the environmental impact assessment of ladscape projects review

8/8/2019 The Environmental Impact Assessment of Ladscape Projects REVIEW

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-environmental-impact-assessment-of-ladscape-projects-review 1/11



iii

Table of Content

pageDedicate................................................................................................. iAcknowledgment................................................................................... iiTable of Contents................................................................................... iiiList of figures......................................................................................... viiAbbreviations......................................................................................... xiiIntroduction of the study....................................................................... xiiiObjective of the study............................................................................ xiiiMethodology.......................................................................................... xivResearch Structure.................................................................................. xviiAbstract.................................................................................................. xix

PartI SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE

Chapter 1 THE ENVIRONMENT 1

Introduction..................................................................................................... 21-1 Meaning of environment......................................................................... 2

1-1-1 The natural environment........................................................ 31-1-2 Biological Environment......................................................... 31-1-3 Built Environment.................................................................. 3

1-2 Environment and Ecosystem.................................................................. 51-3 Characteristics of The Environmental system........................................ 71-4 The Role of Man in the Environment..................................................... 8

1-4-1 The direction to Industrialization........................................... 101-4-2 The Direction to Development and Urbanization.................. 111-4-3 Environment and Development............................................. 14

1-5 Global Warming...................................................................................... 17Conclusion...................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 2 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Introduction..................................................................................................... 232-1 General Concept for the Landscape Science.......................................... 232-2 Ecological Science and its Relation to Landscape................................. 262-3 How human deals with the Environment............................................... 26

2-3-1 Levels of Landscape.............................................................. 262-3-2 Position of Landscape in the urban Development issue......... 27

2-3-3 Relationship between man and the environment.................... 272-3-4 Methods of Dealing with the environment............................. 28



v

Chapter 4 EIA METHODOLOGIES 133

Introduction...................................................................................................... 1344-1 Objective Criteria for selecting EIA Method.......................................... 1344-2 Methods of Evaluation............................................................................ 136

4-2-1 Ad Hoc Method...................................................................... 1374-2-2 Checklists................................................................................ 1384-2-3 Matrices................................................................................. 1394-2-4 Leopold Matrix....................................................................... 1404-2-5 Graphical Method................................................................... 1424-2-6 Numerical Methods................................................................ 143

4-3 Procedures of EIA in the World............................................................. 1444-3-1 USA........................................................................................ 1464-3-2 UK.......................................................................................... 1484-3-3 EU........................................................................................... 1494-3-4 Netherland............................................................................... 1514-3-5 Canada..................................................................................... 1534-3-6 Australia.................................................................................. 1554-3-7 Japan......................................................................................... 1564-3-8 China........................................................................................ 1574-3-9 New Zealand............................................................................ 158

4-3-10 South Africa............................................................................. 160

4-3-11 Kenya....................................................................................... 162

4-3-12 Tanzania.................................................................................... 1644-3-13 Mozambique............................................................................. 166

4-4 Comparative Analysis of Different Procedures........................................ 169

4-5 General Components of the EIA Report................................................... 1724-6 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure in Egypt........................... 179

4-6-1 EIA Legislation......................................................................... 179

4-6-2 EIA Administration.................................................................. 1804-6-3 EIA Practice.............................................................................. 181

4-6-4 EIA Process............................................................................. 183

4-7 Methodology of EIA Report and the Environmental Studies in Egypt.... 1874-7-1 Requirements of an Effective EIA Process.............................. 1884-7-2 Components of EIA Report...................................................... 190

Conclusion......................................................................................................... 194



vi

PartIII EIA FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 196

Chapter 5 LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT 196

Introduction....................................................................................................... 1975-1 Importance of Landscape Assessment...................................................... 1975-2 Landscape Assessment and Design........................................................... 199

5-2-1 Definition of EID...................................................................... 1995-2-2 The EID Process....................................................................... 201

5-3 Baseline Studies........................................................................................ 2025-4 Impact Prediction...................................................................................... 2055-5 Methods of Landscape Assessment.......................................................... 207

5-5-1 Descriptive Inventory Methods................................................ 2085-5-2 Public Preference Methods....................................................... 2105-5-3 Quantitative Holistic Techniques............................................. 2135-5-4 Landscape Character Assessment............................................ 216

5-6 The Proposed Model of EIA for Landscape Projects............................... 221Conclusion........................................................................................................ 224

Chapter 6 ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CASE STUDIES 225

Introduction....................................................................................................... 2256-1 Methodology of analytical study.............................................................. 226

6-1-1 Objective of the Analytical Study............................................... 2266-1-2 Proposed Method for Parks assessment....................................... 2266-1-3 Procedures for Conducting Analytical Study............................... 2276-1-4 Criteria for Selecting Case studies............................................... 2276-1-5 Requirements for Park Assessment.............................................. 229

6-2 CASE STUDY I: Al Azhar Park, in Egypt............................................. 2306-3 CASE STUDY II: Salam Park, in Saudi Arabia..................................... 275

Chapter 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

General results of the Research.......................................................................... 298Results of theoretical study................................................................................ 298Results of Applied study........................................................................ 306Recommendations.............................................................................................. 309

References............................................................................................................. 310



viii

FIGURE SUBJECT PAGE

(36) Catherine de Médicis from the château de Chenonceau.............................. 65

(37) Medici Fountain, Paris................................................................................. 65(38) Château and gardens of Blois, about 1570.................................................. 65(39) Fountain of Diana, in the gardens of Fontainebleue.................................... 65(40) Garden of the Château d'Ambleville............................................................ 65(41) Layout of the Central Park, New York 1858.............................................. 71

(42) General view of Central Park New York, 1857 by Fredrick Law Olmsted,and Calvert Vaux......................................................................................... 72

(43) Grant Park Atlanta, by Fredrick Law Olmsted, 1858................................. 72(44) Brooklyn Park, New York, by Fredrick Law Olmsted, and Calvert Vaux.. 72(45) Lincoln Park, Chicago, 1943, the site was a general City Cemetery........... 72(46) The site of Al-Andalus Park, Egypt............................................................ 73

(47) The three main sectors in the Andalus Park ………………………………. 74(48) The central fountain in the Al- Andalus Park, the Indalusian sector........... 74(49) The central pavilion which contains the statue of Ahmed Shawki.............. 74(50) Some views in Al-Andalus Park ………………………………………….. 75(51) The general layout of the Akigase Park, Japan............................................ 76(52) Air view of the site location of the Akigase Park, Japan............................. 76(53) Different places in the Akigase Park ……………………………………… 77

(54) Different places in the Akigase Park, open spaces, the tennis zone, thebaseball area, the soccer area, rugby areas and the wide open spaces ……. 77

(55) The site of the Millennium Park, before establishing the park …………… 78(56) The general layout of the Millennium Park ………………………………. 78(57) The general layout of the Millennium Park ………………………………. 79(58) Details of the Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion in the Millennium Park ………. 79(29) Social activities in the Millennium Park ………………………………….. 79(60) A Panorama view of the Millennium Park ……………………………….. 80(61) The Cloud Gate Sculpture by the British artist. Anish Kapoor, near the

entry of the park………………………………………………………….. 80

Figures of chapter 3 (62) The relationship between sustainable development and social economic

and environment ………………………………………………………….. 100(63) An EC framework for sustainable development......................................... 101(64) Different impacts on the NEPA process ………………………………….. 108(65) A general model for the EIA procedure …………………………………... 111(66) EIA systems worldwide (so far) ………………………………………….. 117(67) Classification of projects …………………………………………………. 123(68) The world Bank Classification of projects................................................... 125(69) SEA in relation to other decision-making processes...................................

128



ix

FIGURE SUBJECT PAGE

Figures of chapter 4(70) The EIA process in general ………………………………………………. 145(71) The EIA process in USA ………………………………………………… 147

(72) The EIA process in UK ………………………………………………….. 148(73) The EIA process in European Union …………………………………….. 150(74) The EIA process in Netherland ………………………………………….. 152(75) The EIA process in Canada ……………………………………………… 154(76) The EIA process in Australia …………………………………………….. 155(77) The EIA process in China ………………………………………………... 157(78) The EIA process in New Zealand ……………………………………… ... 159(79) The EIA process in South Africa ………………………………………… 160(80) The EIA process for Kenya ……………………………………………… 163(81) The EIA process for Tanzania …………………………………………… 165(82) The EIA process for Mozambique ……………………………………….. 167(83) The main steps in the EIA process for Egypt ……………………………. 195

Figures of chapter 5 (84) The position of landscape in the environmental impacts ………………… 200(85) The role of GIS in the Landscape assessment process …………………... 206(86) A Model of environmental Impact Assessment for Landscape projects … 224

Figures of chapter 6Al Azhar Park

(86 ’ ) Ariel view of Al Azhar Park 230(87) Map of Al-Darb Al-Ahmar district and the location of Al Azhar Park ….. 237(88) The Attarin area, spices shops.................................................................... 238(89) Suq al-Silah Street..................................................................................... 238(90) The craftsmen in their workshops where they display their products... 238(91) The activity of Khayyamiya street............................................................. 238(92) General view of Al-Darb Al Ahmar........................................................... 238(93) General view of El Megawrein................................................................... 238(94) Historic buildings and deteriorated houses................................................. 238(95) Small Street of Al-Darb Al Ahmar............................................................. 238(96) Commercial activities of the main streets................................................... 238(97) The physical character of the site of Al Azhar Park Before construction.. 239

(98) Al Azhar Mosque........................................................................................ 240(99) Sultan Hassan and Al-Refae....................................................................... 240(100) Madrasas of the Mother of Sultan Shaaban................................................ 240(101) Khan Al-Khalili.......................................................................................... 240(102) Aerial view Al Azhar mosque in relation to the site of the park............... 240(103) Aerial view of the citadel sultan Hassan, Refaei in relation to the site...... 240(104) The proposed site of the Park, Al-Darassa municipal dump, in 1992........ 242(105) Azhar Park layout....................................................................................... 243(106) Hill Restaurant............................................................................................ 244(107) Lake Restaurant......................................................................................... 244



x

FIGURE SUBJECT PAGE(108) Aerial view over the park, at the right the Hill Restaurant and at the left

the Lake...................................................................................................... 244(109) The fence of the park from inside............................................................... 245

(110) The lake at the south of the park................................................................. 245(111) The spine of the park with the royal palm tree and the water feature........ 246(112) Central promenade, paved with tile pavement........................................... 247(113) Paving stones contrast with the planting................................................... 247(114) Construction of water channel near the Lakeside Café............................. 247(115) Children's playground, built over buried water reservoir........................... 247(116) Layout of the Park...................................................................................... 247(117) Plan, section and elevation of the Hill restaurant....................................... 248(118) Longitudinal Section of the Hill Restaurant............................................... 249(119) Perspective view for the Restaurant........................................................... 249(120) Isometric View for the Restaurant.............................................................. 250(121) Plan, section and elevation of the Lake Cafe.............................................. 250(122) General layout of Al Azhar Park................................................................ 252(123) The three reservoirs in an Ariel view......................................................... 253(124) One of the three reservoirs at the construction stage.................................. 254(125) The historic wall before repair.................................................................... 265(126) The historic wall during work.................................................................... 265(127) Relation between the park and the wall...................................................... 265(128) Social life in Al-Azhar Park....................................................................... 267

Salam Park(129) A general view of Salam Park................................................................... 275(130) A Satellite view of the site shows the location of the site in the

neighbourhood............................................................................................ 278(131) Streets around the site................................................................................. 279(132) Salam Mosque …………………………………………………………… 279(133) An Ariel view of the park........................................................................... 280(134) An old Satellite Picture for the site at 2001................................................ 280(135) General Layout of Salam Park.................................................................... 281(136) Irrigation strategy of the whole Salam Park............................................... 283(137) Schematic layout of Salam Park.............................................. 284(138) Longitudinal section at the lake and the parking....................... 285

(139) Section at the lake and the contours at the middle..................................... 285(140) Entrance views the west............................................................................. 285(141) Entrance of the fountain viewing north...................................................... 285(142) The main promenade in the park which is circular shape............... 286(143) Toilets plan & longitudinal section............................................................ 286(144) Boat ticket building plan, elevation and cross section................................ 286(145) The park at evening showing the people enjoyment …………………….. 287(146) An Ariel view of the circular promenade................................................... 287(147) Part of the promenade bridge in the lake ………………………………… 287(148) The uncompleted part of the promenade.................................................... 287(149) The lake divided b the promenade ……………………………………….. 288

(150) The activities at the lake …………………………………………………. 288(151) The activities............................................................................................... 288



xii

Abbreviations

ADAA Al Darb Al AhmarAKTC Aga Khan Trust for Culture

AMDAL Analysis Mengeai Dempark Lingkuangan

ASLA American Society of Landscape Architects

CAA Competent Administrative Authorities

CEAA Canadian Environmental Assessment Act

CSD Commission on sustainable Development

DENR Department of Environmental and Natural Resources

DoE Development of the EnvironmentEA Environmental Assessment

EC Environmental Control

EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

EFLA European Federation for Landscape Architecture

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EID Environmental Impact Design

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EMB Environmental Management BureauEMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act

EMP Environmental Management Plan

FEARO Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

GIS Geographic Information System

HCSP Historical Cities Support Programme

LA Landscape Assessment

NEMC National Environment Management CouncilNEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NEPP The National Environmental Policy Plan

OECD Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development

SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

TOR Term Of Reference

UNEP United Nation Environmental Programme

WCED World Commission on Environment and Development

ZVI Zone of visual Influence

the environmental impact assessment of ladscape projects review

Documents