The Fall of Imperial RussiaThe Fall of Imperial Russia

By: Zac Pekor, Jon Archer, Kaite By: Zac Pekor, Jon Archer, Kaite Peters, Ben Congedo, and Myia Peters, Ben Congedo, and Myia

Smith Smith

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday January 22January 22ndnd 1905 1905 Father Gapon leads a group of workers to the winter palace to give Father Gapon leads a group of workers to the winter palace to give

position to tzar.position to tzar. Economic and social demandsEconomic and social demands

– Elected dumaElected duma– Freedom of speech and assemblyFreedom of speech and assembly– 8 hour day8 hour day– Reduction of taxesReduction of taxes– Wanted to end warWanted to end war

Peaceful and orderly crowd.Peaceful and orderly crowd. Guards fired into crowd killing more than 100 people.Guards fired into crowd killing more than 100 people. Russians lose faith in tzar, begins downfall of Russian monarchy.Russians lose faith in tzar, begins downfall of Russian monarchy.

Revolution of 1905 and its Revolution of 1905 and its effectseffects

Tzar creates Duman with advisatory powers.Tzar creates Duman with advisatory powers.– Fails to quell violence – workers had no vote in Duma Fails to quell violence – workers had no vote in Duma

elections.elections.

– Workers strike from September to October 1905.Workers strike from September to October 1905.» Soviets were created during this time.Soviets were created during this time.

» Emergence of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.Emergence of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.

» Lenin enters politics.Lenin enters politics.

– Witte persuades tzar to create constitutionWitte persuades tzar to create constitution» October Manifesto guarantees certain civil liberties and an October Manifesto guarantees certain civil liberties and an

elected Duman with legislative power.elected Duman with legislative power.

» Russia became a constitutional monarchy. Russia became a constitutional monarchy.

Leading up to 1917 revolutionLeading up to 1917 revolution

Workers in Petrograd and Moscow were Workers in Petrograd and Moscow were striking and rioting for higher food rations.striking and rioting for higher food rations.

Soldiers Soldiers – Were supposed to subdue the workers but Were supposed to subdue the workers but

refused .refused .– Began a wave of military insubordination.Began a wave of military insubordination.

February RevolutionFebruary Revolution

1917 February 241917 February 24thth-28-28thth

Long term causesLong term causes– The slow autocratic political system that was making it The slow autocratic political system that was making it

harder for the country to reform.harder for the country to reform.– Approx. 83% of the population was rural.Approx. 83% of the population was rural.– Economically and technically retarded compared to Economically and technically retarded compared to

western Europe.western Europe.– Outdated disorganized armyOutdated disorganized army– Corrupt Bureaucracy Corrupt Bureaucracy – Agitation among peasants as well as small working and Agitation among peasants as well as small working and

professional classes. This would soon lead to revolts.professional classes. This would soon lead to revolts.

1917 Revolution1917 Revolution

Czar Nicholas’s goal was to suppress the Czar Nicholas’s goal was to suppress the workers and dissolve the Duma.workers and dissolve the Duma.

Duma refused to obey the wishes of the Duma refused to obey the wishes of the czar.czar.– Insurgents from Petrograd took over the capital.Insurgents from Petrograd took over the capital.– Duma puts together a provisional government Duma puts together a provisional government

headed by prince Lvov.headed by prince Lvov.– Nicholas abdicates throne in Pskov as a result Nicholas abdicates throne in Pskov as a result

of the government set up by Duma.of the government set up by Duma.

Additional InformationAdditional Information

There were two million Russian casualties in 1915.There were two million Russian casualties in 1915. Alcohol presented a unique political problem since Alcohol presented a unique political problem since

the state benefits from people’s desire to get drunk.the state benefits from people’s desire to get drunk. Each political group disagreed on how to best Each political group disagreed on how to best

deserve the problem of too many Russians drinking deserve the problem of too many Russians drinking too much vodka.too much vodka.

The Jews sold much more alcohol than they drank The Jews sold much more alcohol than they drank which made them very vulnerable to frustrated forces which made them very vulnerable to frustrated forces looking for simple answers to complicated questions.looking for simple answers to complicated questions.

The End!!!The End!!!

Russian Provisional Russian Provisional GovernmentGovernment

Erin Potter, Megan Nagle, Samantha Wolfe, Erin Potter, Megan Nagle, Samantha Wolfe, Gina DelRio, Sara WalendziewiczGina DelRio, Sara Walendziewicz

Formation of the Formation of the Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government

When Nicholas II abdicated When Nicholas II abdicated on March 13on March 13thth, a Provisional , a Provisional

Government, headed by Government, headed by Prince George Lvov, was Prince George Lvov, was formed. Members of the formed. Members of the Cabinet included Paul Cabinet included Paul

Miliukov(foreign minister), Miliukov(foreign minister), Alexander Guchkov Alexander Guchkov (minister of war), (minister of war),

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Kerensky (minister of justice), and (minister of justice), and Peter Struve (ministry of Peter Struve (ministry of

trade).trade).

At the outset of the March Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Committee of the Duma formed the Provisional Government.

Nicholas II<-I

<-Alexander Guchkov

Alexander Kerensky->

Peter Struve->

The GoalThe Goal

The general aim of this The general aim of this government is clear enough: to government is clear enough: to

make a political revolution, not a make a political revolution, not a social revolution. Yet social reform social revolution. Yet social reform

if not social revolution was if not social revolution was necessary in the existing necessary in the existing

conditions of agrarian unrest and conditions of agrarian unrest and dissatisfaction of the industrial dissatisfaction of the industrial

proletariat.proletariat.

Major DisadvantageMajor Disadvantage

The Provisional Government’s The Provisional Government’s leaders, especially Kerensky, were leaders, especially Kerensky, were associated with the middle class. associated with the middle class.

The leaders were not seen as The leaders were not seen as having anything in common with having anything in common with the working class, therefore they the working class, therefore they didn’t believe that those leaders didn’t believe that those leaders

could represent them and could represent them and understand their needs.understand their needs.

After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution

The Russian The Russian Revolution of Revolution of

February 1917, February 1917, brought into power brought into power

the Provisional the Provisional Government, which Government, which promptly introduced promptly introduced freedom of speech freedom of speech and assembly and and assembly and lifted the tsarist lifted the tsarist restrictions on restrictions on

minorities.minorities.

The Provisional The Provisional Government in Government in

Russia also Russia also refused to give refused to give land to the poor land to the poor peasants in the peasants in the

rural area. It rural area. It decided to keep decided to keep Russia in WWI.Russia in WWI.

Petrograd SovietPetrograd Soviet

The Provisional The Provisional Government had to Government had to share power with a share power with a

formidable rival – the formidable rival – the Petrograd Soviet of Petrograd Soviet of

Workers’ and Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. Soldiers’ Deputies.

The Petrograd Soviet The Petrograd Soviet was a huge, was a huge,

fluctuating mass fluctuating mass meeting of two to meeting of two to three thousand three thousand

workers, soldiers, and workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals.socialist intellectuals.

The Petrograd Soviet The Petrograd Soviet recognized the recognized the authority of the authority of the

Provisional Provisional Government in return Government in return for its willingness to for its willingness to

carry out eight carry out eight measures including measures including

the full and immediate the full and immediate amnesty for all amnesty for all

political prisoners and political prisoners and exiles, among other exiles, among other

things.things.

Army Order #1Army Order #1

Army Order #1 stripped officers of their authority Army Order #1 stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers. Designed committees of common soldiers. Designed

primarily to protect the revolution from some primarily to protect the revolution from some counter-revolutionary Bonaparte on horseback, counter-revolutionary Bonaparte on horseback, Army Order #1 instead led to a total collapse of Army Order #1 instead led to a total collapse of army discipline. Many officers were hanged for army discipline. Many officers were hanged for his sins. Meanwhile, masses of peasant soldiers his sins. Meanwhile, masses of peasant soldiers began returning to their villages to help their began returning to their villages to help their

families get a share of the land, which peasants families get a share of the land, which peasants were simply seizing as they settled old scores in a were simply seizing as they settled old scores in a great agrarian upheaval. Liberty was turning into great agrarian upheaval. Liberty was turning into

anarchy in the summer or 1917. It as an anarchy in the summer or 1917. It as an unparalleled opportunity for the most radical and unparalleled opportunity for the most radical and

talented of Russia’s socialist leaders, Vladimir talented of Russia’s socialist leaders, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.Ilyich Lenin.

Lenin and TrotskyLenin and Trotsky

Aliya SundermanAliya Sunderman

Kiki DelleDonneKiki DelleDonne

Pat MarronPat Marron

Mike MoyerMike Moyer

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Born into the middle classBorn into the middle class Older brother was executed for plotting to Older brother was executed for plotting to

kill the tsar in 1887kill the tsar in 1887 Exiled to Serbia for three years because Exiled to Serbia for three years because

socialist agitationsocialist agitation While there, he studied Marxist socialismWhile there, he studied Marxist socialism

LeninLenin After his release, he developed his own After his release, he developed his own

revolutionary ideas about Marxist socialismrevolutionary ideas about Marxist socialism

LeninLenin 3 revolutionary ideas:3 revolutionary ideas:

– Capitalism can be destroyed only by violent Capitalism can be destroyed only by violent revolutionrevolution

– Under certain conditions, a socialist revolution Under certain conditions, a socialist revolution is possible (like in Russia, where peasants were is possible (like in Russia, where peasants were poor and thus potential revolutionaries) poor and thus potential revolutionaries)

– There is a need for a highly disciplined There is a need for a highly disciplined workers’ party, strictly controlled by a workers’ party, strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full time dedicated elite of intellectuals and full time revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

LeninLenin Formed the Bolshevik party (majority Formed the Bolshevik party (majority

group)group) Opponents were the Mensheviks (minority Opponents were the Mensheviks (minority

group)group)

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky During the summer of 1917, the Bolshevik During the summer of 1917, the Bolshevik

membership went from 50,000 to 240,000membership went from 50,000 to 240,000 Also during this time, Lenin found a strong Also during this time, Lenin found a strong

right hand man, Leon Trotskyright hand man, Leon Trotsky Trotsky executed the Bolshevik seizure of Trotsky executed the Bolshevik seizure of

powerpower

Trotsky/Seizure of PowerTrotsky/Seizure of Power

First he convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a First he convinced the Petrograd Soviet to form a special military-revolutionary committee, which special military-revolutionary committee, which brought military power to the Bolsheviksbrought military power to the Bolsheviks

Next he reduced the Bolshevik opposition by Next he reduced the Bolshevik opposition by taking the name of the more popular and taking the name of the more popular and democratic Sovietsdemocratic Soviets

Then they went on to the congress of the Soviets, Then they went on to the congress of the Soviets, in which they had a large majority (390 out of in which they had a large majority (390 out of 650)650)

Seizure of PowerSeizure of Power The Soviets (or Bolsheviks) declared that The Soviets (or Bolsheviks) declared that

all the power was in the Soviets’ hands and all the power was in the Soviets’ hands and named Lenin as the head of the new named Lenin as the head of the new government.government.

Seizure of PowerSeizure of Power 3 key reasons for the Bolshevik seizure of 3 key reasons for the Bolshevik seizure of

power:power:– By 1917, democracy had given way to anarchyBy 1917, democracy had given way to anarchy– Lenin and Trotsky were determined to become Lenin and Trotsky were determined to become

leaders unlike tsarist governmentleaders unlike tsarist government– In 1917, they succeeded in appealing to soldiers In 1917, they succeeded in appealing to soldiers

and urban workersand urban workers

Dictatorship and Russian Dictatorship and Russian Civil WarCivil War

Nina BubolzNina Bubolz

Anton BubolzAnton Bubolz

Sam LivingstonSam Livingston

Chris HardingChris Harding

How the war was startedHow the war was started

The The redred guys did not like the whites guys so they decided guys did not like the whites guys so they decided to have a fightto have a fight

It actually was started in 1917 when Nicholas II of Russia It actually was started in 1917 when Nicholas II of Russia abdicated the thrown, so the Russian Provisional abdicated the thrown, so the Russian Provisional Government was established.Government was established.

In October another revolution occurred in which The In October another revolution occurred in which The Bolshevik party seized control of St. PetersburgBolshevik party seized control of St. Petersburg

In 1918 the Constituent Assembly fell apart and the In 1918 the Constituent Assembly fell apart and the Soviets where proclaimed as the new government.Soviets where proclaimed as the new government.

The Red ArmyThe Red Army

The Red Army was an instrument of the communist party.The Red Army was an instrument of the communist party. It consisted of over 5,000,000 membersIt consisted of over 5,000,000 members The Red Army members made an oath to fight for The Red Army members made an oath to fight for

international socialism.international socialism. Leader of the Red Army was Vladimir Antonov-Leader of the Red Army was Vladimir Antonov-

OvseenkoOvseenko..

The White ArmyThe White Army

The white army was a bunch of The white army was a bunch of rebelsrebels who apposed the who apposed the rule of the Bolsheviksrule of the Bolsheviks

The white army included cadets, Mensheviks, and socialist The white army included cadets, Mensheviks, and socialist revolutionaries. It was also constituted of landowners and revolutionaries. It was also constituted of landowners and factory owners.factory owners.

Members of Russian Orthodox Church who objected to the Members of Russian Orthodox Church who objected to the government’s atheism.government’s atheism.

The leaders of the White Army were General Yudenich, The leaders of the White Army were General Yudenich, Admiral Kolchak and General DenikinAdmiral Kolchak and General Denikin

Other less popular armiesOther less popular armies

Besides the Red and White army there was also the Besides the Red and White army there was also the Ukrainian Green and Black armiesUkrainian Green and Black armies

The Ukrainian Green Army was made up of nationalists The Ukrainian Green Army was made up of nationalists and was more active during the early part of the war.and was more active during the early part of the war.

The Ukrainian Black Army or the Revolutionary The Ukrainian Black Army or the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhon.Army led by Nestor Makhon.

The Black Army, which contained numerous Jews and The Black Army, which contained numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants played a pivotal roll in the stopping the Ukrainian peasants played a pivotal roll in the stopping the White Army’s offensive toward Moscow.White Army’s offensive toward Moscow.

Russian Civil War 1918-Russian Civil War 1918-19201920

““Conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended Conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the Bolshevik government against various Russian and the Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik (white) armies.” interventionist anti-Bolshevik (white) armies.” (onwar.com)(onwar.com)

The White Army lacked coordination and had many The White Army lacked coordination and had many rivalries among their leaders. The White generals made rivalries among their leaders. The White generals made many military blunders which was the main reason for many military blunders which was the main reason for their loss.their loss.

On February 18 peace negotiations between the Bolshevik On February 18 peace negotiations between the Bolshevik government and the Germans broke downgovernment and the Germans broke down

In 1919 The Red Army finally conquered the White Army In 1919 The Red Army finally conquered the White Army

The not so happy Western The not so happy Western AlliesAllies

The Western Allies were mad at Bolsheviks because of The Western Allies were mad at Bolsheviks because of Russia’s withdrawal from the war effort…Russia’s withdrawal from the war effort…

And the Allies were also worried about a possible Russo-And the Allies were also worried about a possible Russo-German Alliance…German Alliance…

And the Allies also where worried that the Bolsheviks And the Allies also where worried that the Bolsheviks would assume no responsibility for massive foreign loans.would assume no responsibility for massive foreign loans.

The Central Powers feared that socialist revolutionary The Central Powers feared that socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West.ideas would spread to the West.

Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be “strangled in its cradle”. (Churchill is a baby killer!)“strangled in its cradle”. (Churchill is a baby killer!)

End of the War for RussiaEnd of the War for Russia

The war ended with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.The war ended with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It screwed up Russia’s relations with other countries It screwed up Russia’s relations with other countries

because Russia had been really really mean.because Russia had been really really mean. The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat

of General Pyotr Wrangler in the Crimea, but a notable of General Pyotr Wrangler in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 resistance in certain areas continued until 1923

Results of the WarResults of the War

Transferred power to the Russian Provisional Party and Transferred power to the Russian Provisional Party and after it collapsed the Bolshevik party took over.after it collapsed the Bolshevik party took over.

20 million people where killed over the course of the war. 20 million people where killed over the course of the war. Including 1 million soldiers of the Red Army and over Including 1 million soldiers of the Red Army and over 500,000 White Army soldiers.500,000 White Army soldiers.

By 1922 there were over 7 million street children and they By 1922 there were over 7 million street children and they are still there today.are still there today.

Russia’s economy was devastated Russia’s economy was devastated Peasants refused to work (lazy infidels)Peasants refused to work (lazy infidels) The Communist Party no longer faced an acute military The Communist Party no longer faced an acute military

threat.threat.