The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and RevolutionRevolution

Chapter SixChapter Six

An Overview of the 18th Century

► Political History Political History >>> >>> Reform

► Intellectual History Intellectual History Newtonian Physics Reason

► Cultural History Cultural History Individualism

► Social History Social History Increased Literacy Age of Aristocracy

► Economic History Economic History > > Mercantilism to Capitalism

The Origins of Enlightenment?► SCIENTIFICSCIENTIFIC::

Newton’s system was Newton’s system was synonymoussynonymouswith the empirical and the with the empirical and the practical.practical.

Scientific laws could be Scientific laws could be expressed as universal expressed as universal mathematical formulas.mathematical formulas.

Science allowed alternatives Science allowed alternatives to beto beimagined in everything from imagined in everything from politicspoliticsto religion.to religion.

I. The Scientific RevolutionI. The Scientific Revolution

Roots of Modern ScienceRoots of Modern Science Most knowledge during the Middle Ages came Most knowledge during the Middle Ages came

from the Bible, Greeks, and Romansfrom the Bible, Greeks, and Romans Supported the geocentric theorySupported the geocentric theory

New Way of ThinkingNew Way of Thinking Renaissance challenges long held beliefsRenaissance challenges long held beliefs New ways of viewing the worldNew ways of viewing the world

Based on observation and inquiryBased on observation and inquiry Exploration opens up thinkingExploration opens up thinking

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

Zoology & Biology

A dissection at the Royal A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections

► Cocoa plant Cocoa plant drawing.drawing.

► Sir Hans Sir Hans SloaneSloane(1660-1753).(1660-1753).

► Collected Collected from Jamaica.from Jamaica.

Natural History Collections

James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)(London apothecary)

Private Collections

The Origins of Modern The Origins of Modern Museums.Museums.

Centers of the Enlightenment

The Heliocentric TheoryThe Heliocentric Theory

Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory – Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory – planets revolve around the sunplanets revolve around the sun His theory is proven correct by Johannes KeplerHis theory is proven correct by Johannes Kepler

Galileo makes advances in astronomyGalileo makes advances in astronomy Supports the heliocentric theory with his telescopic Supports the heliocentric theory with his telescopic

observationsobservations

Catholic Church attacks heliocentric theoryCatholic Church attacks heliocentric theory Fears it will weaken people’s faithFears it will weaken people’s faith Pope forces Galileo to declare his work wrongPope forces Galileo to declare his work wrong

Copernicus and his Theory

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler

The work of Kepler The work of Kepler proved beyond doubt that proved beyond doubt that Copernicus’s theories Copernicus’s theories were mathematically were mathematically correctcorrect

Galileo

If you are sneezing a lot, are achy, and have a If you are sneezing a lot, are achy, and have a developing cough; what might be wrong with developing cough; what might be wrong with you?you?

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Series of steps for forming and testing Series of steps for forming and testing scientific theoriesscientific theories

Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create the Scientific Methodthe Scientific Method

““I think, therefore I am”I think, therefore I am” Rene Descartes said these Rene Descartes said these

words to summarize the words to summarize the concept that everything should concept that everything should be doubted until proved to be be doubted until proved to be true.true.

This logic is the basis of the This logic is the basis of the experimental method, which experimental method, which urges that conclusions be urges that conclusions be drawn from experiments and drawn from experiments and data.data.

This was the only way to fully This was the only way to fully understand the human body understand the human body as well as the natural world. as well as the natural world.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

Enlightenment thinkers praised both Isaac Newton’s Enlightenment thinkers praised both Isaac Newton’s discovery of the mechanical laws that govern the discovery of the mechanical laws that govern the universe and the scientific method that made such universe and the scientific method that made such a discovery possible.a discovery possible.

Mathematical and Natural Laws Govern all Mathematical and Natural Laws Govern all

Physical Objects. Physical Objects.

Scientific DiscoveriesScientific Discoveries

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Theory of motionTheory of motion Law of gravityLaw of gravity

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius Improves knowledge on anatomyImproves knowledge on anatomy

Edward JennerEdward Jenner Produces the world’s first vaccine – smallpoxProduces the world’s first vaccine – smallpox

Robert Boyle Robert Boyle Interaction between volume, temperature, and gas Interaction between volume, temperature, and gas

pressure (Boyle’s Law)pressure (Boyle’s Law)

Vesalius’s Anatomical Drawings

Edward Jenner

Robert Boyle

II. The Enlightenment in EuropeII. The Enlightenment in Europe

Views on GovernmentViews on Government Old way of thinking – absolute monarchyOld way of thinking – absolute monarchy New way of thinking – democratic ideasNew way of thinking – democratic ideas

Europeans seek insight into societyEuropeans seek insight into society People reassess many prevailing ideasPeople reassess many prevailing ideas

Hobbes and LockeHobbes and Locke

Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan)Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) Distrusts people, favored a strong gov’tDistrusts people, favored a strong gov’t ““Social Contract” – order by giving power to a Social Contract” – order by giving power to a

monarchmonarch

John Locke (Two Treatises on Government)John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) Government gets power from the peopleGovernment gets power from the people People have the right to overthrow an unjust People have the right to overthrow an unjust

governmentgovernment Government must protect people’s “natural rights”Government must protect people’s “natural rights”

HobbesHobbes

In his masterpiece of In his masterpiece of political theory, political theory, Leviathan (1651), Leviathan (1651), Hobbes stated that Hobbes stated that people were by nature people were by nature selfish and ambitious. selfish and ambitious.

He thought the type of He thought the type of government needed to government needed to control selfish control selfish ambitions was ambitions was absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy

NATURE hath made men so NATURE hath made men so equal in the faculties of body and equal in the faculties of body and mind as that, though there be mind as that, though there be found one man sometimes found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another, yet quicker mind than another, yet when all is reckoned together the when all is reckoned together the difference between man and man difference between man and man is not so considerable as that one is not so considerable as that one man can thereupon claim to man can thereupon claim to himself any benefit to which himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well another may not pretend as well as he. For as to the strength of as he. For as to the strength of body, the weakest has strength body, the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination or by by secret machination or by confederacy with others that are in confederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself. the same danger with himself.

CHAPTER XIII:  OF THE NATURAL CONDITION OF MANKIND AS CONCERNING THEIR FELICITY AND MISERY

Thomas Hobbes QuotesThomas Hobbes Quotes A man cannot lay down the right of resisting them that assault him by force, to take away his life. A man cannot lay down the right of resisting them that assault him by force, to take away his life.

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

A man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and as the judgment, so also the A man's conscience and his judgment is the same thing; and as the judgment, so also the conscience, may be erroneous. conscience, may be erroneous. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

A wise man should so write (though in words understood by all men) that wise men only should A wise man should so write (though in words understood by all men) that wise men only should be able to commend him. be able to commend him. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

All generous minds have a horror of what are commonly called "Facts". They are the brute beasts All generous minds have a horror of what are commonly called "Facts". They are the brute beasts of the intellectual domain. of the intellectual domain. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

Curiosity is the lust of the mind. Curiosity is the lust of the mind. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. conditions called war; and such a war, as if of every man, against every man. Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes

Fear of things invisible in the natural seed of that which everyone in himself calleth religion. Fear of things invisible in the natural seed of that which everyone in himself calleth religion. Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

HobbesHobbes

In a kind of social contract, or agreement among members of In a kind of social contract, or agreement among members of society, people submitted to an authoritarian ruler to society, people submitted to an authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder. Although Hobbes was a monarchist, his prevent disorder. Although Hobbes was a monarchist, his idea of a social contract was important for the idea of a social contract was important for the development of democracy.development of democracy.

In short, people are naturally greedy and In short, people are naturally greedy and selfish and should be treated as such. selfish and should be treated as such.

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

John LockeJohn Locke Locke held a more positive view of human nature. Locke held a more positive view of human nature. His book His book Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government was published in was published in

1690, the year after the Glorious Revolution. 1690, the year after the Glorious Revolution. Locke argued that the English people had been justified in Locke argued that the English people had been justified in

overthrowing James II. The government had failed under overthrowing James II. The government had failed under James to perform its most fundamental duty—protecting James to perform its most fundamental duty—protecting the rights of the people. the rights of the people.

Locke said that all human beings had, by nature, the right to Locke said that all human beings had, by nature, the right to life, liberty, and property and in order to protect these life, liberty, and property and in order to protect these natural rights, they formed governments. natural rights, they formed governments.

The people had an absolute right, he said, to rebel against a The people had an absolute right, he said, to rebel against a government that violated or failed to protect their rightsgovernment that violated or failed to protect their rights..

Quotes: What John Locke thought about ...Quotes: What John Locke thought about ...

... Bad Government... Bad Government

LockeLocke

Locke believed that a government’s power comes from Locke believed that a government’s power comes from the people, not from God. This provided a strong the people, not from God. This provided a strong argument against the divine right of kings. argument against the divine right of kings.

Locke’s ideas about self-government inspired people Locke’s ideas about self-government inspired people and became cornerstones of modern democratic and became cornerstones of modern democratic thought.thought.

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes French social critics in the mid 1700sFrench social critics in the mid 1700s They valued reason, nature, progress, & They valued reason, nature, progress, &

libertyliberty Wrote essays and novels on politics and Wrote essays and novels on politics and

societysociety

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) Imprisoned twice for his viewsImprisoned twice for his views Champion of freedom of speech and religious Champion of freedom of speech and religious

tolerationtoleration

MontesquieuMontesquieu Favored the separation of powers in gov’tFavored the separation of powers in gov’t

RousseauRousseau Favored individual freedom and direct democracyFavored individual freedom and direct democracy Free people form governments (social contract) that Free people form governments (social contract) that

serve themserve them

MontesquieuRousseau

Voltaire

Voltaire and RousseauVoltaire and RousseauOther thinkers of the Other thinkers of the

Enlightenment admired the Enlightenment admired the democratic nature of English democratic nature of English institutions. institutions.

They themselves, however, lived They themselves, however, lived under absolute monarchs. under absolute monarchs. Voltaire was a brilliant 18th-Voltaire was a brilliant 18th-century French historian. He century French historian. He argued in favor of tolerance, argued in favor of tolerance, freedom of religion, and free freedom of religion, and free speechspeech. .

Voltaire

RousseauRousseauThe French government and Christianity were often targets of his The French government and Christianity were often targets of his

criticism.criticism.Perhaps the most freethinking of all Enlightenment philosophers was Perhaps the most freethinking of all Enlightenment philosophers was

Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His most famous work was His most famous work was The Social Contract The Social Contract (1762). In it, Rousseau (1762). In it, Rousseau

advocated democracy. Unlike Hobbes, he called the social contract an advocated democracy. Unlike Hobbes, he called the social contract an agreement among free individuals to create a government that would agreement among free individuals to create a government that would respond to the people’s will.respond to the people’s will.

Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.

The person who has lived the most is not the one with the most years but the one The person who has lived the most is not the one with the most years but the one with the richest experiences.with the richest experiences.

It is too difficult to think nobly when one thinks only of earning a living.It is too difficult to think nobly when one thinks only of earning a living.

The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master, unless he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.

MontesquieuMontesquieu

Baron de Montesquieu, another French philosopher also Baron de Montesquieu, another French philosopher also recognized liberty as a natural right. In recognized liberty as a natural right. In The Spirit of the The Spirit of the Laws Laws (1748), Montesquieu pointed out that any person or (1748), Montesquieu pointed out that any person or group in power will try to increase its power.group in power will try to increase its power.

Legacy of the EnlightenmentLegacy of the Enlightenment

Philosophes are not activists, but inspire Philosophes are not activists, but inspire othersothers

Scientific breakthroughs show the capacity Scientific breakthroughs show the capacity to improve societyto improve society

New knowledge leads people to question New knowledge leads people to question their governments and religiontheir governments and religion

People emphasize individual rights and People emphasize individual rights and abilitiesabilities

III. The Enlightenment SpreadsIII. The Enlightenment Spreads

Paris was the center of the EnlightementParis was the center of the Enlightement Many salons – gatherings where thinkers Many salons – gatherings where thinkers

discuss ideas and philosophydiscuss ideas and philosophy

Denis Diderot – EncyclopediaDenis Diderot – Encyclopedia Set of books on Enlightenment ideasSet of books on Enlightenment ideas Angers the French gov’t and ChurchAngers the French gov’t and Church Spreads Enlightenment ideas throughout Spreads Enlightenment ideas throughout

EuropeEurope

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin and her Salon

Denis Diderot

New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles

MusicMusic More elegant and lighterMore elegant and lighter Mozart and BeethovenMozart and Beethoven

LiteratureLiterature Novels and works of fiction Novels and works of fiction Richardson’s “Pamela” the first true English Richardson’s “Pamela” the first true English

novelnovel

Beethoven

Mozart

Enlightenment LiteratureEnlightenment Literature Books were very expensiveBooks were very expensive

About one day’s payAbout one day’s pay

Many people would share literatureMany people would share literature Novels, plays, journals, newspapers, and Novels, plays, journals, newspapers, and

pamphletspamphlets

Important Literature WorksImportant Literature Works

Enlightenment and MonarchyEnlightenment and Monarchy

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas Monarchs who embrace Enlightenment ideas

and values to strengthen their ruleand values to strengthen their rule Frederick the Great of PrussiaFrederick the Great of Prussia

Reforms education and justice systemReforms education and justice system Grants religious freedom, abolishes tortureGrants religious freedom, abolishes torture Fails to end serfdomFails to end serfdom

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria Freedom of worship and the pressFreedom of worship and the press Abolishes serfdom (reinstated after his death)Abolishes serfdom (reinstated after his death)

Frederick the GreatJoseph II

Enlightenment and MonarchyEnlightenment and Monarchy(cont)(cont)

Catherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia Expands Russian Empire (seizes Poland)Expands Russian Empire (seizes Poland) Gains port access thru Black SeaGains port access thru Black Sea Attempts to abolish capital punishment and Attempts to abolish capital punishment and

torture – fails to do sotorture – fails to do so Gives nobles more power over serfsGives nobles more power over serfs

Catherine the Great

The Partition of Poland

Russian Expansion under Catherine