WESTWARD EXPANSION II

The Expansion

GOALS: WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

How did the Louisiana Purchase, Texas, the

Alamo, the Oregon Trail, California Gold Rush,

and development of mining towns help

Westward Expansion of America?

Explain the issues that caused the War of

1812.

How did the War of 1812 affect Americans, and

how they felt about their country?

EXPLAIN THE ISSUES THAT CAUSED THE WAR OF 1812.

Economic hardship of America due to the

European wars between France and England

England’s thought that they could seize

American ships and sailors (impressments)

America’s anger that British soldiers still

occupied American soil

HOW DID THE WAR OF 1812 AFFECT AMERICANS, AND

HOW THEY FELT ABOUT THEIR COUNTRY?

War of 1812 – no clear winner

America’s feeling of nationalism

Pride that they again “held their own” against the super powerful England

World recognition that America could hold off England (again)

Other:

Burning of White House

Battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star Spangled Banner”

HOW DID THE US GROW IN TERRITORY?

Cumberland Gap & Wilderness Road

Helped encourage settlement of Kentucky and Northwest area

Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, & Wisconsin

Northwest Ordinance

Issue of slave vs free

Encourage areas to settle and apply for statehood

Louisiana Purchase

Wanted port of New Orleans, ended up with 800,000 sq miles of territory

HOW DID THE US GROW IN TERRITORY?

Florida

Adams-Onis Treaty

Texas

Was settled (colonized) by lots of Americans

Became an independent nation from Mexico

Battle at the Alamo

Sam Houston and Texas army fought off General Santa

Anna in San Jacinto

Their cry was “Remember the Alamo”

HOW DID THE US GROW IN TERRITORY?

Lewis and Clark

Charted the land northern part of the US, proved

their was a way to the Pacific

Zebulon Pike

Charted the southwestern part of North America -

lands that belonged to Spain / Mexico

ISSUES:

Slavery

Missouri Compromise

Division of North vs South due to Slavery

Slave states are being added with Free states to “balance” the power

Slavery is introduced into the new territory

Native Americans

Tribal lands are being taken away

Tribes are forcibly being moved into the west – Trail of Tears

Entire tribes are being killed

TIME LINE 1838: Trail of Tears

1841: William Harrison, President

1841: John Tyler, President

~~ 1842: Manifest Destiny –

California, Santa Fe, Oregon,

Mormon, Pony Express Trail

1845: Florida joins

1845: James Polk, President

1845: Texas joins

1846: War with Mexico

1846: Iowa joins

1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– end of war with Mexico

1848: Wisconsin joins

1848: Gold discovered at Sutter’s

Mill

1849: Gold Rush to CA

1849: Zachary Taylor, President

1850: Millard Fillmore, President

1850: California joins

1850: Fugitive Slave Act

1853: Franklin Pierce, President

1857: James Buchanan, President

1858: Minnesota joins

1859: Oregon joins

1860: Southern state begin to

secede from the Union

1861: Abraham Lincoln, President

US TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

A

•1845

•Republic of Texas (Independent Country)

•Texas independent from

Mexico in 1836

•Northerners feared it

would become a slave

state

B

E - Texas

D

C

E

When?

From Where?

Why?

Source: www.wayzata.k12.mn.us Mr. McIntyre

US TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

A

•1846

•Great Britain

•Claimed by four

countries (G. Britain,

Russia, Spain, & US)

•Americans and Britain

negotiate a border

B

F - Oregon Territory

D

C

E

F

When?

From Where?

Why?

Source: www.wayzata.k12.mn.us Mr. McIntyre

OREGON TERRITORY

US and England shared the Oregon Territory

Spain and Russia claimed part of the area too

Good trapping, fishing, and other economic

opportunities

Americans were moving into the area…

President Polk wanted to settle the matter and

claim the land for America

Gearing up for another war

Treaty of 1846: agrees division of this territory

WAR WITH MEXICO

Tension between two countries Mexico’s government is not stable since their

independence from Spain

Mexico is mad about US annexation of Texas

Mexico is mad about US soldier stationed near the border near mouth of Rio Grande river

Americans keep traveling into Mexico territory

Mexico attacks American troops along the border – US declares war in 1846

Peace treaty is signed in 1848 at Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico finally gives up Texas and the entire Southwest

territory

US TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

A

•1848

•Mexico

•Polk offers to buy area

from Mexico & they refuse

•War! US wins

•In Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo, US offers $15

million for land

B

G - Mexican Cession

D

C

E

F

G

When?

From Where?

Why?

Source: www.wayzata.k12.mn.us Mr. McIntyre

MANIFEST DESTINY

During this time, Americans had a belief that it

was their God given right, mission, and purpose

to go out and conquer the western lands

Populate the unpopulated Western land

was populated by Native Americans & Mexicans

( White settles viewed this to be unoccupied)

Get to the west before other countries for this

land (Mexico southwest, Britain northwest)

Americans believed that the United States was

destined to stretch from sea to sea

Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/l

MANIFEST DESTINY

Newspaper editor John O’Sullivan gave a

name to that belief

“Our manifest destiny is to overspread and

possess the whole of the continent which

Providence (God) has given us for the

development of the great experiment of liberty

and … self government”

John O’Sullivan, 1845

Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/l

Manifest Destiny, chromolithograph print, c. 1873, after an 1872 painting of the same title by John Gast.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital id: ppmsca 09855)

WHY MOVE WEST?

It was crowded in the East

Economic Opportunities

Trappers, Mountain Men

Religious Freedom

Mormons

Discrimination

Immigrants

Forced migration

Native Americans

Because the US has the land?

Land means independent means to feed one’s family

Free and cheap land

Squatting

Manifest Destiny

Types of

people who

traveled there

Why they went

there

Key events that

brought the

territory into

the US

New Mexico Farmers and

traders

Land or profit War with Mexico

Utah Mormons Religious

freedom

War with Mexico

Oregon Farmers and

traders

Land or profit Agreement with

Britain

Texas Farmers and

ranchers

Land Texas

Revolution

California Miners and

traders

Land or profit War with Mexico

Gold is found

WHY PEOPLE TRAVELED WEST

Sources: http://www.priorlake-savage.k12.mn.us/ (Mrs. Zaks)

THE TRAILS

Pictures from: http://wps.ablongman.com/

TRAIL BLAZING – SANTÉ FE

Mexico’s Independence from Spain, Texas, and

war with Mexico all provided opportunities

Lands around Texas was great for cattle ranching

Trail ended at the Rio Grand river - rivers mean

easy transportation of goods

Goods transported between Santé Fe and

Missouri

Map from: "Sante Fe National Historic Trail Map" (PDF). National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/safe/planyourvisit/upload/SAFEmap1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

TRAIL BLAZING – SANTÉ FE

Mexico’s Independence from Spain, Texas, and

war with Mexico all provided opportunities

Lands around Texas was great for cattle ranching

Trail ended at the Rio Grand river - rivers mean

easy transportation of goods

Goods transported between Santé Fe and

Missouri

Map from: "Sante Fe National Historic Trail Map" (PDF). National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/safe/planyourvisit/upload/SAFEmap1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

TRAIL BLAZING – MORMON TREK

Mormons had specific religious beliefs that

their neighbors did not like

Community property

More than one wife

Mob kills Mormon leader, in 1844, their new

leader takes the group and settles around Salt

Lake City, Utah

Sources: http://www.priorlake-savage.k12.mn.us/ (Mrs. Zaks)

TRAIL BLAZING – MORMON TREK

Mormons had specific religious beliefs that

their neighbors did not like

Community property

More than one wife

Mob kills Mormon leader, in 1844, their new

leader takes the group and settles around Salt

Lake City, Utah

Sources: http://www.priorlake-savage.k12.mn.us/ (Mrs. Zaks)

TRAIL BLAZING – OREGON TRAIL & (CALIFORNIA TRAIL)

These trails are used to travel out west; the route is one of VERY few practical ways to cross the rough terrain (desert & Rocky Mountains)

From 1841 to 1866 anywhere from 250,000 to 650,000 made their way out west

Families traveled in covered wagons (Conestogas wagon or Prairie Schooners)

Oxen were most often used – easier to feed

All the supplies they needed – not a lot of stores on the trail

Took about 3 – 6 months

TRAIL BLAZING – OREGON TRAIL & (CALIFORNIA TRAIL)

These trails are used to travel out west; the route is one of VERY few practical ways to cross the rough terrain (desert & Rocky Mountains)

From 1841 to 1866 anywhere from 250,000 to 650,000 made their way out west

Families traveled in covered wagons (Conestogas wagon or Prairie Schooners)

Oxen were most often used – easier to feed

All the supplies they needed – not a lot of stores on the trail

Took about 3 – 6 months

TRAILS - WAGONS

Pictures from: http://www.planetware.com/i/photo/oregon-trail-interpretive-park-la-grande-or175.jpg

TRAIL HARDSHIPS

All supplies taken with them

Native Americans Some hostile

Many helpful

ROUGH terrain: Flooded rivers

No stores, doctors, etc. Accidents

Illness, contaminated water

Last 400 miles the hardest Rough river

Tired people and animals

Low on supplies

The Oregon Trail as it appeared in 1900.

Source: http://www.mrberlin.com/powerpoint.html

The Oregon Trail near Boise, ID, as it appears today.

Source: http://www.mrberlin.com/powerpoint.html

TRAILS BRING CIVILIZATION

As more people went west, others built towns

on the trails

Government built forts to provide supplies and

protection

Later, railroad is built

TIME LINE 1838: Trail of Tears

1841: William Harrison, President

1841: John Tyler, President

~~ 1842: Manifest Destiny –

California, Santa Fe, Oregon,

Mormon, Pony Express Trail

1845: Florida joins

1845: James Polk, President

1845: Texas joins

1846: War with Mexico

1846: Iowa joins

1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– end of war with Mexico

1848: Wisconsin joins

1848: Gold discovered at Sutter’s

Mill

1849: Gold Rush to CA

1849: Zachary Taylor, President

1850: Millard Fillmore, President

1850: California joins

1850: Fugitive Slave Act

1853: Franklin Pierce, President

1857: James Buchanan, President

1858: Minnesota joins

1859: Oregon joins

1860: Southern state begin to

secede from the Union

1861: Abraham Lincoln, President

CALIFORNIA

CA was populated by 150,000 Native Americans and 8000-12,000 of Spanish or Mexican descent

Several missions along the coast left over from Spanish settlements

John Sutter, Swiss immigrant, had a dream to be the biggest farmer and cattle rancher.

Granted from Mexico’s government 50,000 acres in the Sacramento Valley

set up his farm near a small no nothing town, San Francisco.

Sent his men up to the mountains nearby to cut down trees, and set up a mill to help build his empire

SUTTER’S MILL

1948 - Manager, James Marshall finds gold

San Francisco merchant, Sam Brannnan, runs

through the streets announcing the finding of

gold

It ends up being acknowledged by the President

too…

Sam Brannan – begins to buy all the

prospecting equipment he can find

John Sutter – in despair that his plans are

ruined - he never truly looked for gold

Sources: http://pbskids.org/wayback/goldrush/journey_capehorn.html, http://www.priorlake-savage.k12.mn.us/168720425124527540/site/default.asp

EVERYONE – rushes to CA to look for gold Estimated 250,000 people arrive

Forty-Niners: in 1849, everyone runs to CA Americans: New Englanders

Europeans, Chinese, even Australians

Three Ways to get here Over land – many do not survive the journey

3,000 miles and takes about 3 to 7 months

Boat – 5 to 6 months to on ship 17,000 miles and takes about 4 to 8 months

Combo – boat to Panama, then over land, then by boat, if lucky 7,000 miles and takes about 2 to 4 months

GOLD RUSH

Sources: http://pbskids.org/wayback/goldrush/journey_capehorn.html, http://www.priorlake-savage.k12.mn.us/168720425124527540/site/default.asp

EVERYONE – rushes to CA to look for gold Estimated 250,000 people arrive

Forty-Niners: in 1849, everyone runs to CA Americans: New Englanders

Europeans, Chinese, even Australians

Three Ways to get here Over land – many do not survive the journey

3,000 miles and takes about 3 to 7 months

Boat – 5 to 6 months to on ship 17,000 miles and takes about 4 to 8 months

Combo – boat to Panama, then over land, then by boat, if lucky 7,000 miles and takes about 2 to 4 months

GOLD RUSH

Sources: http://www.kumeyaay.info/

$$$$$$ GOLD RUSH

Gold made some rich Wrecked the environment with techniques

Other found a living in selling to the miners Lodging, food, supplies

Other find a life taking advantage of miners

San Francisco turned into an incredible booming port town overnight

Towns began to spring up along the trail to provide services to the miners

Wherever gold was found, a camp would be established and then a town Mad Mule, Gulch, Hang town, etc…

GOLD RUSH IMPACT

Lots of people settled California, it became a state in 1850, joined as a Free state imbalance of slave state vs free

Huge economic growth in the region, especially San Francisco Sacramento region began to become a farming region

Mining camps turned into towns

Towns began to spring up along the trail

People: Discrimination of immigrants and natives Original CA natives from Spanish and Mexican descent

Native Americans were pushed off their land, or their land was “ruined” for sustaining their lifestyle

Settlers brought new diseases

Lots of Chinese immigrants had arrived

BOOM TOWNS AND GHOST TOWNS

Everywhere people traveled, they had needs:

Food

Supplies

Mining ; Merchants

Services

Laundry; Boarding houses; Entertainment; cooks

Towns sprung up everywhere - Boomtowns

After the resources were used, people left to find the bigger and better economic opportunities – Ghost towns

CONCEPTS & EVENTS TO KNOW

Territory Acquisition

Louisiana Purchase

Texas & The Alamo

Northwest Ordinance: New States

Oregon Territory

Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny

War of 1812

Star Spangled Banner

California Gold Rush

Trails

Wilderness Road

Cumberland Gap

Oregon Trail

Trail of Tears

Expeditions

Lewis & Clark

Zebulon Pike