior Pituitary Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH);
Uterus,mammary glandsKidneys, sweat glands
Uterine contractions, release of milkIncreases water retention & BP
Thyroid Thyroxin (T4)CalcitoninTriiodothyronine (T3)
All tissuesBones, kidneys, intestineBone
Increases metabolic rate; helps to result. growth & developmentLowers blood calcium levelsIncreases rate of cellular metabolism
Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Bones, kidneys, intestine
Raises blood calcium levels
Thymus Thymosins T lymphocytes Stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes
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VI. Major Endocrine OrgansGland Hormone Released Target Tissue/
OrganChief Function of Hormone
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Cardiac & other muscles
Stimulate “fight-or-fight” reaction; raise blood glucose lvl.
Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids ex. CortisolMineralcorticoids ex. AldosteroneAndrogens ex. DHEA
All tissuesKidneysSex organs, skin, muscles
Raises blood glucose levelIncrease reabsorption of Na+ & to excrete K+
Stimulate onset of puberty, female sex drive
Pancreas InsulinGlucagon
Liver, muscles, adipose tissuesLiver
Lowers blood glucose levelsIncreases blood glucose levels
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VI. Major Endocrine OrgansGland Hormone Released Target Tissue/ Organ Chief Function of
HormoneGonads
Ovaries EstrogenProgesteroneRelaxinInhibin
UterusUterusPelvis, cervixpituitary
Regulates menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics.Reg.menstrual cycle, pregnancyDilates cervix & birth canalInhibits FSH release
Testes TestosteroneInhibin
TestesPituitary
Regult. spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristicsinhibits FSH release
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• THE END!!!!