The Etruscans, Archaic Italy

Vocabulary

• Etruscan• Terracotta• Tufa• Haruspex

• Acroteria• Cella/cellae• Tumulus• Trempe l’oeil

Etruscan Territories

The Etruscans, Archaic Italy

• Etruscans existed in Northern Italy (Tuscany) since as early as the 8th century BCE

• 7th-6th centuries BCE, Etruscans ruled as kings of Rome

• By the end of the 6th century BCE, the last Etruscan king was conquered by the Romans

• Highly skilled bronze artists

Porta Augusta, Perugia, Italy, 3rd-2nd century BCE

Typical Etruscan Temple Model, 6th century BCE

• Tuscan Doric, Acroteria, 3 Cellae, Tufa, Haruspex

Plan of Etruscan Temple

Roman Architectural Orders

Apollo, From the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, 510-500 BCE

• Terracotta• Acroteria

Underground Etruscan Tumulus (tumuli)

Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, 3rd Century BCE

• Trempe l’oeil

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, Cerveteri, 520 BCE

Capitoline Wolf, Rome, 500-430 BCE

Aule Metele, Cortona,

80 BCE

•Arringatore

Ancient Rome

Vocabulary

• Patricians• Plebians• Engaged columns• Verism• Atrium• Barrel Vault• Groin Vault

• Forum• Republic• Empire• Mosaic• Villa• Fresco• Linear Perspective• Atmospheric

Perspective

Ancient Rome• Rome begins as a small village on the Capitoline Hill, the

largest of seven hills in Rome in the Region of Latium.• Virgil’s Aeneid tells the mythological founding of Rome by

Aeneas, a refugee from Troy and the son of Venus. • Other mythology attributes the founding of Rome to Romulus,

son of Mars, in 753 BCE.• Rome begins as a Republic in 509 BCE after the expulsion of

the last Etruscan king, Tarquinius Superbus.• Roman Republic politics is led by a Constitutional government

consisting of 2 consuls and a senate, elected from noble families.

• The Republic lasts until the rule of Augustus in about 31 BCE when it turns into an empire, to 400 CE.

• 211 BCE Roman general Marcellus attacks Syracuse in Greece.

Rome at the Height of its Empire

Roman, Pont du Gard, France, late 1st c BCE

Temple of Portunus, Rome, Late 2nd century BCE

• Engaged Column

Roman, Head of a Patrician, 75-50 BCE

• Verism• Republican

portraiture• Patrician/plebian

Roman, Augustus of Prima Porta, 20 BCE

Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 13-9 BCE

Ara Pacis Augustae, detail, Rome, 13-9 BCE

Mt. Vesuvius

Forum of Pompeii79 CE

88 BCE Pompeii becomes a Roman city

House of the Vetii, Pompeii, 62-79 CE

Atrium

Peristyle Garden

Fresco, Herculaneum, 2nd century BCE

Roman, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 60-50 BCE

Gardenscape, Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, ca. late 1st c BCE

• Atmospheric Perspective

Roman, Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, late 1st c CE

Still Life, Herculanium, before 79 AD

Young Woman Reading, Pompeii, before 79 AD

Arch of Titus, Rome, 81 CE

Arch of Titus, Detail

Colosseum, Rome, 70-80 CE

Column of Trajan, Rome, 113-116 CE

Middle Aged Flavian Woman, Rome, late 1st century CE

Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE

• Pantheon-temple of all gods

• Coffered ceiling• Oculus• Rotunda

Baths of Caracalla, Rome,

211-217 CE

Groin Vault

Mosaic

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, Roman, 176 CE

Four Tetrarchs, Late Roman, ca. 300 CE

• Tetrarchy: 2 Augustii (Sr.Emperor) and 2 Caesars (Jr. Emperor)=four emperors.

• One of each in the Western capital: Rome and in the Eastern capital: Byzantium

• Porphyry

Constantine the Great, 325-326, Rome

• First Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire, Jr. Emperor in the West

• Defeats Maxentius in 313 at Battle of the Milvian Bridge to be sole ruler in the West

• Defeats Licinius in 324 to become sole ruler of the Empire

• Moves capital to Byzantium-Constantinople

Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE

Roundels date 130-138 CE

Late Roman, Audience Hall, Trier, Germany, 4th cent.

•Nave•Apse

Late Roman, Priestess of Bacchus, from the Diptych of the Symmachi, ca. 390-401

• 391 Pagan worship banned by Theodosius I