the evolution of english a talk by david evans vegetarians humanitarians
TRANSCRIPT
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The Evolution of English
A talk by David Evans
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Vegetarians
Humanitarians
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Olive oil
Baby oil
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The film was wicked!
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The film was wicked!
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty
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Old words, new meanings
Crash
Net
Mouse
Apple
Keyboard
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New words
• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki
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New words
• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki
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New words
• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki
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New words
• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki
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New words
• Phishing• Blog• Satnav• Wiki
• Neologism• Abbreviation• Blended word• Hawaiian
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Sources of hi tech words
• Neologisms
• Abbreviations
• Blended words• Compound words
• Acronyms
• Initialisms
• Phishing
• Blog
• Satnav
• Keypad
• Laser
• PC
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Blended or compound words?
• Netiquette• Hypertext• Emoticon• Cyberspace
• Internet + etiquette• Hyper + text• Emotion + icon• Cyber + space
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Acronym or initialism?
• Wysiwyg
• FAQ• RAM• CD-ROM• Jpeg
• What you see is what you get
• Frequently asked questions
• Random access memory
• Compact Disc read only memory
• Joint photographic experts group
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends
3. Erosion
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Erosion
I’ll be seeing you.
Be seeing you.
See you.
See you later.
Later.
La’er.
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I’m going to see you tomorrow because we’re both going to the same meeting.
I’m gonna see you tomorrow because we’re both going to the same meeting.
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends
3. Erosion4. Analogy
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floccinaucinihilipilification
The categorising of something as worthless or trivial
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floccinaucinihilipilificational
Pertaining to the categorising of something as worthless or trivial
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floccinaucinihilipilificationalise
To cause something to pertain to the categorising of something as worthless or trivial
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Word formation
Noun
Adjective
Adjective
+al
Verb
+ise
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Noun - verb cycles
Compute
Computer
Computerise
Computerisation
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164 irregular verbs +
sneak
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164 irregular verbs +
sneak - snuck
dive
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164 irregular verbs +
sneak - snuckdive - dove
drag
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164 irregular verbs +
sneak - snuckdive - dovedrag - drug
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Analogies
sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dovedrag - drug
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Analogies
sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dove (drive - drove)drag - drug
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Analogies
sneak - snuck (strike - struck)dive - dove (drive - drove)drag - drug (dig - dug)
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends
3. Erosion4. Analogy
5. Symbolism
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Onomatopoeia
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Guess the creature
Ngeong (Indonesian)
Ngiau (Malay)
Tlatzomia (Nahuatl, Mexico)
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Guess the creature
Kwaak kwaak (Afrikaans)
Krooks krooks (Estonian)
Korekorekore (Munduruku, Brazil)
Berp (Argentinian Spanish)
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Guess the creature
Zoem zoem (Afrikaans)
Bhonbhon (Bengali)
Bunbun (Japanese)
Wing wing (Korean)
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Match the sounds
• Ata-ata (Rapa Nui, Easter Island)
• Kekek-kekek (Malay)
• Ringongo (Kiribati, Pacific)
• Yuyurungul (Yindiny, Australia)
• Zonk zonk (Turkish)
• To throb• To snore• To laugh• To giggle• The noise of a
snake slithering through the grass
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Match the sounds
• Ata-ata (Rapa Nui, Easter Island)
• Kekek-kekek (Malay)
• Ringongo (Kiribati, Pacific)
• Yuyurungul (Yindiny, Australia)
• Zonk zonk (Turkish)
• To laugh • To giggle
• To snore
• A snake slithering through the grass
• To throb
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Kiki and Bouba
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Maluma and Takete
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Sound symbolism
The sound [i] is associated with the small as it is made by using the tongue to create the smallest cavity in the mouth, while [u o a] are associated with large things as they are produced using a lowered tongue and larger mouth cavity.
[Otto Jespersen]
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Phonesthesia
Families of words that share sounds and meanings
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Phonesthesia: ‘sn…’
sneeze, sniff, sniffle, snore, snot, snout, snuff, snuffle
sneer, snicker, snide, snob, snooty, snotty
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Phonesthesia: ‘gl…’
glare, gleam, glimmer, glimpse, glint, glisten, glitter, gloss, glow
New word: glitzy
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Phonesthesia: ‘gr…’
grisly, gristly, grubby, grotesque, grotty, gruesome
New words: grunge, grungy
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends
3. Erosion4. Analogy
5. Symbolism
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The Evolution of English
A talk by David Evans. April 2009
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Word Origins
• Alcohol• Banjo• Jumbo• Pundit• Vampire
• Arabic• Bantu• Swahili• Hindi• Serbo-Croat
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Impact on English
• Acceptance of non-standard accents
• Simplified vocabulary and grammar
• Greater influence of other ‘Englishes’
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Expansion of English
• English introduced at primary level (China 2001)
• Bilingual models (Finland, Netherlands, Singapore)
• Second official language (Chile, Mongolia)
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Hinglish
Life ho to aisi
(Coca Cola)
Life should be like this
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Hinglish
Life ho to aisi
(Coca Cola)
Hungry kya?
(Domino’s Pizza)
Life should be like this
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Hinglish
Life ho to aisi
(Coca Cola)
Hungry kya?
(Domino’s Pizza)
Life should be like this
Are you hungry?
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Hinglish
Life ho to aisi
(Coca Cola)
Hungry kya?
(Domino’s Pizza)
What your bahana is?
(McDonalds)
Life should be like this
Are you hungry?
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Hinglish
Life ho to aisi
(Coca Cola)
Hungry kya?
(Domino’s Pizza)
What your bahana is?
(McDonalds)
Life should be like this
Are you hungry?
What’s your excuse?
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How languages evolve
1. Novelty2. New technologies and trends
3. Erosion4. Analogy
5. Symbolism6. Contact with other languages
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Lexical gaps
• The current decade• Unmarried heterosexual partners• Gender-neutral third person pronoun (to replace
he or she)• Adult children• A collective noun for nephews and nieces
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The Welsh puzzle
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The Welsh puzzle
22% Welsh population speak Welsh (611,000)
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Words of Welsh origin
bard, booth, corgi, crag, druid, flannel,flummery, penguin, pout, whelk
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Innit?
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-ess
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phil
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fract
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loqu
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iatr
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clin
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The film was sick!
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The film was sick!