the euboian league and its coinage / by w.p. wallace
TRANSCRIPT
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AC
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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E S R V E D B Y
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R MAN
N G U C S TA D T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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T S AN D M O NO G R A H S
eatiseson sub ectsrelating
y medalsanddecorations.
N CO M M T T E
S O N C ha ir ma n
E L L I NG R
N B R E TT
O TT
.MO MMS N
S S R d it or
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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. . . - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- v ii
Y O F T H E E A G U E . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .
T ON O F TH E E AGU E .... .... .... .... ... .
C NTU R Y .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..
NTU R Y .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 27
E TWE E N H I L I P AND R OM .... .... .... ..36
AM A G N O F 3 4 9 / . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 42
D S A ND T H E C H R O N O L O G . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 46
V E R S SU E S . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 6
AR K S O N W E I G H TS AN D D I E S . .. .. .. .. .. .. I 4
G R I E S . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . I 6
T H E S L V E R S SU E S . . .. .. .. - -- -- -- -- -- I 8
F R E Q U E N C T AB L E S . .. . .. . .. . .. . .a ft er I 8
N Z E S SU E S . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . - - -- - -- - - -- - -- I 9
G U E . . . . .. . . . .. . . - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - 3 6
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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urignoranc eofGreek asopposedtoA the-
e u b oi a n e a gu e w h ic h wa s i n e i s te n ce f o r
f romthef if thc enturyB . C . tothetimeof
ter isreferredtodefinitelyonlyin one
ndinafew inscriptions.U nderthecircum-
beenpaidto it noonehasattemptedto
aveplayedin thehistoryof uboia.The
r issuec oins whichenableustodateitsfoun-
adamoreorlessc ontinuouse istenc e so
observed butnoonehas studiedthecoins
istallof theissuesandtodeterminetheir
pe thatthisbookinwhichthe essentialfacts
nedmaycallattentiontoacomparatively
gfederation andtoaseries ofcoinswhich
yandthrowsomelight onthehistoryof
forinstanc e thattheMac edonians during
cy interferedlessseriouslythanhasoften
tonomousissuesofGreece.
ofphotographs c asts andspec imensof the
oiaalmosttwentyyearsago butonly inthe
eaguedoesthenumberofspec imensabout
o getinformationseemlargeenough in
es usedtoproducethem tosuggestthat
h someappro imationtocompleteness.
east of the eagueithasc learlybeenpossible
anddiecombinationsoftheoriginalissues.
the236drachmsofsectionB ofhoard4became
yprovidedonlyonenewdieand fournewdie
antharosissue forinstanc e the299spec imens
savailableareallstruckfromfive obverse
ely11 , 20 16 7 , and67c oinsareknown
f ro m wh i ch 6 5 4 7 6 6 3 6 5 3 3 a n d 20 c oi n s
arlyrather improbablethatthediscoveryof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ewdies. nsomeissuesourknowledgeof
or twospecimensonly butingeneralit
futurediscoverieswilladd littletoour
think fewseriesofGreekcoinsof whichthis
suesare sowellknownmakesitpos-
usions. orinstanc e dieswereusedvery
andanydisc ussionabouttheir average
velittlevalue—in thecaseofthekantharos
thenumberofknownspec imensf romasingle
to16 f romareversef rom65to6. Thismay
sbrokesoonerthanothers but asw illbe
nisprobablymorecomplicatedthanthat.Again
allnumbersofinterconnectingdiesmust
roducedinashortperiodof perhaps afew
andlonggapsoffifteenor twentyyearsbe-
dicatedbythecomparativewearinhoards.
orecommonthanhasbeen reali edinall
ekmints.
tcan onlybeproducedthroughtheco-
Totheofficersofthe AmericanNumis-
reatandvarious. tseditor Mr. Mosser
hotographsformeten yearsago andthe
intofhis muchmorerecentefforts.To
rkindlyassistanceandpertinentdiscourage-
MargaretThompsonhasreadthe manu-
uggestions.Mr.D eV ereB akerproduced
omwhichtheplateswere made. was
portunity atthebeginningofmystudies
emswiththelate . T. Newell andhisk ind-
nuedbyMrs.Newell whohasallowedme
raphthe uboianc oinsinherc ollection. n
eSociety sphotographicfileandincomparable
. havehadtoimposeupontheoftenover-
directorsofmany uropeanmuseums and
ptionbeenwillingtosendmecastsor photo-
usuallyprovedtobe interestedandhelpful
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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otablytoMr. dwardGans Mr. R oy leB ald-
s c h a n d D r . A lb e rt C a hn a m d ee p ly i n de b te d
ewithinformationandwillinglysearched
andunusual specimens.
e ohnSimonGuggenheim oundation
bletriptoGreece andleaveofabsencefrom
meayearfreefrom lecturesandotheren-
heAmerican hilosophicalSocietyde-
raphice penses.
getheassistanceofmanyscholarsandcol-
otographs andinformation amindebtedto
namesunfortunatelygivesnoindicationof
dkindnessesinvolved:
haof theNationalNumismatic Museumin
deitpossibleformetoe amineandphotograph
ortanthoardof uboian eagueissuesyet
riahoardof1937 seep. 47 ; inthismatter
eDirec torofA rc haeologyatthetime k indly
elpidesofA thens yrios oresMeletopoulos
ns yriosDemetriosSisilianosofA thens
heriadesofA thens rofessor ohnCaskey
SchoolofClassicalStudiesinAthens Miss
ora x c avationsStaf fof theAmerican
einA thens Miss vaB rannof theA meri-
udiesinA thens Mr. . S. G. Robinson and
o f t he B r i t i sh M u se u m t h e la t e D r . . G . Mi l ne
f theA shmoleanMuseuminO x ford Mr. Carl
Shrubbs of the it w illiamMuseuminCam-
e a l y o f Tr i ni t y Co l le g e C a mb r id g e M r . . W .
ibrary Museum andArtGalleryinB lack-
boutc oinsintheH artCollec tion MissA nne
erianMuseuminGlasgow M. eanB abelon
aillesof theB iblioth q ueNationalein aris
aillesofChaource A ube , rance Signorina
rofessorA . Maiuriof theMuseoNa ionaledi
ly D r. W. Sc hwabac herof theStatensHis-
gl.Myntkabinettet andCol.George
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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lm D r. NielsB reitensteinof theNationalMu-
whoalsokindlyprocuredmecastsof coinsin
D r . A . N . Z a d ok s - i t ta o f t he o n in k li k
tc . intheHague H olland whoalsok indly
ut uboiancoinsattheAcademyof
D r. . Wielandtof theB ad. andesmuseum
y D r . e t er B e r g h au s o f th e M us e um f r H a m -
n H a m b ur g G e rm an y D r . . r a ft o f t he
l un g i n Mu n ic h G e rm a ny D r . H . u s ch e y of
stitutderUniversit tinT bingen Germany
istorisc hesMuseum rankfurtamMain
ardH ol mairof theB undessammlungvonMe-
nd G e ld e i ch e n i n V i e n na A u s t ri a D r . H a n s o r g
lothek Winterthur Sw it erland where
valuablec ollec tionofc astsispreserved , D r.
t o ri s ch e s Mu s eu m B a s e l S w it e r la n d M r . Ar t hu r
rofessorSterlingDowofH arvardU niversity
minethec oinsinthe oggMuseum Mr.
niversity Mrs. R . M. A lford andMrs.
useumofA rt R hode slandSc hoolofD esign
r o fe s so r A . R . B e l l i ng e r of a l e U n i ve r si t y M r .
a t Ne c k o n g s l an d N . . U . S .A . r o fe s so r
o r k Mr . . S . n o bl o ch o f N ew o r k r o fe s so r
son nstituteforA dvancedStudy rinc eton
of theMuseumofH istoric alA rt rinc eton D r.
eUniversityof ennsylvaniaMuseum hila-
ary earlofSweetB riarCollege V irginia ro-
of theUniversityofNorthCarolina rofessor
iversityofMissouri rofessorD. M. R obin-
Mississippi Mr. ohnT. RobertsofDenver
a s s on o f V a l o is Q u e b ec D r . . S . W i l ki n so n
rMaryWhiteofTrinityCollege Toronto ro-
r y of U n i v e rs i ty C ol l eg e T o ro n to M r s. e t er
entofmine whokindlydrewthemapof
n eaguewereprobablystruckat retria
ownowingtothe fortunatediscoveryof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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s. ortheautonomousc oinsof retria and
sland Chalk is H istiaia and arystos less
e. shallbegratefulifany readerofthis
ofanyofthese fourmintswillbegood
withme.
oronto
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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I. THE HISTORY OF THE LEAGUE
The Foundation of the League
The Euboian League was founded at the time of the revolt fromAthens, in 4II B.C., of Eretria, Chalkis, and Karystos." It was at firstunder Peloponnesian influence, and was doubtless intended to secure
the protection of its cities against Athens; Eretria was the mint, andprobably in some sense the capital, of the new League. These facts
are mentioned by no ancient author, but may be deduced with practi
cal certainty from the coins, and have been agreed upon for many
years. In 1883 Imhoof-Blumer published the Paris Aiginetic didrachm, then unique, and in a single sentence set forth its date andits significance: “Le style de ce didrachm indique la fin du Ve siècle,
c'est-a-dire l’époque précise ou les Eubéens venaient de s'affranchir
du joug des Athéniens (4II), en se ralliant au parti des Peloponné
siens”—a significance underlined by the Aiginetic, as opposed to the
* Thuc. VIII 95, and Diodoros XVIII 47. See also IG XII, 9, 187A (= M. N. Tod, Greek Historical Inscriptions I*, Oxford 1946, no. 82) for the assistancerendered Eretria by Hegelochos of Taras, who is undoubtedly the commanderof the Tarentine ships mentioned by Thucydides in VIII 91; this decree suggests that the Tarentines did not just happen to be in Agesandridas' fleet, buthad had direct discussions with Eretria, which again emphasizes the longpreparation
of the revolt,
and makes late in 411 rather than some time in 41othe probable date of the earliest League coins (see p. 3 below). Histiaia, in thenorth, was not involved in the revolt, for the city was still, as it had been fora generation, entirely occupied by Athenians; the original inhabitants andtheir descendants did not return, probably, until 404. The name of this statewas 'Hestiaia in the fifth century and seems to have been ‘Histiaia thereafter, although the old spelling occurs occasionally as late as the second century;
the chief city was originally also 'Hestiaia, but after the Athenians drove outthe inhabitants and sent a colony of their own to the district in 446, it appearsalways to have been Oreos. See Fr. Geyer, Topographie und Geschichte derInsel Euboia (Berlin 1903) pp. 82–3, and Louis Robert, Etudes de numismatiquegrécque (Paris 1951) p. 179, note 2. In modern works both state and city areusually referred to as ‘Histiaia, and that practice will be followed here.* Monnaies grecques (Leipzig 1883) p. 224. Imhoof had already mentioned the
coin in passing:
in 1881 he had attributed it to Eretria,
and said that it wasstruck in 411 under Peloponnesian influence, on the Aiginetic standard (“DieEubóische Silberwährung,” Monatsbericht der kön. Preuß. Akad. d. Wiss. zuBerlin, Berlin 1881, p. 657); this passage reappeared the next year in theI I
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eanditsCoinage
of thec oin. TheB ritishnumismatistswereat
pearanceoffurthercoinsconfirmed within
tnessofhisopinion. Thusforthelastsi ty
ementamongnumismatistsaboutthedate
foundationof the uboian eague. B utthe
estudied andthema orhistoriansofGreec e
pletely.
i th a d di t io n s o f t hi s a rt i cl e “ L e s y st m e m on t a ir e
ai re d e la S oc i t r an a is e de N um is ma ti u e a ri s 1 8 2 p . 3 .
dalsoto seeanti-Athenianfeelinginthefactthatthe
seof thisdidrachm asisthe caseinCorinthianand
esianissues ratherthanontheobverse aswastherule
ns— noearlier uboiancoinshaveaheadastype
H . A . Ca h n s a r ti c le Z u r f r h a tt i sc h en M n p r g u ng
1946 especiallypages160 1. B utthegreaterprac ti-
emsoonpersuadedthe uboianstoabandonthe
hateverreasonadopted—andthe secondandlarger
eadon theobverse.
tishMuseumCatalogueof thec oinsofCentralGreece L ondon
r st e d it i on o f H i s t or i a Nu m or u m L o n d o n 1 8 7 , a cc e pt e d
hattheuni uestatermightbeCretan. mhoof how-
eM n en Munich1 90 publishedagoodphotographof
edhisattribution: V ondemunterdem inf lusseder
tenV ersucheder ub er dieA igin isc heWä hrungauf
r en g i bt b i s e t t e i n i g d as e b en b e sp r oc h en e D i d r ac h mo n
35 . A tthesametimehepublished f romhisownc ollec tion
guetetradrac hm ofA ttic weight tobeidentif ied dating
fractionshadlongbeenknown.Theninthe Numismatic
ondAigineticdidrachmwaspublishedbyH ermann
edattentiontoasecondtetradrac hm inthe hotiades
al e M a y1 9 1 9 0 , a n d ac ce p te d m h oo f s a t tr i bu t io n
1 91 1 .
of theissuesarelistedintheB ritishMuseumCatalogueof
elon sTrait desmonnaiesgr c uesetromaines I . 3
r is 1 9 14 a n d 19 1 6 t h e la t te r b ei n g th e m os t c om p le t e pu b li -
geof the eague whileHN devoteslessthanone
actuallyomitstomentionthedrachmsof lighter
greatbulkof thecoinage.Thecuriousreaderwill
tothefoundationof the uboian eagueortoits
o c h B u s o l t H o l m w h o do e s h o we v er i n cl u de a b ar e
s longnoteonthecoinageofthe Athenianempire ,
istory Glot , D eSanc tis etc . venSwoboda whode-
c heStaatsaltert mer T bingen1913 totheGreek
yaparagraphforthe uboian which hesays bereits
n ahrhundertse istierte. Thereisabriefandin-
oinageof the eagueinM. O . B . Caspari s Surveyof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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3
whichhavemostlybeenfoundin uboia
Y aswellastheprobablyc antingtype
rlycoinsofa uboian eague. Theirdateisc er-
ury afactestablishednotonlyby their
occurrencealongwithBoiotian coinsofthis
nthe uboio-Boiotianhoard of1951.
earliestissues— aweightnevermetwith
showsthattheleaguewhichissuedthemwas
f irst tothestatesof the eloponnesethanto
makeitnecessaryto supposethattheleague
/ o whentheSpartansenabledthreeof the
ebelf romA thens orverysoonthereaf ter.
ortunityforsuch acombination whileby
ssChalk isand arystos too wereagainon
s ” anditishardtoseewhya uboian
erhavecoinedontheAigineticstandard.B e-
400 395roommustbefoundfortwoissuesofdi-
mmediatelyconsecutivebutwereseparated
Thefirstissuemustaccordinglybelong
thsof411orat thelatesttosomedatein
olthadbeenplottedasearlyasthefallandw inter
I I ( 4 a n d 60 s e cr e t ar r an g em en t s ma y w el l h av e
J H S 3 7 1 9 17 p p . 1 6 – 1 3 . C as p ar i n at u ra l ly a c-
healsoassumedthatallfourc itiesbelongedtothe
truc k theirownc oinsc oncurrentlyw ithitsissues. H ehaddif fi-
eorthodo v iew fornonee isted.
ungc ow aheifer andnotabull isc learenoughon
sothedidrachmsandthedrachmspresumablyalso
drachmsithasbeencustomarytodescribethe type
Thesi thandf if thc enturyc oinsof retriahaveaheifer
ndtheanimalwasdoubtlessadoptedforthe coinsof
c antingtype partlybec auseshewasoriginally retrian.
elc asethatThasos breakingawayfromA thensinthis
estandardonwhichhercoinswerestruck fromthe
e a d H N 3 p . 2 6 4 a n d A. B . W e s t in F i f t h a nd
nsfromtheThracianCoast NumismaticNotesand
o r k 19 2 9 p p . 15 1 7 a nd 4 6 4 7 .
rystosdidnotformallybec omealliesofA thensuntil
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eanditsCoinage
stablishmentofthe eagueandforthe
elyuponthe declarationbyChalkisand
encefromAthens.This afterapostpone-
oc c urredaftertheB attleof retria about
themint andsoperhapsthemeetingplac e of
riaislessf irmlyestablished butisc learlysug-
s a d op t io n o f r e tr i a s h e if e r s e e no t e 6 a s i ts
he uasi-identityof thetypesof the eague
mousbron eof retriawhenthatc ityagain
irdandearlysec ondc enturyB . C . tisalso
hilethe otherthreecitiesofthe island
thesecondhalfofthe fourthcenturyand
slyw iththeissuesof the eague thereisno
econdcentury— E retriaseemstohavemain-
ionaftertheothercitieshadmore orless
retria slac kofc oinsinthelatefourthand
rtainlynotdue topovertyorweakness for
nti uitiesfoundonthesite showthat
periodandwas indeed themostimportant
1
atthe uboiansdidaf tertheirrevoltf rom
uriposuntiltherewasroomfor onlyone
dtobuildabridgeacrossconnectingChalkis
aysDiodoros theywereafraidthattheA thenians
e seatoblockadetheisland. Themotive
the bridgewasdoubtlessalsothereason
uboian eague andthec onstruc tionof the
rtaken asDiodorosemphasi es byallof the
asprobablythefirstactof thenewfederation.
simmediatebutineffective—Theramenes
hips andsow ithsome6000men butfound
andretired.TherewasanotherAthenian
asthef irsttoc all retriathemintof the uboian eague:
ed É r t r ie u i l f au t a tt r ib u er l e s mo n na i es f r ap p e s a u no m
o nn ai es g re c u es L e i p i g 1 8 3 p . 22 3. o r th e pr os pe ri ty o f
itwasgenerallyamoreimportantplacethan Chalkis
r et ri a ” H e s pe ri a 16 1 94 7 p . 11 5 n ot e .
4 7.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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5
at retriaduringthew inter410/09 andalthough
inethee ac tc irc umstances itisc learthat
estrictedmilitaryoperationhere. The
half—thefortificationofthe uriposand
weredoubtlesstheoccasionofthe firstissue
ue—thedidrachmswithaly ingc owand Y B
nymph sheadonthereverse. tisprobablethat
istenc eonly retriaandChalk isbelonged
eenthemtheycontrolledmostof uboia and
ttheotherc itieswould ointhem butHis-
t and asweshallsee arystosprobably
oyedtheAthenianfleetatAigospotamoiin
retwo uboians andonlytwo amonghis
istoklesof arystos andAutonomosof
0 4 A = D i t t en b er g er S y ll o ge n s cr i pt i on u mG r ae ca r um L e i p i g
d G r e ek H i s t o ri c al n s cr i pt i on s * O x f o rd 1 9 46 n o . 3 .
accountsoftheTreasurersof Athenafor41o/og
oM ynuc payment i. e. asumbothc ollec tedandspent
. Meritt H. T. W ade-GeryandM. . Mc Gregor The
I I , C a mb r id g e M a ss . 1 95 0 p . 3 65 o f 3 74 o d rs .
t h p ry t an y t h a t i s e a r ly i n 4 09 t o t he o r po r re y l # X s
\ s S el . G ey er i n R E S up p. V p . 43 9 i s su re ly m is ta ke n in
ncethatthe cityof retriawasagainunderAtheni-
titmaywell bethatanAthenianforceheldout there
ydides accountshowsthattheAtheniansretaineda
it r e be l le d V I I I 9 5 : T o T ei i o u t # v Ti E p e rp i ”
itadelor perhapsafortifiedbuildingatthe harbor
pparentlykeptasmalls uadronofships V I I I 95. 3 —
I V 1 1 3 ; i n A T I I p . 2 9 5 n o t e to o t h e r ei i a ua
ockadeintheplain partlybec auseof thetheorythat
beensentto retriain446 itistruethath E p rpia
rianinsc riptionsforthewhole retrianterritory
perpigseemsmorelikely tomean inthec ityof retria.
enthecommanderofanAtheniangarrisonat retria
thiswoulde plainthepreposition#X s —translated
p . 3 65 — a n d al s o p e rh a ps t h e fa ct t h at u k le i de s h ad c ol -
finsteadof receivingapaymentdirectfromthe
hemayhavebeenthegeneralsentouttoresc uethegarrison
enbergerandTodsuggest havebeenageneralsentto
tiesof uboia butinthiscasehemusthavereceived
the&vouoN ynuorec ordedhere andthec oinsprove
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eanditsCoinage
weresetup alongwiththetwenty-eightothers
dedic ationatDelphoi. tisinterestingand
hereisnoChalk idian orH istiaian among
blee planationisthatthe retrianA uto-
holes uadronof the uboian eague and
ghitsentshipsto ysander didnotbelongto
o isnotsurprising therewasnoroadoverthe
arystosw iththeotherc ities andbysea
retriaandChalk is itmusthaveseemed
stianstotakeanystepsof theirownvolition
gainsttheminthe future.Theycould
ysanderhadleftthemnochoiceaboutde-
eandaboutfightingatAigospotamoi but
n uboian eaguewouldbelesseasilye -
ragainbe inapositionto resentit. ver
arystoshadbeenforc edby itse posed
ouspolicy.Therewasalso noH istiaian
enerals buttheHistiaianshadonlyrec entlyre-
andthecitywasprobablystill weakanddis-
c tthattherewasnoHistiaiangeneralin y-
meansthattherewerenoHistiaianships not
othe uboian eagueandso likeChalk is
tsown. Thisc ity like arystos hadno
hc entral uboia thereisstillnoneto-day :
thestatesof theMaliacand agasaian
ens whowereoriginally llopiansor er-
ns not onians hadforagenerationbeen
ncetheyhadcomebeforethetimeofH omer
uboianpatriotism.Asidefromthesegeneral
sonepieceofdefiniteevidence:soonafter
ianc ew ith retria ” whichwouldsurely
, a n d a u s. X 9 . o w h er e t he f u ll l i st i s g i ve n . T h e ba s e
asbeenfound insc ribedA rr vouos/X auiou/ E perplays
dthereferenc esc ollectedadloc. . H eperhapsowedhisname
uboianrevoltof446 if sohewasnowforty-two
1 8 : t h e te r ms o f t he a l li a nc e a re l o st a n d wh a t is l e ft o f t he t e t
ication itsrenewaleachO lympiad forpenalties
itspublicationbothatH istiaiaandat retria. The
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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7
thecityhad ustbecomeamemberofthe
mayac c ordinglyconc ludethattheonlymem-
ef irstdec adeof itse istenc ewere retriaand
btedlyhopedthatHistiaiaand arystoswould
dedto ointhem.
asprobably then inc ommandofthe
eaguetoassist ysander andthee istenc eof
inthelac kofac ommanderf romChalkis.
lypayhismeninthe eague sc urrenc y.
soccasionforthesecondissueof didrachms
thistimewiththehead ontheobverse—
tly fitsthenumismatic re uirements itisa
c casionof thef irstissuein4 I / o andthis
ndedbythe slightlybetterconditionofthe
inthe uboio-B oiotianhoardof1951 " it
rtantoccasion probablyinvolvingthe
longer period andthisfitswellwith the
sdiesandconsiderablylargernumberofpres-
condissue.Thereneedbelittle hesitationin
idrac hmsin4 I / O and405/4respectively .
aywellhavebeenaninv itationf rom retriato oin
H istiaiaperhapsrepliedthatshedidnotw ishto oin
uitew illingtomakeaseparatetreatyw ith retria. The
adloc. itwasWilamowit suggestion isbetween41o
aiawasprobablystillinA thenianhandsuntil404 the
anthat andthereisnogoodreasonforf i ingon
terminusante uem. fwehadreasontosupposethat
of the uboian eagueinthelastyearsof thef if th
ossibletodatetheinsc riptionafter395 whenthe eague
deadletter seebelow . B utitismorelikely bothon
dbecauseofthisinscription thatH istiaiawasnot
attheallianc eshouldbedatedsoonaf ter404. tmaybe
f irstwordof thete t—[ -Troiliigaiswronglyreadby
c or r ec t ed i n G X I I , S u p p. x a m in a ti o n of t h e s u e e e
nstituteforAdvancedStudyin rincetonconvinced
ginalreadingof ismorelikely thanX -X isalsoa
ediagonalstrokewhichis allthatisleft oftheletter
o bethelowerhastaofsigma.And apartfromthis
scriptionshowsconsistentrhotacism sothatsigma
wouldbesurprising.
are alsostylisticallymoreadvancedthanthoseofthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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8 The Euboian League and i t sCoinage
The Fourth Century
We know little o f
the history o f
most minor Greek states except
where their relations with Athens bring them momentarily t otheattention o
fAthenian writers; what the Athenians either chose to
ignore o r
considered unimportant i srecoverable only by inference o r
through the bright pin points o flight provided by inscriptions and,
sometimes, by coins. Such i sthe fate o f
the Euboian League i nthe
fourth century; i t i sreferred t ospecifically only once—when Kallias
o f
Chalkis resurrected o r re-invigorated i t i n34I/o—and we are
otherwise dependent for proof that i texisted on the fortunately unambiguous evidence o
fthe coins. The knowledge, however, that i t
did exist makes anumber o f
events more intelligible, and makes i t
possible t osee
acertain
unity i nthe otherwise disconnected
scraps
o f
information which we possess about Euboian affairs.Agesilaos collected a
tGeraistos the fleet which he took t oAsia i n
396. What repercussions this may have had i nan already disaffected
Euboia we do not know, but the fact that late i n395/4 f l EöBoia
&Trooo” fought beside the Boiotians, Athenians, Corinthians, andArgives a
tthe Battle o
fCorinth shows that the island was no longer
under Spartan control, and t othe same summer, early i n394/3, belongs the formal alliance between Eretria and Athens which has survived t othe present day a
s I GII*, 1 6(= Dittenberger, Syll.” 123,
and Tod, Gr. Hist. Insc. II, 103). Curiously enough i twas not until just after the formation o fthe Second Athenian League some sixteenyears later i n378/7 that Chalkis made asimilar alliance with Athens
(IG II*, 4 4 =Syll.” I48). Karystos joined the Athenian League along
with Eretria and Chalkis i n378/7." Histiaia made an alliance with
1 7Diodoros XIV 82. The same phrase recurs i nXenophon Hell. IV 2 . 17,
where i t i srecorded that i nthe army opposed t othe Spartans a t
the Battle o f
Corinth there were no fewer than three thousand troops # 8
EUPoías &Trãons.
* Tipótal 8 : Kod Trpo6uuórcrra ouveu&xnoav a i korré Thw Eöpolav oikotjoomXopis ‘Earloios (Diod. XV 30). For the exact date see Silvio Accame, La legaateniese del secolo IV A.C. (Roma 1941) pp. 70–74. The decree o fAristotle onwhich the names o
fthe Euboian cities all appear i sIG II*, 4 3 =Syll.” 147 and
Tod, GHI II, 123. The Chalkidians, the Eretrians, the Arethousioi, the Karystians and the Ikioi were all inscribed by the same hand, a sAccame says, andhe suggests that the reason i sthat they happened all t obe admitted a
tthe
same meeting o f
the Assembly. I fso, this identity o f
date i spossibly an indication that the three Euboian cities were pursuing acommon policy a
s a
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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9
af ter404 ashasbeenmentioned butseems
dfromasuccessionoftyrantsand Spartan
ointheA thenian eagueuntil376/5. Dionand
placesinthenorth oftheislandnowtempo-
tiaia had oinedayearearlier.
veyearsofthecenturywehaveevidence
war andin37 /7 forthepursuitofa
ythec itiesof uboia. venduringthe
oreferenc etothe eagueinthetreatybe-
es anditseemsthatChalk isdidnotmake
metime.We canonlyconcludeeitherthat
thatit didnotcoordinatetheforeignpolicies
mbers whichseemsunlikely orelsethatitc easedto
eofthe alliancebetween retriaand
probablee planation forA thensun-
orealeaguewhichhadbeen formedto
donlycomplicateinanundesirable
uboia. Moreover af ter3 7a uboian
emedinc ompatible tosomee tent w iththe
ofA ntalc idas. B ut asthec oinsandc ertain
ate the eaguewasnotformallydissolved
ngerneededeachother ssupportagainst
arystoshadfailedtobeattrac tedbythe
gthemselves andthismighthavebeensecured
ttheev idenceisslim anditisunlikely seebelow
tothe uboian eague.
pressed thereisalsonoreferencetothe eaguein
ween retriaandA thensof341/o theyearinwhic h
dthe uboian eague—butitispossiblethatthe
wmonthsthereconstitutionofthe eague.Seep.17.
gparallelbetweenA thens unw illingnesstorecogni e
ntheearly fourthcenturyandSparta sunw illingnessto
eagueintheearly f if th—if amrightthatanA rka-
a t th a t ti m e. S e e K l e om e ne s M a ra t ho n t h e H e l ot s a n d
1 9 54 p p . 32 3 5 . n b o th c a se s t he m e mb e r st a te s d id
period strikec oinsintheirownnames l. c . p. 34
aguec ertainlywas: thedecreeofA ristotlein37 /7 for
theThebans nottheB oiotians tothenewAthenian
c ellentanalysisofThebes positionatthisperiodin
p. 1 7 2 6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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IO The Euboian League and i t sCoinage
federal idea, and Athens was opposed t oit; there was accordinglyprobably no more talk o
fthe Euboian League after 395, but i texisted
‘on paper'; i t
lay dormant until its members should find some advantage i nreviving i t .
There are two small issues of tetradrachms of the full Euboio
Attic weight, with accompanying fractions, which both style and the
evidence o f
hoards place about the beginning o f
the century,” and
which may accordingly be dated about 400 and 395 respectively. The
change from the Aiginetic t othe Euboio-Attic standard must obviously come between the League's cooperation with Lysander i n404
and its participation i nthe Corinthian War against Sparta ( achange
o fpolicy sealed by the alliance between Eretria and Athens) i n394.
For the next half century there i slittle sign o f
common action by the
cities o fEuboia, and there appears t o b e acorresponding gap i nthe
coinage o f
the League. No further staters were issued, and when the
drachms reappear they are much later i nstyle and lighter i nweight,
although the types are unchanged: the coinage shows awide gap i n
an obviously continuing series.
Karystos seems t ohave been steadily faithful t othe Athenian
alliance until after the Battle o f
Chaironeia (and indeed until after
the Lamian War), but the participation o fEretria, Chalkis and His
tiaia i nthe Second Athenian Confederacy was destined t obe spas
modic. Thebes was close and rapidly growing i nstrength; i t i snot
surprising that soon after Leuktra i n
371 Eretria and Chalkis desertedAthens for this new ally. Thebes may have had some difficulty i n
securing consistent support i nthese cities—at least there apparently
were tyrants i nboth o f
them i nthe sixties, Mnesarchos a t
Chalkis”
* The wear o fthe seven specimens o fthese tetradrachms which occurred i nHoard I i ssimilar t othat o
fthe three stylistically earlier didrachms; hoard
groups 7and 1 1point i nthe same direction. The tetradrachms should ac
cordingly be dated later, but not much later, than the didrachms, which werestruck i n411 and 405. We have just seen that there are historical considerations which suggest that they should come before 394; on purely stylisticgrounds both Head and Babelon attributed them t othe early fourth century.
*Aischines 3.85 refers t othe Athenians a s TroNA& kod usy&N’ fibuzouliévol (TrôMvnaðpxou tou XaXK15&os, the father o
fKallias and Taurosthenes whom De
mosthenes later proposed for Athenian citizenship. As Aischines goes on i nthesame sentence t omention Themison (see note 24), the date o
fMnesarchos' in
justices i sprobably before 366, and i tseems likely that the terminus post quem
i s371, both because Athenian influence was obviously strong i nthe seventies
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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I
a whowereperhapsinstalledandmain-
utac cordingtoX enophon ö posis&Tr
GovfoughtontheB oiotiansideatMantineia where
dbytheAtheniansonthe wingopposed
neiaThebaninfluencein uboianaturally
dbec ameatemptationtoA thens. X -r ois
ncitiesbetweenthepro-Thebanandpro-
inginanumberof indec isivesk irmishes and
iteattempttorecoverherposition the
utamilitaryandnaval e peditionwhich
nabouta month.Thisbriefwarisplaced
andprobablybelongsintheearlysummerof
bly theoc c asionofasmallissueofcoinsbythe
ee pp . 5 8 7 .
tyranny ? shouldnotbetoomuc hearlierthan
allias. Thesearereasonablec onsiderations butthetruth
knoweitherthedateofMnesarchos activitiesor
alkis.
undertheyear366/5 saysthatThemison tyrantof
oposf romtheAthenians andthatwhentheyattemptedto
banscametohisassistance acceptedthetown v
t.Thisleavesoneinsomedoubt aboutThemison s
ischines 2. 164and3. 5 andDemosthenes 1 . 99
butthrownofurtherlightupon it.
7 .2 .
24 = S yl l. 1 90 a nd T od G H I I , 1 5 3 i s a d oc um en t de fi ni te ly
firstpart ofwhichclearlycontainedanalliancebe-
stosresultingf romthiswar theinscriptionalso
ofprobablysimilarallianceswith retria Chalkis
al thatthisdiplomaticactivityshouldoccupythe
nwhic hthewarwasfought andsofallinthene t
F orschungen urGeschic htedesausgehendenf nf ten
underts B erlin1910 p. 69 assumedthattheinsc ription
e 35 /7 tobeayeartooearly. D ittenbergerinhisnotes
odoroswasmistaken butbasedhisviewonthe fact
hegeneralswhosweartothealliancein357/6 alsoas
ichclosedtheactualfightingagainstThebes D e-
iokles otherwiseknownonlybecausehewasatrierarchon
otlikely hethinks tohavebeenageneralfortwoyears
ethewarmustfallin theyearofthealliancewith
tenbergerhasusuallybeenfollowedinthis mostrecently
uttheargumentisveryweak indeed. Manygeneralswerere-
mayhavebeenoneof them thefactthatwedonot
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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agueanditsCoinage
c itiesagain oinedtheA thenian eague.
Chalkis andH istiaiawithAthenshadobvi-
ec adeofThebansupremac y and for
nsnowalsorenewedheralliancewith arystos.
en t s ha s s ur v iv e d a l th o ug h G I * 1 2 4 i s
ewhichoncecarriedthealliancewith a-
* , 1 2 5 T od G H I I , n o . 15 4 i s a s tr on g gu ar an te e
c ific ally forherbutgenerali edtoapplytoany
e againstattackbyA thensorbyanyofher
perhapsthepricedemandedby retriafor
nian eague. A notherdocument how-
w ise thathewasre-elec tedisapoorreason by itself
ndeed asweknowthatthecampaignlastedfora
otiationsalwaystaketime itwouldberathersur-
gnandtheresultingtreatiesallbelongedto the
.D iodoros dateshouldbeaccepted.
a d op t ed b y D i t t en b er g er S y ll . 1 9 0 n o te 4 , t h at t h es e
lloperativeissurelywrong -atMantineia forin-
sandtheA theniansnotonly foughtonoppositesides but
Thebesandmanyofher allieshadlefttheAthenian
egap. 17 ) , althoughnoneof thenameswaserasedon
edthedecreeof Aristotle.
s on t h is i n sc r ip t io n i n G H I I , p . 15 – 1 6 1 r e u i re t wo
ef irstplac eheassumesthattheta iarc hs generals
es6 and7areAthenians theymusthoweverbe
wnbythenaturalrunof thewords bytheomissionof
theendoftheinscriptionof theAthenianswhoswore
a lo g y of G I * , 2 3 ob w h ic h T od m e nt i on s w h er e t he
hetreatyof 341/owithAthenswerethegenerals a
ouldhardlyhavehadcavalry , theta iarc hs andthe
te tof thisinscriptioninH esperia16 1947 p. 145
misprintforMiv6 . A ndTodfollows ahrstedtand
iodoroswrongaboutthedate seenote26 .
ntended C learlynotagainstThebes notnowan
stMacedon whichwasneitheranallynorasyet
andnotagainstthepresentgovernmentsofChalkisor
stneighbours forsimilarallianc eswerebeingmadewith
ystiansseeminthelastfew mutilatedlinestobepraised
ndtheocc asionof thishelpmustbethek indofoc casion
beingmade.The attackenvisagedisanattackby
s and retriamusthaveconsideredthedanger
eas thiswouldnothavebeendemanded. erhaps
) ofChalk isinthesi ties hadattac ked retriaandbeen
m arystos kar Mv oop ovwouldf itthelacunain
125 andalthoughhewasnolongertyrantatChalk is—the
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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3
e da t e as t h es e — I G I * 1 4 9— i s b o th m o re
purposeandmore difficulttointerpret. t
k in g t wo m en — n p i to s a nd H p o k \ s i ö c o-
ergetaiofA thens apparently fortheirser-
teanalliancew ith the uboians. The
ebrokenendofasentence:houtluo iaT t
6n v oi d ov k o d Tl o ts ö ß o l st o i v a nd l a te r t he r e is a
o p si s T o lu s k T v o u pl u x o o v. T h is i s t he
eringanycommonactionbythe uboians
dunfortunatelyneitherthedatenor theinter-
iscertain.
hleA thenswasengagedinthe Soc ialWar '
dhispowerinMacedoniaandinvadedThes-
of Greecetooksidesinthefirst campaignsof
osesightof uboianaf fairs itmaybethatal-
hting theislanden oyedafewyearsof
351 hilipsentletterstothe uboianc ities
r safetyupontheirallianceswithAthens
:hisagentsandhisgoldfollowedc loseuponhis
hweknownodetails itisc learthatpro-Mac e-
inallthec itiese c ept perhaps arystos.
stoodalittleapartfrom theothercities
pentoThebaninfluence andmoreopento
arystosandChalkisaregreatlyinneed
eirissueshavenotbeen datedwithanyac-
however that arystos fourthc entury
oseofChalkis which likethe uboian
beendatedtooearly andwereprobablybeing
the century.At retrianocoinswere
retriansstillc lungtothetheorythatthe eague
c onstitutionsbac k tothe uboianc itiesÖ p6 s od
5 — t h e d an g er s t il l e i s te d f o r hi s s on a l li a s la t er
sposition. fsothe retriansmayhavew ishedfor
tacksinthefuture.
in H S 2 1 90 ) p p . 30 3- 30 7 a n d To d G H I I ,
uboianwhosenameendsin-npitosisanAu . fpiros
ai a t h e na m e H p ak s i ö c o po s i s kn o wn i n u b oi a
utA ristotlereferstoaprominentH istiaianofuncertain
Sc opos.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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agueanditsCoinage
eof itsprerogativeswasc oinage. Histiaiahad
storyduringtheseyearsisobscure butat
coinswerenotstruckuntilabout340.
eground andc ouldstiruptroublein uboia
veniencetodoso themomentcamein
rseofeventsduringthisyearshould think
s. hilipwasattackingO lynthosandwas
nsfrommoving.H eaccordinglyemployed
eitarc hos subse uently tyrantof thec ity to
nst loutarchos thetyrantofthemoment
ayinga lonehand dependingforhis
loutarchosfoundhimselffacedwithapro-
homeandanaggressiveandseemingly
allias atChalk is as hilipintended
elp. nspiteofD emosthenesinsistence
rveherresourc esforthema orc onflic t a
vlryand#TriN krolwassentoutunder
outarc hos. He hadapparentlyalreadybeen
utmet hok ionatTamynaiwherethetwoof
derableforces# & Tr onsTris U poios. . .
rhapsevenprobable thattheconsiderablesums amounting
which arystosborrowedinthesi ties forsomeun-
numberof indiv idualThebansandHistiaians I GX I I ,
bythec ity forotherw isethemoneywouldc learlyhave
scellaneouscoin ifthisis correctwehaveherea
rhapsthef irst of arystos fourthc entury issueswhic h
ast 65 000drachms—theonlydenominationstruck
hc entury . orthef irstissueofHistiaia see . T. Ne-
f H i s t ia e a N N M 2 N e w o r k 19 2 1 . C ha l ki s f o ur t h
datedaccuratelybya carefulstudyofthepertinent
etbeen undertaken.Meanwhileitmaybepointedout
emstohavebeenstruckata higherweightthan
whilethefirstfourof thelighterweightissuesofthe
osew ithnosymbol andthosew iththegrapes kantharos
thanthis onlythesatyr sheadanddolphingroups
andtheseprobablydate asw illbeseen early inthe
ertainty however thattherewasanyrelationbe-
ssuesatChalkisandat retria indeedweknow
st of theChalk isdrac hmsmusthavebeenstruc kabout
iddleof thec entury seep. 21 .
a mp a ig n o f 34 9 / , p . 4 2.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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5
o u u n de r a l li a s an d l e it a rc h os . l o ut a rc h os d e -
hok ionwashardpressed hesummonedrein-
ndmeanwhilewonarespitebyasuccessful
himprisonerstobargainwith.W henthe
entered retria droveoutboth leit-
restoredthedemoc rac y andestablisheda
rowestpointof theislandinthe southern
tory . Hethenreturned leavingMolossosin
nat retria ) . loutarc hosapparentlyrallied
k to retria c apturedMolossos andc ameto
aos whoseemstohavebeensentoutonthe
dventure.Although loutarchosnowtreacher-
thenianprisonerstohis mercenarieswho
Athensswallowedherprideandpaidthe price
oheavilyinvolvedinthenorth tosend
uboia. The uboians an ioustoc onsolidate
ssadorstoAthensandmanagedto arrangea
tus uo.
theeventsisc orrec t itisc learthatthe
hosre uirese planation. Hef irstasksfor
alliasand leitarc hos andthendeserts
niansthrowhimoutof retriabuthereturns
mmanderandtreacherouslyallowsAthe-
m. nshorthebeginsas anti-Macedonianbut
allias andto leitarc hos —ordid allias
inst hilip sagent ) andisthenstrongly
sthenesandAischineseveryoneiseitherpro-
ian butifwehad uboiansourceswe
sdifferently.Theprobabilityisthat both
asweref irstofall uboians andthat allias—
1 i n T ro u w as e me n de d t o ta \ a i ko u b y Sc h ul i n a h rb .
14 bec auseof thetook lkousg vousmentionedafew lines
mendationwasapprovedbyB eloc h. A sweknow how-
oshadappealedtoAthensforhelpagainstMacedonian
ok ion12 andthat leitarc hosbec ametyrantof retriaa
om hilip itisnaturalthat hilipshouldhavesent
nthisc ampaign andthereisnoreasontoemend
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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agueanditsCoinage
nstitutedorreinvigoratedthe uboian
momentinc ommandof forc es#5&Tr onsTris
utarc hosoverbyurgingthat uboiansshould
sideinterferencewhetherfromthenorthor
schinesmentionstheambassadorswhocame
afterthiswar hec allsthemofTrp opsisof
dsaysthattheybroughta messagefrom hilip this
he retriansandtheChalkidians oneorboth
agefrom hilip ” butitismorelikely to
ssyconductedthenegotiations. This if the
iswhatweshoulde pec t.
noeffective eaguewhileChalkisand retria
dat loggerheadswitheachother.B utit
enian andMacedonianinterventioninthe
uralreaction:the uboianswishedtobe
orereadyto cooperatewitheachother
nyyears.
ved as ahrstedtsuggests in E uboiafor
hemayonlyhaveintendedtosec ureforhimself
eisland. nanyc asehispolicyhadsofar
m hilip andtof ightagainsttheA thenians.
retriasoonfell and leitarc hos aidedbyMac e-
tyrantof thec ity in hilip sinterest. Weknow
ces thedateof leitarc hos sei ureof
thslaterand inmuchthesameway hilis-
istiaia. alliasretainedhispositionat
n—itisnot uitec learwhich —buthis
anged A ischinesreferstohimasTr \ c ious
rp o p si s o f T v U p o c ov # T re t n T r ep i r ii s T rp s a r ro u s si p ri v ns
moov eitrov& rikodpiMTTrosarrows E NR osiev uiv& Trayyei al
. Thereferenc eissecurelydatedto34 ; thetermsof the
c eresulted Grotedoubtedit andChalk is atleast seems
he eague—seenote40 , areunknown.
e c ellentdiscussionof thec hronologyof theseeventsin
c hic htedesausgehendenf nf tenunddesv ierten ahrhunderts
sob ec tionsto ahrstedt sc hronologyhavebeenanswered
p p v o n Ma k ed o ni e n un d G ri e ch e nl a nd p . 1 12 n . 3 .
nough— c orr Tupavv ð aTrepitolovuevos etc .—but
ence.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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17
ToU ö pitrou , fortherapidlygrowingdanger
edhimtolookforAtheniansupport. a-
llalliedtoAthens.
w i th D e m o s th e ne s a s si s ta n ce p e rs u ad e d th e
peditiontohelphimin drivingouttheMace-
atHistiaiaandat retria thee pedition
ionwasagaincommanderoftheAthenian
anddemoc rac ywasrestoredinbothc ities. The
pec tedthatthe uboianc itieswouldnow
eague ofwhichtheywereperhapsstill
a lliashadotherideas. Hisimmediatepur-
wasnowan iousnottoput uboiatoof irmly
erev ivedthe uboian eague andper-
cceptthewithdrawalofthe uboiancities
hileretainingthemasallies.O fthetreaties
eaty betweenAthensandheralliesononeside
other—hassurv ivedinpart enoughislef t
ll dealingwiththecitiesof uboiaindi-
as resurrec tionof the eague.
shouldbedependentonasinglehighly
th whatenthusiasmthe retriansrecoveredtheir
tinuoussuccessionoftyrantsforthe last uarterof
enamesofThemisonc . 366 Menestratosc . 352 lou-
p pa rc ho s 34 5 4 ? ) A ut om ed on 3 45 4 ? ) a nd l ei -
be r e ad i n t he A r te m ir i a D e c re e — I G X I I , 9 1 9 —
festivalof the retrianstate andlaiddownregu-
si s r v e l X p v o v N eu 6 p o v v r ov E p e rp l o v ko d s u
porr pov.
3 o a + b f o r pa r t b se e n ot e 2 ) . S ee t h e fu l l an d c le a r ac co u nt o f
egapp. 212 221 L alegaellenic adiDemostene.
alliasproducedtheideaof theHellenic eague which
Chaironeia andthatA thensandheralliesandthe
stmembers.D emosthenesacceptedandadoptedthe
eand alliasv isitedthe eloponnesetogetherin341/o
gtheideaa reality.Accamedoesperhapsrather
alliasinhisac c ountof theseproceedings. A nd amnot
uboian eague asopposedtothe uboianc ities
nic eague. Thetheorythatthislatterwasa league
cc ameac c eptsf rom . Tr ves artic leinRev. des tudes
6f . goesratherbeyondtheev idenc e asC loch ' sac c ount
ng r ed A th n es P a r is 19 34 p p. 2 0 2 4 w he re th e H e l-
ogni edasaleagueatall makesrathertoolittleof it.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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e a gu e a nd i t s Co i na g e
esforourinformationaboutthereconstitu-
ague. H owever itisc learthatthecitiesof
fwithdrawalwasnecessary—from the
thatthe uboian eaguewasnowre-c onsti-
hef irsttime thatthedelegateswereto
dthatcontributionsweretobemadeto a
neednot however believeeitherthat retria
enpayingfivetalentsannuallyto theAthe-
attheseratherlarge sumswerenowtobepaid
y . ndeeditisrathersurprisingtof indthe
enedatChalkis diditscoinscontinuetobe
Theonlyreasonstobelievethattheywereever
sbeensaid thelackof retrianc oinsinthe
ieswhenthe otherthree uboiancities
ndthec loseappro imation inthelatethird
themostinformativesentencereadsasfollows:eis ap
A osu v& X oAkl susÜ ß psoskaiTr \ eovegias Anuoot E vns5 & v
S o po 60 ki as o re r s $ C p eo o uv r& # 1 5 ka i T s 8 E p e r pi cs
ovrov povo vrovB N Tr vrov No ovÚ u wU pe ó uevoi ai
ovouv SpousTrap u vu v& v ornoov Tr Niv 8 cisX oAki a al
poik vouv ö piovouvriyayov.Thefullestdiscussionofthepas-
o r sc hu n ge n p p. 7 2 7 . a h rs t ed t i s o f c ou r se m i st a ke n
oian eaguewasnowfoundedforthef irsttime. Q uite
f thec oins Tr Niv inthesentence ust uotedisclear
a N ov u ev o v ö B o i k v o u v ö p i ov p r ob a bl y i nd i ca t es t h at t h e s o -
aguehadc ontinuedtoe istinashadowymannerf romthe
lyinthecentury.Thisis farmorelikelythan for
ationinR . B . R ic hardson seditionof theoration—“ T
slurattheinsignif icanc eof the uboeanc ouncilc ompared
epointis surely theinac tiv ityofanoldleaguerather
newone.
ownonly f romA isc hines aresuspic iouslysimilarandsus-
smore itseemsvery improbablethatthe uboianc ities
enianConfederacyafterthefiascoof349/ and
cedoniantyrants.Theyseemmorelikelyto beassess-
hanamountsever actuallypaid buttheyaretaken
egap.137. arystosisnotmentionedbecauseshedid
eague butwhydoesAisc hinesnotmentionthelossto
mChalk is Thisc anhardlybeanoversight andmust
sedtocontributeconsiderablyearlierthanthe
dformallyw ithdrawnfromtheA thenian eaguein
aswas infac t atwarw ithA thens whilethememberships
hadmerelybeenallowedtolapse.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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9
es of the retrianand eaguetypes these
lusive butif the eaguemintwasat retria
herw isetheyarediff ic ulttoe plain. erhaps
egantomeetatChalk is whilethemintc on-
41
aboutAthens lossofrevenueshowthat
e uboian eagueasrec onstitutedin340
een itisimprobablethatshehadbelongedto
s whichseemsnottohavesuf feredatallf rom
stilldidnot oin asisshownbythesilenc e
39 andasisalsoindic atedbythefac tthat
rystosappearsontheAtheniansidein the
otherc itiesof uboia alongwiththeB oioti-
ntheMac edonianside aslateas306 arystos
Athensinher briefwaragainst assandros.
hat arystosseemstohaveissueda considerable
terpartofthecenturycanhardly betaken
of anindependentpolicy ” forChalkiswas
nu o at v n s p & p s i & \ é o a l T rp o p si s s is E p r p io v o it i ve s
e r pl c ov T r v u à p 6 1 S en f iv al u n ke ri 6 16 v al t hv o vv ra i v
Na vr a & \ \ & a \ \ i , od Tr & Ni v r p ou ss is ū ) p e v Tr p s To us 0 0ps i-
oitivesSe oovralT varr v A6nvaiouspi ovkod x 6povwou L E lv.
p # 6 s e n f i va l m ea n T h is i s a h ig h ly t e nd e nt i ou s a nd
somereal retrianreluctancemustunderliethesewords.
ughtheenergyandinf luenc eof allias thec enterof
eague—theword c apitalwouldbeanachronistic —
etriatoChalkis inv itis retriensibus. A isc hines of
tanceasastickto beatD emostheneswith.
67 = Sy ll . 3 27 .
ngthoseissuesof the eagueandof the uboianc ities
middleof thefourthcentury heldthatthedifference
typesandthoseof theotherc itiesshowedthatattimes
didnotbelongtothe eague: A t uenummisillisChalc idis
litudoinparteanticaestcumfoederisnummis cum
t.Q uaecumitasint concludemusCarystumcertis
e ueceterasurbessemperfoedereconiunctasfuisse
. g e st i s co m pr o ba t ur . I G X I I , 9 p . 1 72 A pp e nd i
. Thee ac tdatesof thefourthc enturyc oinsofChalk is
furtherinvestigation butboththesec itiesandHistiaia
oinsinthe laterfourthcentury.R egling scon-
een probablyc orrec t buthisimplic ationthatChalkis
ph sheadastheirobversetype thisistheonlysimi-
ndthoseof the eague becausetheyweremembers
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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agueanditsCoinage
me.Andalthoughno arystiansappear
esf rom uboiabetween343and327 thisis
erenotconsideredtobe onians seebelow ,
werenotmembersof the uboian eague.
eia in33 , the uboiansundoubtedly
against theMacedonians althoughno
entionsthefact andtheye uallycertainly
ofCorinthinthefollowingyear.W edonot
hilip sv ic toryhadin uboia butasthe
uecoinsandis foundflourishingattheend
arthatitwasnotdisbanded thediplomatic
howtoridethestormandtoremind hilip
theMacedoniansideagainsttheAthe-
iblethat hilipdidnotevenestablishagarrison
uripos andthatthe uboian eaguenow
he amianWarandforthebetterpartof the
f asthemoreorlessw illinginstrumentof
etweentherev ivalof the eagueandthe
shouldattributetheearliestofthe large
er Mac edonian weight. Thec alc ulationbased
e retriahoardof1937indic atesthatthe
ndthosewiththegrapessymbolbelong
uestionisdiscussedinChapter2 here
e uboianissueshavecertainlybeendated
oubtful. The similitudo probablyseemedgreaterto
becausehedoubtlessacceptedtheusualmid-fourth
iaiandrachms thereversetypeofwhichis astanding
hopetoshowelsewhere istooearly .
n D e m o st h en e s un d s ei n e Z e i t L e i p i g 1 8 7 v o l. 3 p . 3 ,
uewasdisbandedsoonaf terChaironeiaandthat allias
weifelsein dafdamit i. e. whenthe uboiansc ameto
Chaironeia dereuboeisc heB undesrataufgel stund
dtender nselandiemakedonischgesinnten ber-
mustendieH eimatfliehenundfandenAufnahme
ootnotereferstothec iti enshipbestowedbytheA the-
on alliasofChalkisandhisbrother. B utthec oins
ontinued and alliaswasnotc learlyandsimplyan
ouldeasilyrepresenthispolicyas essentiallyanti-
pneednotmeanresidenceatAthens.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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2
andthattheymustfalloneithersideof300
C . romthehistoric alpointofv iew itisfairly
thatissuesofcoinbythe uboian eague
at almostanytimebetween395and340
ostdemandedbythecourseofeventsbe-
needhavelittlehesitation then inplacing
hterweighte actlyattheperiodofthe
gueandtheB attleofChaironeia.
observethatChalkisappearstohavebeen
gthe firstdecadeofthereconstituted
ted atleast bytheappearanc eofaSpo um
e us i ni a n ac co u nt s o f 32 9 / I G I * , 16 7 2 l i ne 3 0 0 ,
vecomefromanissue struckearlierthan
dsfurtherinvestigation butifChalkiswas
hetime andif retria srighttostrikefor
ec ogni edf romthebeginningande erc ised
—seepage 7 , alliasmayhavebeenc ontent
tus uoandtoc onc iliate retrianopinion which
ostiletohim byallow ingthe eague smint
heGreatwasprobablyanotherpeaceful
uboia. Weknowonlythattwoofhismost
noredat retria. A ntipater ofc ourse
sthef irstsc holartorecogni ethis see pitymbion
p.672 whereshepublishesapreliminarydescription
etriahoardof1937 andshowsthatthe eaguec oins
ustbelongto thethirdcentury.Theolddateswere
3 6 9 t o 3 3 ; t h i s te r mi n us w a s u e ri e d by R e g l i ng l . c. i n n ot e 4 3 ,
as beenakindofarticle offaiththattheMacedo-
dentcoinageinthe stateswhichtheydominated.
hedatesof the uboianissues seeChapter2.
oflighterdrachmsinhigh reliefwhichisprobably
st however havebeenane tremelysmallissue—only
knownandtheyareall fromtwoobversedies—so that
importantmilitaryoccasiontoe plainit.See
8 7 .
t w o fo l lo w er s s ee G X I I , 9 1 9 7. o r t he p r ob a bl y p os t hu -
struc katChalk is see . T. Newell TheCoinagesof
L ondon1927 p. 139 note4 twootherspecimensc an
mentionedbyNewell. tisan interestingbutisolated
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ueanditsCoinage
shmentofpro-Macedonianoligarchiesin
ptagarrisonatChalkis.
nantsoftheAmphiktyoniclistsdiscovered
phoi itispossibletothrowalittlefurtherlight
elaterfourthcentury andsometoo perhaps
ague. nourhistoriesofGreec etheAmphik-
brieflyandobsc urelyatthetimeofSolon dis-
ocenturies andisthensuddenlyre-
anceof hilipofMacedonandtheAthe-
wodisastrous Sac redWarswhic hputan
etwenty-fourhieromnemoneswhocom-
eaguehadapparentlymettwiceannually
alwithoute ercisinganygreatinfluence
butourinformationaboutthemisconfined
oinscriptionslistingthenames andsome-
of thosewhoattendedthespringorfall
d327.Therosterof hieromnemoneswhich
einscriptionsisunfortunatelyveryin-
whohadoneof thetwo onianseatswhile
her arelistedbelow inthef irstcolumn ”
uggested f rom33 on f romwhic hc ity those
formationprobablycame:
ki s 3 4 0/ 9
ometimebefore325/4B .C.Athenssomehowsecured
r et ri a— I G I * 1 62 9 l in es 9 5 6 .
uedtoe istandtoplayaroleinGreekaf fairs—see G * ,
ssedbyB . D . MerittinA P 75 1954 pp. 369-373.
co m pi l ed f r om t h e li s t on p p . 32 4 5 o f o u il l es d e D e l p he s I I "
f romtheinscriptionsonwhichthatlistisbased.
s di f fi c ul t a n d un e p l ai n ed i n t he t e t . F D I I *
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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23
3 36 /5 C ha lk is )
tria
tria
stiaia
aia
aan331/0 retria
s
tiaia
vedforcertaintytobe possibleaboutthe
abovetableshows however thatthein-
ableisconsistentwiththeannualrepre-
theB attleofChaironeiato327 ofallthree
uboia. arystoswasprobablyomittedbe-
consideredtobeD ryopians itisprobably
longtothe uboian eague. tseems
e t F D I I " p . 1 71 t h e u b oi a n re p re s en t at i ve o n t he
ear ThessalossonofD orippos wasan retrian it
erestorationof the ethnic simplyonthegroundthat
arec ommonat retriaseemsprec arious. f rightit
mphiktyonicpositionswereheldbyChalkidiansat
s in s o ut h er n u b oi a s ee H e r . V I I I 4 6 T h u c. V I I 5 7 a n d
retriandemesofStyraandZ are thepositionsofwhic h
seemtohavemarkedthenorthernlimitof theD ryopian
6 1 9 47 p p . 12 9 1 3 7 a n d 13 . t i s t ru e t ha t a si d e fr o m
ccurinthesouth oftheisland— thechiefsourcefor
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ueanditsCoinage
ldhaveheld theirseatsinthe springand
ameyearinourc alendar insteadof inthefall
thesameyearinmost orallGreekcalendars
sessionsat whicheachcitywasrepresented
ars. ikethe uboians theB oiotianrepre-
iddleofthe year theAthenians however
elphic year. Manyof theotherhiero-
ongerthan annualperiods.
aironeiathethree uboianc itiestook turns
edabove inholdingthe uboianseat wef ind
obablyatleastsi Chalk idiansinarowfrom
isanomalybeginse ac tlyatthetimewhen
einstitutingthe uboian eague andc omes
B attleofChaironeia. erhaps alliassec ured
tashearrangedthatthe uboianc ounc il
the retriansseemsimilarly tohavekeptthe
en277and273—seebelow when hilip
uboiandisputeshemayhaveseenthat
heseatsharedevenly. O ritmaybethat al-
depressure turnedovertothecouncilof the
ghttoselec tthe uboianhieromnemones and
gthematteratitssec ondmeetingin339 )
ngof theseatandtobegin therotationin
eventhoughChalk idianshadheldit onsome
oneatall , forthelasttwoyears. Whatever
bl e ts G X I I , 9 5 6 — t he r e is l i tt l e si g n th a t an y d is -
etween oniansandDryopiansin uboiafromthe
e ersianwars buttheDryopianoriginof arystoswas
c f . a u s. V 3 4 1 1 . G e ye r i n E u b oi a G e sc hi c ht e ”
440 suggeststhatthelac kofhieromnemonesf rom arystos
otbelongtothe uboian eague.
wanyof thehieromnemoneswereselec ted e c eptthat
veswereobv iouslyappointedby hilip . tis however
tafterthere-establishmentofthe uboian eague
ieromnemoneswerec hosenbythe eague indeeditis
erarrangementwhilethe eaguewasactive.The
monesweremagistratesoftheThessalian eague not
theirindividualcities —theyswore alongwiththe
gue tothetreatyof361/obetweenThessalyand
, 1 16 = T o d G H I I , 1 47 ; i t is a cc or di ng ly p ro ba bl e th at t he y
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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25
notreallysurprisingtofindChalk idiansina
attheperiodof allias greatestpower and
tthe uboianc itiesbelongingtothe eague
rotatetheseatamongthemselves.
thatthe uboianc ities e c ept arystos
sideinthe amianWar theywereinthe
sh en e s at l a ta i a in 3 2 3 D i o d . X V I I I I ) ;
doniansinvadedA tticaf rom uboia P lu.
probably inretaliation theA theniansmadeade-
ra Strabo447 . Therewasthusagooddeal
uboian eaguewasundoubtedly involved
atthe kantharos drachmsbelongtothis
os generalsfoughteachotheratHistiaia
assandroshadtoreturntoMac edon another
olemaios appearstohavegainedc ontrolof
dituntil309 butthe uboiansprobably
onlywhentheywerecompelledtodoso.
etria atleast escapedfromitsMacedonian
waybythe eagueitself . ThisisThessaly not uboia
or uboiaitself muc hlater wehaveapossibly
einaninterestingthoughmuchmutilatedinscription
be f o un d i n D I I " , p p . 3 97 8 ; t h e be s t di s cu s si o n of
s D e l ph es a u I e e t au * s i c le P a r i s 19 36 p p. 3 41 3 .
disputebetween retriaand arystosontheone
herwhichwasarbitratedbythecityof H ypatain
osatD elphoi—thedateis thusbetween120and
u , l . c. p . 1 56 n o te 3 . T h e su b e c t of t h e di s pu t e is n o t sp e ci -
eservedpartof thete t but bec ausetheinsc ription
bothB ourguetandD au supposethepointatissuetobe
oic seat inthistheyfollow omptow lio15 191 )
. 197 thetheory isac c eptedw ithout uestionbyZ iebarth
p p. 1 9 39 p . 2 0 7 . D a u h o ld s t ha t r e tr i a an d a r ys t os m a in -
that l é lec tionduhieromnemonappartient l en-
ratherthantoChalk is anditisc learthat allthe
ehow involved forthephraseappearsinthete t. Myonly
tationisthat arystoswasoriginallyD ryopian
ever asfarasweknow sentahieromnemontoDelphoi
ybethereasonwhytheirc laimwasre ec ted butifso why
atedw iththem orourpresentpurposewec anput
n thedateistool ateandtheinterpretationtoo
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
-
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ueanditsCoinage
lb e r ea d i n G X I I , 9 1 9 2. A s H o l l ea u h a s
r ” retriaandChalk isnow oinedthe
ouryears appointing polemarc hs toad-
adoptingotherB oiotianforms.Chalkiseven
rrison and retriac ontributedtothere-
oliorketesarrivedin uboiainthedoubleglory
andhisdefeatatR hodes and freed the
heB oiotians. Howthe uboiansfeltabout
notinformed. tseems however tohave
alof the uboian eagueunderDemetrios
hichprobablybeganatoncealthoughthein-
enceforit belongstotheearlyyearsof the
osimmediatelybegantoprepareforwarwith
02heorderedhisforc es bothmilitaryandnaval
therewere retriansamongthesailorsinhis
eaguehadobv iously tocooperateinDemetrios
houldassigntothisyearoneof itslargestissues
e symbol which f romtheirc omparative
seep. 64 mustc omebetweenthe kantharos
d drachms andshouldberatherc loserindate
E S u pp . V c o l. 4 4 1 r a is e d th e u e st i on
eaguesurv ivedthroughtheperiodof the
anddecidedthatitprobablydidnot. tistrue
vehadlittlesc opebetween forinstanc e 313
nuousseriesofc oins whichGeyer ofc ourse
dbefore33 isfairlygoodev idencethatit
earerightinputtingthe kantharos drachms
about302 the eague howeverinactive
d É r t ri e R E G 1 9 7 p p .1 57 1 9 r e p ub li sh ed i n
e et d h i st o ir e g re c u e s b y Ma u ri c eH o l l e au P a r is 1 9 3 )
4 19 = S y l l. 3 3 7 l i n e s 21 2 . H o l l ea u i s a ls o r es p on s ib l e fo r t he
pretationof thisinscription RE G 1 95 pp. 7-4 ,
.
G X I I , 9 2 10 = S y ll . 3 4 ; t hi s is o ne o fa g ro up o f
onianspassedat retriabetween302and2 B . c . —
I , 9 2 1 l et te ri ng v er y si mi l ar t o 21 0 , 1 99 1 9 , 2 0o a nd
w h ic h a re d a te d t oo l a te i n G a n d G X I I S u pp . 5 52 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_
u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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27
esensebetweenthosetwodates andif these
etobe ine actandtheissuesareshifted
tion oneofthemwillthenfall insidethe
c onc lusionthatthe eaguehadsomekind
oundationin340until theendofthe century.
dH istiaiabelongedtoit but arystosalmost
eassuddenlyashe hadarrived recalledby
tolose at psosin301. Thereseemstobe
mewhatsketchyevidencethat uboia along
eec e followedA thens leadindeserting
eallyknowwhathappenedinthe islandbe-
spossiblethattyrantsin assandros interest
retriawithdemocraticgovernmentinthe
nanyc ase f rom294untilhisf inaldeparture
ow ingofMacedon c ontrolledthegreaterpart
andof uboia andChalk iswasoneof the
alongwithhisnewcapitalof D emetrias
lefortofCorinth.
documentaryevidenceaboutthe uboian
mantimes belongstothelatterpartofDemetrios
ob a bl y t o th e ye a rs 2 9 1 2