the engineering of sport 6 · only helped acquire contributions but were also asked to write a...
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The Engineering of Sport 6
Eckehard Fozzy Moritz and Steve Haake (Eds.)
The Engineering of Sport 6Volume 1: Developments for Sports
~ Springer
Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt GmbHHerzogstral3e 48D-80803 MiinchenGermanyefm@SportKreativWerkstatt.dewww.SportKreativWerkstatt.de
Steve HaakeCentre for Sport and Exercise ScienceCollegiate HallSheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield S10 [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927112
ISBN-tO: 0-387-31773-2ISBN-13: 978-0387-31773-1
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 2006 Springer Science-Business Media, LLCAll rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without thewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Sciencc+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street,New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarlyanalysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronicadaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even ifthey are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether ornot they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed in the United States of America. (EB)
98765432
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Preface
What you are holding in your hands is probably the best overview of activities insports engineering available at the time of printing; i.e. the state of the art in summer2006 . It is the result of so many people's work to whom we are indebted that it isdifficult to name them: there are the authors, the scientific advisory board, thescientific committee, the theme patrons, the publisher and printer , the advisors ofwhatever kind - and, here we have to make an exception, there is Ingo and Amanda.Nobody who has been part of the production of this book could have done withoutthem, at the very least us: they handled issues you wouldn't even believe could turn upwith efficiency and charm . Thanks, Ingo Valtingoier; thanks, Amanda Staley .
In the accumulation of the contributions and the preparation of the proceedingswe encountered one development that we were very happy about: the sportsengineering community keeps growing - in the number or researchers and expertsinvolved, but also in the breadth of disciplines and institutions contributing. Thisshould definitely be interpreted as a positive development - even though in theevaluation of contributions this lead to a number of intricate discussions. Is sportsengineering primarily science? Is it engineering? Is it science and engineering helpingsports? Some reviewers had differing views on that: if it is science , you need method,data, and discussion; if it is engineering, you need method and an outcome with somedemonstrable usefulness, if it is an aide to sports then whatever has been done needsdemonstrable relevance. As a consequence, some contributions very well done froman engineering perspective have been turned down by hardcore scientists, and viceversa; in some cases we tried to intermediate, in others it may have been bad luck forthe contributors. We think sports engineering will have to live with this variety ofperspectives and interests; it is rather the appeal of this field in the process of findingitself. Openness combined with consistent reasoning will be needed to progress fromhere; somewhere in-between academic traditions and Feyerabend's famous "Anythinggoes".
As a quick glimpse behind the scene, besides the disciplinary quarrels sketchedabove some "cultural" clashes could also not be avoided. One German reviewer puthis comments in a very direct way that was hard to bear for the British author; someEast Asian authors had a hard time in focusing their writing on the most interestingresults and were thus bluntly thrown out; some well-known members in onecommunity have seen their abstract turned down by experts from another area who didnot know about the writer 's fame .. . these anecdotes point to just a couple of moreissues the sports engineering community will have get to grips with in the not toodistant future .
vi Preface
As the result of various influences in these proceedings you will find a number ofnew topic areas indirectly related to but important to sports engineering. One area ofconcern we like to especially highlight here is the topic of sustainability, which mayserve as an important yardstick for the future development of sports engineering andhopefully other industrial activities. Furthermore, you will find contributions ontrends, cultural influences, human factors and on neural network modeling. Finally,according to the special emphasis of this conference we were successful in seeking alarge number of papers in the area of innovation and design, including economicperspectives and proposals for novel design approaches. To our regret, even thoughwe had tried hard we could get no contributions on industrial design - this area with somuch relevance to sports equipment apparently is still a step-child in our community.
In the assembly of these proceedings we have endeavored to realize some novelapproaches. First of all, we used "theme patrons" for different topic areas who notonly helped acquire contributions but were also asked to write a synopsis of thecontributions in "their" fields. This will hopefully increase the use value for readers,who by just reading the synopses can have a basic idea about developments in certainfields, and can then scan contributions on a much better knowledge basis. This is afirst step towards converting the proceedings into a sort of handbook which hopefullywill be taken up by future editors.
Then, as we tried to increase the relevance of sports engineering to sports, wehave asked authors to take special care to illustrate the respective relevance, and to puttheir contribution into a sports-related category rather than a discipline-orientedcategory. Therefore, one volume of these proceedings has been named "developmentsfor sports"; it is the biggest and could have even been bigger. The second volume istermed "developments in disciplines", which consists mainly·of contributions focusingon modeling and measurements. A third volume has been named "developments forinnovation", a tribute to this special focus of this conference (being organized by acenter for innovation in sports), and to the fact that we could accumulate an amazingnumber of contributions in this field.
Finally, we hope that the reader will appreciate the outcome, and we' ll be veryhappy to receive comments of whatever kind, be it criticism, proposals forimprovement or grappa casks and flower arrangements.
Eckehard Fozzy MoritzStephen Haake
EditorsJuly 2006
Contents
1 Baseball
Synopsis 3Alan M. Nathan
An Experimental Investigation of Baseball Bat Durability 5Patrick 1. Drane, James A. Sherwood. Rebecca H. Shaw
Bending Modes, Damping, and the Sensationof Sting in Baseball Bats IIDaniel A. Russell
Experimental Investigations of the Relationship of Baseball Bat Properties 17on Battered-Ball PerformanceRebecca H. Shaw , James A. Sherwood
The Effectof Spin on the Flight of a Baseball 23Alan M. Nathan, Joe Hopkins. Lance Chong. Hank Kaczmarski
Rigid Wall Effectson Softball Coefficientof Restitution Measurements 29Lloyd Smith. Aaron Ison
The Effectof HoldingMethods on a Baseball Bat Performance Estimation 35SystemHiroyuki Kagawa , Takeshi Yoneyama, Masaya Takahashi
2 Climbing - Instrumentation And Testing OfEquipment
Synopsis 43Franz Konstantin Fuss
An Estimation of the Load Rate Imparted to a Climbing Anchor During Fall 45ArrestDave Custer
Dynamicsof Speed Climbing 51Franz Konstantin Fuss , Gunther Niegl
Instrumented Climbing Holds and Dynamicsof Sport Climbing 57Franz Konstantin Fuss. Gunther Niegl
Forces Generated in a Climbing Rope During a Fall 63Andrew Phillips , Jeff Vogwell, Alan Bramley
viii Contents
Rock Climbing Belay Device Analysis, Experiments and ModellingLionel Manin, Matthieu Richard, Jean-Daniel Brabant, Marc Bissuel
3 Cycling
69
Synopsis 77Martin Strangwood
Thermo-mechanical Modification Techniques for Structural Foams used in 79Racing Bicycle Wheels .Catherine Caton, Mike Jenkins, Martin Strangwood
The Effect of a Non Circular Chainring on Cycling Performance 85Nicolas Horvais , Pierre Samozino, Frederique Hintzy
Dynamic Characteristics of Modem Mountain Bikes Rear Linkages 91Angelo Tempia, Aleksandar Subic , Ricardo M Pagliarella
An Ambient Intelligence System to Assist Team Training and Competition in 97Cyclinglngmar Fliege, Alexander Geraldy, Reinhard Gotzhein, Thomas Jaitner,Thomas Kuhn, Christian Webel
Indoor-Simulation of Team Training in Cycling 103Thomas Jaitner, Marcus Trapp. Dirk Niebhur, Jan Koch
A Bond Graph Model of a Full-Suspension Mountain Bicycle Rear Shock 109Robin Redfield, Cory Sutela
Track Cycling: An Analytical Model I 15Richard Lukes, Matt Carre, Stephen Haake
Forces During Cycling After Total Knee Arthoplasty 121Maximilian Mueller , Veit Senner, Markus Wimmer
A Study of Aerodynamic Drag and Thermal Efficiency of a Series of Bicycle 127HelmetsFiroz Alam, Aleksandar Subic , Simon Watkins
4 Golf
SynopsisSteve Mather
135
Contents ix
An Instrumented Grip Handle for Golf Clubs to MeasureForcesand 137Moments Exerted by Each Hand During Swing MotionS. Koike. H. Iida, H. Shiraki, M Ae
The Aerodynamic Influenceof Dimple Designon Flying Golf Ball 143T. Sajima, T. Yamaguchi. M Yabu, M Tsunoda
Experimental Verificationof Trajectory Analysis of Golf Ball Under 149Atmospheric Boundary LayerTakeshi Naruo, Taketo Mizota
Validationof Accelerometers And Gyroscopes to Provide Real-Time 155Kinematic Data for Golf AnalysisK. Fitzpatrick. R. Anderson
Investigation of Wrist Release During the Golf Swing by Using a Golf Swing 161RobotYohei Hoshino, Yukinori Kobayashi. Soichiro Suzuki
Segmental Sequencingof Kinetic Energy in the Golf Swing 167Brady C. Anderson. Ian C. Wright. Darren 1. Stefanyshyn
5 Gymnastics
Synopsis 175David G. Kerwin
Effect of ShoulderComplianceon Peak High Bar Forces During the Giant 177SwingAlison L. Sheets. Mont Hubbard
Effectsof Horizontal Surface Complianceon BalanceStrategies 183Wendy Kimmel. Mont Hubbard
Predicting High Bar Forces in the Longswing 189David Kerwin. Gareth Irwin
Musculoskeletal Work in the Longswing on High Bar 195Gareth Irwin. David G Kerwin
6 Lawn Sports
SynopsisMatt Carre
203
x Contents
Quantification of the Cricket Bowling Delivery; a Study of Elite Players to 205Gauge Variability and ControllabilityLaura Justham, Andrew West. Andy Harland. Alex Cox
Ball Launch Characteristics for Elite Rugby Union Players 211Christopher Holmes . Roy Jones. Andy Harland. Jon Petz ing
A Novel Quantitative Method for the Determination of Wear in an Installed 217Synthetic Turf SystemAndrew McLeod, lain James. Kim Blackburn. Gavin Wood
Multi-Optimization of Three Kicks in Rugby 223Kazuya Seo , Osamu Kobayashi. Masahide Murakami
The Mechanical Behaviour of Cricket Soils During Preparation by Rolling 229Pete r Shipton . lain James. Alex Vickers
Studies on the Oblique Impact of a Cricket Ball on a Cricket Pitch 235David James. Matt Carre . Stephen Haake
Test Devices for the Evaluation of Synthetic Turf Pitches for Field Hockey 241Colin Young. Paul Fleming. Neil Dixon
7 Skiing, Snowboarding and Ski Jumping
Synopsis 249Veit Senner
Laboratory Device for Measuring the Friction Between Ski-Base Materials 251and Ice or SnowMathieu Fauve, Lukas Bdurle, Hansueli Rhyner
Biomechanical Instrumentation of the BergIsel Jumping Hill in Innsbruck 257and Exemplary AnalyseseKurt Schindelwig. Werner Nachbauer
Dynamic Properties of Materials for Alpine Skis 263Christian Fischer. Mathieu Fauve, Etienne Combaz. Pierre-Etienne Bourban,Veronique Michaud. Christopher J.G. Plummer. Hansueli Rhyner. Jan-Anders E. Manson ,
Calculation of Friction and Reaction Forces During an Alpine World Cup 269Downhill RaceM. Schiestl, P. Kaps, M. Mossner, W. Nachbauer
Contents xi
Measurement of Jumper's Body Motion in Ski Jumping 275Yuji Ohgi, Kazuya Seo, Nobuyuki Hirai. Masahide Murakami
Ridingon Air: A New Theory for Lift Mechanicsof Downhill Skiing and 281SnowboardingQianhong Wu. Yesim Igci, Yiannis Andreopoulos, Sheldon Weinbaum
SubjectiveEvaluation of the Performance of Alpine Skis and Correlations 287with Mechanical Ski PropertiesPeter Federo/f. Mirco Auer. Mathieu Fauve, Anton Luthi. Hansueli Rhyner
Timing of Force Applicationand Joint Angles Duringa Long Ski Turn 293Takeshi Yoneyama , Nathan Scott. Hiroyuki Kagawa
Effectof Bindingsand Plates on Ski Mechanical Properties and Carving 299PerformanceAnton Luthi. Peter Federo/f. Mathieu Fauve, Hansueli Rhyner
Development of a Prototype that Measures the Coefficientof Friction 305BetweenSkis and SnowPaul Miller . Andy Hytjan , Matthew Weber. Miles Wheeler. Jack Zable, AndyWalshe , Alan Ashley
8 Football
Synopsis 313Matt Carre
An Investigation into the Link BetweenSoil PhysicalConditionsand the 315Playing Quality of Winter Sports Pitch RootzonesMarke Jennings- Temple . Peter Leeds-Harrison. lain Jam es
Measuringand Modelling the Goalkeeper's Diving Envelope in a Penalty 321KickDavid G. Kerwin. Ken Bray
Flow Visualization on a Real Flight Non-spinning And SpinningSoccer Ball 327Takeshi Asai, Kazuya Seo, Osamu Kobayashi. Reiko Sakashita
Gaze Point Analysis in Movement Prediction of Soccer Players By Image 333ProcessingYuusuke Hiramatsu, Shigemichi Ohshima, Atsumi Ohtsuki
Traction Testing of Soccer Boots Under Game Relevant LoadingConditions 339Thomas Grund. Veit Senner
xii Contents
Correlation betweenSupport Foot Placementand Goal Accuracy for Instep 345Kicks in the Soccer FieldGiuseppe Marcolin, Nicola Petrone, Claudio Robazza
Analysis of the Influenceof Rubber Infill on the Mechanical Performance of 351ArtificialTurf Surfaces for SoccerEnrique Alcantara, David Rosa, Javier Gamez , Antonio Martinez. MarioComin. Maria Jose Such, Pedro Vera.Jaime Prat
Soccer Ball Modal Analysis Using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer 357(SLDV)Jouni Ronkainen, Andy Harland
9 Tennis
Synopsis 365Stuart Miller
Normal Impact of Hollow Balls on Flat Surfaces 367Yoshihisa Honda
Factors in Tennis Ball Wear 373Carolyn Steele. Roy Jones. Paul Leaney
Measuring Ball Spin off a Tennis Racket 379Simon Goodwill. Jamie Douglas. Stuart Miller. Stephen Haake
3D Player Testing in Tennis 385Simon Choppin , Simon Goodwill. Stephen Haake
An Extended Study Investigating the Effects of Tennis Rackets with Active 391DampingTechnologyon The Symptomsof Tennis ElbowRobert Cottey , Johan Kotze , Herfried Lammer, Werner Zirngibl
10 Water Sports
SynopsisJani Macari Pallis
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysisofa Water Ski JumperJohn Hart. David Curtis. Stephen Haake
Feedback Systems in RowingArnold Baca, Philipp Kornfe ind, Mario Heller
399
401
407
Contents xiii
Biomechanical Analysi s of Olympic Kayak Athletes During Indoor Paddling 413Nicola Petrone, Andrea Isotti, Guglielmo Guerrini
So you think you know the ropes? White Water Rescue Ropes and 419TechniquesMatt Barker
Computational Modelling of Surfboard Fins for Enhanced Performance 425Dave Carswell, Nicholas Lavery, Steve Brown
Development of Swimming Prosthet ic for Physically Disabled (Optimal 431Design for One Side of Above-Elbow Amputation)Keiko Yoneyama, Motomu Nakashima
Author Index 437
Subject Index 441
Contributors
Simon C. AdelmannUniversity of Birmingham, UK
Michiyoshi AeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan
UzomaAjokuLoughborough Univers ity, UK
Shinichiro AkiyamaToyota Motor Corporation, Japan
Firoz AlamRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Pdr-Anders AlbinssonSwedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden
Enrique AlcantaraUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
Brady C. AndersonUniversity of Calgary, Canada
Lauren AndersonLoughborough University, UK
xvi Contributors
Ross AndersonUniversity of Limerick, UK
Dennis AnderssonSwedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden
Yiannis AndreopoulosThe City College of New York, USA
Ali AnsarifarLoughborough University, UK
Ayako AoyamaTokyo Institute of Technology
Takeshi AsaiYamagata University, Japan
Andrew AshcroftUniversity of Cambridge, UK
Alan AshleyUnited States Ski Association, USA
MircoAuerSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland
Andreas AvgerinosDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece
Arnold BacaUniversity of Vienna, Austria
Sarah BarberUniversity of Sheffield, UK
Franck BarbierUniversite de Valenciennes, France
Matthew R. BarkerAuckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Joseph BeckUnited States Air Force Academy, USA
Nicolas BelluyeDecathlon, France
Alexey, BelyaevPerm State Technical University, Russia
Goran BerglundSandvik MaterialTechnology, Sweden
Nils BetzlerOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg,Germany
Marc BissuelINSA Lyon, France
Kim BlackburnCranfield University, UK
Jane R. BlackfordUniversityof Edinburgh, UK
Kim B. BlairMassachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Stephan BoerboomTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Harald BohmTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Robert BordasOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg,Germany
Pierre-Etienne BourbanEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland
Jean-Dan iel BrabantINSA Lyon, France
Contributors xvii
xviii Contributors
Alan N. BramleyUniversity of Bath, UK
Ken BrayUniversityof Bath, UK
Desmond BrownUniversity of Ulster, UK
Steve BrownUniversityof Wales Swansea, UK
Mark-Paul BuckinghamUniversityof Edinburgh, UK
Jeremy BurnBristol University,UK
Mike P. CaineLoughborough University, UK
Matt J. CarreUniversityof Sheffield, UK
David1. CarswellUniversity of Wales Swansea, UK
Catherine J. CatonUniversity of Birmingham, UK
Chaochao ChenKochi Universityof Technology, Japan
Lance ChongUniversityof Illinois, USA
Simon ChoppinUniversityof Sheffield, UK
Jeffrey 1. ChuSimbex, USA
Steffen ClementAUm Sport, Germany
Etienne CombazEcole Polytechnique Federalede Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Mario CominUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
Alex CorkLoughborough University, UK
James CornishUniversity of Birmingham, UK
Robert CotteyHEAD Sport AG, Austria
Aimee C. CubittUniversity of Bath, UK
KieranF. CulliganMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA
David CurtisSheffield Hallam University, UK
Dave CusterMassachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA
Tim DeansBristolUniversity, UK
Jeroen DethmersUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands
Neil DixonLoughborough University, UK
Sharon1. DixonUniversity of Exeter, UK
Contributors xix
xx Contributors
Jamie DouglasInternational Tennis Federation, UK
Patrick 1. DraneUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
Melanie DummTechnische Universitat Munchen,Germany
Juan Vicente DuraUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain
Colin EamesUnited States Air Force Academy, USA
Markus EckeltUniversityof Applied SciencesTechnikum Wien, Austria
Jiirgen Edelmann-NusserOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
Frank EinwagKlinik fur Orthopadische Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie Bamberg, Germany
Carl F. EttlingerVermontSafety Research, USA
Paul EwartUniversity ofWaikato, New Zealand
Emanuela FaggianoUniversity of Padova, Italy
Mathieu FauveSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and AvalancheResearch Davos, Switzerland
Owen R. FauvelUniversity of Calgary, Canada
Peter FederolfUniversityof Salzburg, Austria
Monika FikusUniversityof Bremen, Germany
Christian FischerEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland
Peter R. FischerUniversity of Augsburg,Germany
Keith FitzpatrickUniversityof Limerick, UK
Paul FlemingLoughborough University, UK
lngmar FliegeTechnical University Kaiserslautem
Matthieu FoissacDecathlon, France
Kathryn FranklinUniversity of Glamorgan, UK
Philippe FreychatDecathlon, France
Piergiuseppe FumeiUniversity of Padova, Italy
Franz Konstantin FussNanyangTechnological University, Singapore
Javier GamezUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia,Spain
Contributors xxi
xxii Contributors
Nico GanterOtto von GuerickeUniversityMagdeburg, Germany
Paul GebhardTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Alexander GeraldyTechnical UniversityKaiserslautem
Anton GerritsTNO, Netherlands
Alexandros GiannakisCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland
Maria GiannousiDemocritus University of Thrace, Greece
Paul J. GibbsLoughborough University, UK
Christophe GilletUniversite de Valenciennes, France
Juan Carlos GonzalesUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
Simon GoodwillUniversity of Sheffield,UK
Philippe GorceToulon University, France
Rae. GordonUniversity of Glamorgan, UK
Reinhard GotzheinTechnical University Kaiserslautem
Richard M. GreenwaldSimbex, USA
Thomas GrundTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Guglielmo GuerriniItalian Kayak Federation, Italy
Jose Maria GutierrezUniversitatPolitecnicade Valencia,Spain
Stephen J. HaakeSheffield Hallam University, UK
Christian HainzlmaierTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Nick HamiltonSheffield Hallam University, UK
Dong Chul HanSeoul National University, Korea
R. Keith HannaFluent Europe Ltd., UK
Andy R. HarlandLoughborough University, UK
John HartSheffield Hallam University, UK
Thomas HartelChemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Ulrich HartmannTechnische UniversitatMiinchen, Germany
Andreas HasenknopjMLD, Germany
Dieter HeinrichUniversity Innsbruck, Austria
Contributors xxiii
xxiv Contributors
Ben HellerSheffieldHallam University, UK
Mario HellerUniversityof Vienna, Austria
Christian HennekeSportKreativWerkstattGmbH, Germany
Martin HerbertBristol University, UK
Falk HildebrandInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany
Norbert HimmelInstitut fur Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH,Germany
Frederique HintzyLaboratoirede Modelisation des Activites Sportives, France
Nobuyuki HiraiUniversityof Tsukuba,Japan
Yuusuke HiramatsuMeijo University, Japan
Philip Hodgk insLoughborough University, UK
Martin HofmannOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
Frank HoislTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Christopher E. HolmesLoughborough University, UK
Yoshihisa HondaKinki University, Japan
Joe HopkinsWestern Michigan University, USA
Neil HopkinsonLoughborough University, UK
Nicolas HorvaisLaboratoire de Modelisation des Activites Sportives, France
Yohei HoshinoHokkaido University, Japan
Kenji HosokawaChubu University, Japan
Mont HubbardUniversity of California, Davis, USA
Andrew HytjanUniversity of Colorado at Boulder , USA
Yesim IgciPrinceton University, USA
Hiroshi /idaPolytechnic University Kagawa , Japan
Yoshio InoueKochi University of Technology, Japan
Carl Johan IranderSandvik Material Technology, Sweden
Jon Iriberri BerrostegietaPerformance Enhancement Centre, Basque Government, Spain
Gareth IrwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK
Aaron IsonCascade Engineering, USA
Contributors xxv
xxvi Contributors
Andrea IsottiUniversity of Padova, Italy
Koji ItoJapan Instituteof Sport Sciences,Japan
Takuzo IwatsuboKansai University, Japan
Thomas JaitnerTechnical University Kaiserslautem
Daniel A. JamesGriffith University, Australia
David M JamesUniversityof Sheffield, UK
la in JamesCranfield University, UK
Mike J. JenkinsUniversityof Birmingham, UK
Marke Jenn ings-TempleCranfield University, UK
Alexander W. JessimanSimbex, USA
Tomohiko JinToyota Motor Corporation, Japan
Robert 1. JohnsonUniversity of Vermont, USA
Clifton R. JohnstonUniversity of Calgary, Canada
Roy JonesLoughborough University, UK
AndreJordanOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
LauraJus/hamLoughborough University, UK
Hank KaczmarskiUniversity of Illinois, USA
HiroyukiKagawaKanazawa University, Japan
Michael KaiserInstitut fitr Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, Germany
Nico KampermanTNO, Netherlands
Peter KapsUniversity Innsbruck, Austria
Shozo KawamuraToyohashi University of Technology, Japan
Ian C. KennyUniversity of Ulster, UK
David G. KerwinUniversity of Wales Cardiff, UK
Andreas KiefmannTechnische Universitat Miinchen, Germany
Cheal KimKyungpook National University, Korea
Moo Sun KimSeoul National University, Korea
Sun Jin KimSeoul National University, Korea
Contributors xxvii
xxviii Contributors
Wendy KimmelUniversity of California, Davis, USA
Efthimis KioumourtzoglouDemocritus University ofThrace, Greece
Bob KirkUniversity of Sheffield, UK
Sebastian Klee
Isabella KlopferTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany
Karin KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany
Klaus KnollInstitute for Applied Training Science (IAT) Leipzig, Germany
Ted KnoxWright Patterson Air Force Base, USA
Cheolwoong KoUniversity of Iowa, USA
Osamu KobayashiTokai University, Japan
Yukinori KobayashiHokkaido University, Japan
Jan KochTechnical University Kaiserslautern
Hannes KoglerFischer GmbH, Austria
Sekiya KoikeUniversity of Tsukuba, Japan
Contributors xxix
Philipp KornfeindUniversity of Vienna, Austria
Giorgos KotrotsiosCSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Switzerland
Johan KotzeHEAD Sport AG, Austria
Christian KramerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany
Maximilian KrinningerTechnische Universitat Munchen, Germany
Michael KrohnHochschule fur Gestaltung und KunstZUrich, Switzerland
AndreasKrugerOtto von GuerickeUniversity Magdeburg, Germany
Thomas KuhnTechnical University Kaiserslautem
HerfriedLammerHEAD Sport AG, Austria
Nicholas LaveryUniversity of Wales Swansea,UK
Paul LeaneyLoughborough University, UK
Manryung LeeKyunginWomen's College, Korea
Woo Il LeeSeoul National University, Korea
PeterLeeds-HarrisonCranfield University, UK
xxx Contributors
Sebastien LeteneurUniversite de Valenciennes, France
Chris Lewis-JonesDelcam pic, UK
Udo LindemannTechnische UniversitatMunchen,Germany
Daniel LowUniversityof Exeter,UK
Peter LugnerVienna University of Technology, Austria
Richard LukesUniversity of Sheffield, UK
Anton LiithiSwiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research Davos, Switzerland
Reiner LiitzelerRWTH Aachen University, Germany
Jani Macari Pal/isCislunar Aerospace Inc., USA
Lionel ManinINSA Lyon, France
Graeme MansonUniversityof Sheffield, UK
Jan-Anders E. MansonEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Giuseppe MarcolinUniversityof Padova, Italy
Brett A. MarmoUniversityof Edinburgh, UK
Antonio MartinezUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain
NatividadMartinezUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
Tom MaseMichigan State University, USA
Steve MatherUniversity of Nottingham, UK
Sean MawUniversity of Calgary,Canada
Alex J. McCloyUniversity of Ulster,UK
Mark McHutchonUniversity of Sheffield,UK
Andrew McLeodCranfieldUniversity, UK
Hossain Md.ZahidToyohashi University of Technology, Japan
Kenneth MeijerUniversiteit Maastricht, Netherlands
Daniel MemmertUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany
Roberto MeneghelloUniversity of Padova, Italy
Imke K. MeyerUniversity of Bremen, Germany
Michael MichailovNationalSports Academy, Bulgaria
Contributors xxxi
xxxii Contributors
Veronique MichaudEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL), Switzerland
Thomas MilaniChemnitz Universityof Technology, Germany
Paul MillerUniversityof Coloradoat Boulder, USA
Stuart MillerInternational Tennis Federation, UK
Guillaume MilletUniversite Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, France
Hirofumi MinamotoToyohashi Universityof Technology,Japan
Sean R. MitchellLoughborough University,UK
Chikara MiyajiJapan Institute of Sport Sciences, Japan
Yusuke MiyazakiTokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Taketo MizotaFukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan
Stuart MonkUniversityof Birmingham, UK
Ana MontanerUniversitat Politecnicade Valencia, Spain
John MorganBristol University, UK
Eckehard Fozzy MoritzSportKreativWerkstatt GmbH, Germany