the enjoyment of music 10 th shorter edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10th Shorter Edition


PART TWO

Medieval and Renaissance Music


Unit III The Middle Ages

“Nothing exists without music, for the universe itself is said to have been framed by a kind of harmony of sounds, and the heaven itself revolves under the tone of that harmony.”

—Isidore of Seville


11. The Culture of the Middle Ages

• Spans nearly 1,000 years

• Early Christian church and state

• Most patronage (sponsorship) from the church

• Most surviving music is sacred

• Later Middle Ages: cities, cathedrals, art, and literature

476 1450


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12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages

• Early Church Music• Liturgy• Gregorian chant (plainchant, plainsong)

MonophonicNonmetricLatin text

Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”


Classes of Chant • Syllabic• Neumatic• Melismatic

Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino”Syllabic:

Melismatic:

Melismatic: many notes per syllable

Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”


12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages

• Chant3,000-plus surviving melodiesOral transmissionEarly notation = neumesScale patterns = modes


Ionian (major)

Dorian

Phrygian

Mixolydian

Lydian

Aolean (minor)

Modal (old system) vs. Tonal (major/minor system used later)

Locrian

Early Church Modes


Offices and the Mass

• Two types of prayer in the daily Offices and Mass

Proper

Ordinary

• Form of music

Responsorial

Antiphonal


• Introit Proper

• Kyrie Ordinary• Gloria Ordinary

• Gradual Proper• Alleluia Proper

• Credo Ordinary

• Offertory Proper

• Sanctus Ordinary• Agnus Dei Ordinary

• Communion Proper

Text changes with the season (Easter, Christmas, etc.)

Text stays the same in every mass

The MassProper

Ordinary


The Mass

• Form of music

Responsorial

Antiphonal Gregorian chant: Whitsunday…

Gabrieli: “Hodie Christus…”(late Renaissance)


Life in the Medieval Cloister

• Cloister

Monastery

Convent


The Music of Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)

• 1150 founded convent in Germany

• Known for miracles and prophecies

• Three collections of visions and prophecies in manuscript

• Composed religious poetry with music

Morality play

The Play of the Virtues (Ordo virtutum)


Characteristics of Hildegard’s poetry • Brilliant imagery

• Visionary language


Hildegard: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix (Listening Guide)

A

B

A

Listening Guide PDF


The Rise of Polyphony: The Notre Dame School

• Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

• Romanesque period (c. 850–1150)

• Notated rhythm and pitch


Notre Dame School Organum: Gaude Maria virgo (Listening Guide)

Same text in all 3 linesMelismatic

Original chant melody slowed down Listening Guide PDF


The Early Medieval Motet • New text for second melody in organum

• New genre: motet

• polytextual


13. Secular Music in the Middle Ages • Medieval Minstrels• Secular music in courts • Aristocratic artists

France: troubadours (south) and trouvères (north)Germany: Minnesingers

• Secular music in cities• Wandering minstrels

Men: Goliards, jongleursWomen: trobairitz, jongleuresses

• Idealized love and chivalry• Secular songs sung monophonically,

with improvised accompaniment


Raimbaut de Vaqueiras and the Trouvère Tradition

• Southern French secular composer (c.1155-1207)

– Musician at the court of the marquis of Montferrat (northwest Italy)

• Knighted for bravery in battle• Joined in the Fourth Crusade to the Holy

Land• Probably died in battle alongside his patron


Raimbaut de Vaqueiras: Kalenda maya (Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF

• Late-13th-century estampie (troubadour dance song)

• Set to a strophic poem

• Instrumental portion performed on rebec, pipe, guitar, nakers, hand drum

• Middle Eastern influence evident in the work – Improvisation

– instruments


Guillaume de Machaut and the French Ars Nova

Ars nova Machaut: “Nesque on porroit …”

Ars antiqua Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass…


Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377)

• French composer

• Premier composer of Ars nova

Cleric and courtier

Motets, chansons, polyphonic Mass Ordinary

Poet

Fixed text forms: rondeau, ballade, virelai


Machaut: Puis qu’en oubli (Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF


Early Instrumental Music

• Central role in art music reserved for vocal music

• Instrumental music mostly improvised

• Soft (bas) or loud (haut) instruments

• Categorized by their use (indoor or outdoor)

Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Volte” (bas)

Praetorius: Terpsichore, “Courante” (haut)



Mandolin

Lute

Vielle



Dulcimer

Psaltery


Medieval Organs

• Large instruments

• Small instruments (portative, positive)

• Use of authentic instruments in recordings

Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring

the enjoyment of music 10 th shorter edition

Documents

music of hildegard

sacred music

minnesingerssecular

comenjoythe enjoyment

music morality playthe

middle ages spans

sacredlater middle ages

middle ages chant3