the feasibility of hybrid solar biomass power plants in india

8/12/2019 The Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Biomass Power Plants in India

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anuscript REV1

ick here to download Manuscript: Manuscript REV1.pdf Click here to view linked References

1

The feasibility of hybrid solarbio!ass power plants in"ndia

2

3 J. D. Nixon

a

, P. K. Dey

b

and P. A. Davies

a*

4

5

16aSustainable Environment Research rou!, School o" En#ineerin# and A!!lied Science

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A

b

#

$

!lants "or use in %ndia in various

a!!lications includin# trieneration, electricity #enerationand !rocess heat. 'o cover thisbreadth o" scenarios (e analyse,(ith the hel! o" simulation models,case studies (ith !ea)


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t


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and .+-./ in cost !ere"


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Keywords:solar

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$o!enclature


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0'

1lu

idtem!erature

rise2K3A

r

Areao"

receiver2m

3A

S

1

A!ertureareao"

solar"ield

2m3

4saved 4iomass saved 2tonnes5a3

cbio 6ost o" biomass "eedstoc) 275a3

cboiler 6ost o" boiler 273

6ca!ital 6a!ital cost 273

cchiller 6ost o" chiller 273celec 6ost o" electricity 273

cins Annual insurance costs 275a3

cland 6ost o" land 273

689: 8!erations and maintenance cost 275a3

cP4 6ost o" rest o" !o(er bloc) 273

6!el 6ost !er exer#y loss

6!i S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" ice 2)J5)#K3

6!s S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" steam 2)J5)#K3

6!( S!eci"ic heat ca!acity o" (ater 2)J5)#K3

cs" 6ost o" solar "ield 273cs!are Annual re!lacement costs 275a3

csta"" 6ost o" em!loyees 275a3

cturb 6ost o" turbine 273

c(ater 6ost o" (ater 275a3

DN% Direct normal irradiance 2$5m3

Eel Electricity !roduced 2:$he5a3Eel,;bio Percenta#e o" electricity "rom biomass in!ut

Eel,;sol Percenta#e o" electricity "rom solar in!ut

Eel,aux Auxiliary electrical re > 6ollector "lo( "actor 2&3

16R 1ixed char#e rate 2&3

"P4sta"" Number o" em!loyees "or !o(er bloc) 2&3

1R ?eat removal "actor 2&3

1S Solar share & 1raction o" total use"ul ener#y "rom solar in!ut 2;3

"S1sta"" Number o" em!loyees "or solar "ield 2&3

ene""enerator e""iciency 2;3

%A: %ncidence an#le modi"ier 2&3

%se"" 'urbine isentro!ic e""iciency 2;3

%val =alue o" %ce 275a3

)d %nterest rate on debt 2;3

1L @en#th o" receiver !i!e 2m3@68E @evelised cost o" electricity 2/5)$h3@E6 @evelised ener#y cost 2/5)$h3

@e( @atent heat o" eva!oration "or (ater 2)J5)#3@"( @atent heat o" "usion "or (ater 2)J5)#3@?= @o(er heatin# value 2)J5)#3

@saved

@and saved 2ha3:bio :ass o" biomass 2tonnes3


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:ice :ass o" ice 2tonnes3


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ms

ol

:ass"lo

( in solar "ield 2)#5s3

mturb :ass "lo( in turbine 2)#5s3

:(ater :ass o" (ater 2tonnes3

Par Pro"its a"ter ca!ital re!ayments 275a3

Pexit 'urbine exit !ressure 2bar3


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Pi

nlet

'urbineinl

et!ressure2bar3P

Pc

a!6a!italco

st!aybac)!eriod2years3P

Ps

ol

Solarinvestment!aybac)!eriod2years

3P(

r

Pro"its(ithca!italre!ay

ments275a3

b

oile

r Bse"ul ener#y "rom boiler 2J5a3

e ?eat absorbed by chiller 2J5a3

in*

Solar radiation rate o" on solar "ield 2J5a3

reCect,h ?i#h #rade reCect heat "rom solar "ield 2J5a3

reCect,l @o( #rade reCect heat "rom chiller 2J5a3

u Bse"ul ener#y #ained "rom solar "ield 2J5a3year Annual solar insolation 2J5m5a3

1S Absorbed solar radiation 2$5m3

' 'urbine inlet tem!erature 263

' 'urbine exit tem!erature 263

'a Ambient tem!erature 2K3

'AS1 'otal land usa#e o" solar "ield 2K3

'exit Exit tem!erature "rom solar "ield 2K3

's ?eat trans"er "luid tem!erature 2steam3 2K3

'ice 'em!erature o" ice 2K3

'in %nlet tem!erature to solar "ield 2K3': 'y!ical meteorolo#ical year 2&3

B@ ?eat loss coe""icient 2$5m.K3

Bo 8verall heat loss coe""icient 2$5m.K3

$net Net (or) o" !lant

$turb $or) at turbine 2J5a3

(=0) 8!tical e""iciency at normal incidence 2;3

% Ener#y e""iciency

%% Exer#etic e""iciency

Subscripts

1c 6ollector 2solar thermal "ield3

1b 4oiler 2biomass3

hc ?eat cycle

os 8verall system

F


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1. "ntroduction

11 %ndia receives a hi#h level o" Direct Normal %rradiance 2DN%3, GH )$h5m!er day. 'hus,2

there is a vast !otential "or decentralised solar ener#y a!!lications usin# 6oncentratin#Solar3

14 thermal Po(er 26SP3. ?o(ever, 6SP technolo#ies are currently ex!ensive and the u!ta)e in5 %ndia has been slo(. 'he Ja(aharlal Nehru National Solar :ission (as established inII6

17 and outlined su!!ort "or solar ener#y a!!lications to encoura#e mar)et !enetration o" #rid18 connected and decentralied o""rid a!!lications, to !rovide ener#y services in %ndia , L.

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8 desi#n. 'he @1R uses multi!le ro(s o" lo(

!ro"ile mirrors to "ocus solar radiation onto

a "ixed tar#et !i!e to #enerate steam

directly. Such


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14 Direct Steam 15 'rans"er 1luids2?'1s3

synthetic oil and moltensalt and has the!otential to increase 6SP

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!

'

?


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35 day thesunMsrays canbeharnessed bysolarcollectorsandbiomass"eedstoc) can beburnt as

36 asu!!lementary "ueltoachieveconstantbase loado!eration.6SP!lantsbene"it"rom


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h


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42 sol a ener#y co used to inc r 44

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s re


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simulation tool. Key economic indicators "rom the study included the @evelised 6ost o"11 Electricity 2@68E3 and avera#e annual !ro"it a"ter interest rate re!ayments. 'he @68E is the2

!ayment a !lant must receive "or each unit o" electricity in order to meet o!erational costs.34

5

4ermeCo et al. L tested an @1R solaras coolin# !lant to identi"y desi#nim!rovements617 that could be made on solar collector sie, o!eration control and cou!lin# to chiller. 6ot et al.18 FL !resented the conce!t o" Q'ermosolar 4or#esM a hybrid 6SP !lant that (ill o!erate (ith a

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# transients and a biomass boiler at ni#ht.'ermosolar 4or#es (ill be the (orldMs "irst

hybrid 6SP !lant, and is ex!ected to

commence sellin# electricity to the S!anish

#rid in January IF. A small scale

demonstration !roCect


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14 aimin# "or com!letioni 15 !o(er !lant "or trieneration

2electricity, heat andre"ri#eration3 GL.

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S


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21 !lant!er"orm

a:u

3,(hich

is de"inedas theratio o"

th

"ieldmirror

a!erturearea tothe sie

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o


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28 sc a have also estima6SP !o (

e30

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Eand

exer#y

analyse

s 2or

"irst la(

and

second

la(

analyse

s3 have

been

(idely

ado!te

d to!rovide

a

com!re

hensive

assess

ment o"

thermo

dynami

ccycles.

Exer#y

is

!articul

arly


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35 us e"ul in as37 3

8

39 40 4

1

and e anal ysis o" ah #as& biomass sc

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s occur

redinthesolarthermal"ield.

Ex

er#

etic

ana

lys

es

hav

e

als

o

bee

n

co

mbi

ned

(it

h

eco

nomic

stu

die

s

as

exe

r#y

is

the

!ar

t o"

ene

r#y

that

is use"ul

to

societyand

there"or

e has

economi

c value

, FL.

Such

exer#oe

conomic

analyses

are

ty!ically

used "or

desi#n

o!timisa

tion,

assessin

#

"easibility, and

com!ari

n#

system

o!eratin

#

conditio

ns and

technolo#ies, by

evaluati

n# the

cost

associat

ed (ith

the

exer#y

loss in

system

com!on

ents

GL.

Rosen

-


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?e!basli HL !rovides a com!rehensive revie( o" exer#etic studies o" sustainable ener#y11 systems.2

3

4 ?ybrid !lant studies in the literature have been !rimarily "ocused on the @68E (ith5

electricity as the sole out!ut. As indicated, the conce!t o" exer#y has been (idely ado!tedin6

17 the !o(er #eneration sector, but no assessment o" hybrid solar&biomass systems has been18 made. A ran#e o" hybrid solar&biomass a!!lications and the resultin# dra(bac)s and bene"its

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" !rovide heat "or industrial !rocesses. A

!romisin# hybrid a!!lication in %ndia is a tri&

#eneration !lant, !roducin# electricity, ice

and reCect heat,


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14 throu#h the use o" an@ 15 21i#ure 3. :anyindustries have a

lar#e demand "or steamand, in "ood&!rocessin#"acilities,

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r


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21 term " !re servation 22 !la nts.23

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28 o" a !lication s consider ed i30

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a

.

$hatisthea!!ro!riatesolarmu

lti!le"orahybrid!lant

.

?o(

dothelev

elisedene

r

#ycosts o"alter

nativehybrida!!licationscom!areto

otherener#ysources,rene(ableand

conv

entional

F.?o(doesthehybrid!la

ntcom!aretoabiomass&only!la

nt

G.$hichi

sthemost

"easiblea!!licatio

n "orahybridsolar&biomass!o(er

!lant trieneration,electricity#eneration

or

industrial!ro

cessheat

'

evaluatehybrid!lants

and torecommendon thebesta!!licationso"such!lants.'his(illhaveim!lications"or!olicyma)ers

interes

ted inincentivisin# biomassand solar

ener#y and"or !lantdesi#nersandinvestors.

'hemethodolo#y o" this!a!er isbased on"ive casestudieschosen tocover aran#e o"scenarios"or hybrid@1R&biomass

! e sieso" solar"ield,as

re!resented bythesolarmulti!le.Evaluationsandcom!ar

isons(illthus bemadea#ainst

t echni c inanci al above. 'ec58 5

9

60 61 assessment is m a#ai nst the c


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2. Evaluation criteria and assu!ptions11 'he evaluation (ill re


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3

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the chiller, Qe. 'he auxiliary load o" the !lant

is assumed to be .- times the auxiliary3

4 electrical

re


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2G31

2

3'hus, the ener#y e""iciency o" the solar "ield, I,c, is #iven by

u5in.45

16 Each case study is evaluated to determine the exer#y received and delivered by each system7

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c

(h'

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'h


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+


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'he main out!uts "rom the !lant include the electricity !roduced, Eel, mass o" ice,Mice, and11 lo( and hi#h #rade reCect heat. Sur!lus heat "rom the solar thermal "ield is cate#orised as2

hi#h #rade reCect heat, Qreect,h, as tem!eratures (ill be the re#ion o" FII 6. @o( #radereCect3

14 heat, Qreect,l, tem!eratures less than II 6, (ill be !roduced "rom the chiller.5

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17 'he total mass o" ice !roduced is determined "rom the "ollo(in# FL,8

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(here !pwand !piare the s!eci"ic heatca!acity o" (ater and ice, "#wis the latentheat o" "usion "or (ater, and $aand $icearethe ambient tem!erature and desired icetem!erature.

2.2 &inancial'he ca!ital cost !er exer#y loss, !pel,"or each !lant com!onent 2solar "ield,!pel,c, boiler, !pel,b, heat cycle, !pel,hc,and overall system,!pel,os3 is evaluated"romU

'he ca!ital cost o" the !lant, !capital,and cost o" o!erations andmaintenance, !%&M, "or the hybrid !lantare calculated "romU

%t has been estimated that an @1R solar "ield,based on a!erture area, must cost belo( +

75m2TV5m3 to be com!etitive (ith other


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6SP technolo#ies FFL. 'y!ical costs "or an @1Rs


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solar "ield is assumed to be three times that o" its a!erture area. 'he cost o" land !rocurement11 and !re!aration, avera#e salary o" a medium s)illed em!loyee and value o" ice are ta)en to be2

I75m

, 7III !er annum and

GI

75tonne res!ectively, (hich are values #athered bythe

3

14 authors durin# site visits to com!anies in uCarat. 'he cost o" the biomass boiler, cboiler, is5 assumed to be 7-G,III !er tonne o" steam !roduced !er hour. De!endin# u!on the amounto"6

17 ice !roduced !er hour the cost o" the chiller, cchill, is ta)en to be 7-,III !er tonne o" ice8

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! cpb, is assumed to be GI 75:$he. 8ther

o!erational costs include the biomass, cbio,(hich (ill de!end on "eedstoc) ty!e and sitelocation. 'he number o" sta"" re


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14 the !lant is assumed tob 15 ice, re!airs,security, etc.3 'he

cost o" the (aterconsum!tion is ta)en tobe .HF 75:$h FIL.

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2I3

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%

year, etc. a "ixedvalue o"

/5)$h ista)en "orsolar, assolar

!roCectscommission

ed a"ter Fst

DecemberII (ere

eli#ible "orthis rate in

%ndia FHL.'he

assum!tion

is madethat


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53 ele c city #e n ated "ro m


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2F3

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'he annual !ro"it o" the !lant a"ter 16R re!ayments, 'ar, and (ith 16R re!ayments2e.#. loans3, 'wr,is determined "romU

2G3

2-3

'o investi#ate the bene"it o" a hybrid !lant in com!arison to a biomass&only !lant it isuse"ul to determine the !aybac) !eriod "or the additional investment in solar ener#y,

''sol, (hich is s!eci"ied by the ca!ital cost and !ro"it o" a hybrid !lant "or a #ivensolar multi!le 2S: X (3 and a biomass&only !lant 2S: X I3U

2T3

'he !aybac) !eriod or brea)even time "or the overall !lantMs ca!ital cost, ''cap, isalso included as it is a )ey indicator "or investors o" (hether a !roCect is "inancially"easible. 'ax rates and other "inancial incentives such as carbon credits are notconsidered. All monetary values in this !a!er are !resented in BS dollars, convertedat an exchan#e rate o" %ndian Ru!ee 2%NR3 X I.I BS Dollar 2BSD3.

2.3 Environ!ental

'he )ey environmental "actors considered are the amount o" biomass and landsaved, )sa*ed and "sa*ed, relative to biomass&only o!eration. 'he land usa#e iscalculated based on a cro! yield assum!tion o" F tonnes !er hectare annum F+L.

3. 'i!ulation !odel of hybrid plant

Several so"t(are !ac)a#es (ith the ca!ability to enable users to model solar thermal and

rene(able ener#y based !o(er !lants are available. Exam!les includeU 'hermo"lex, Ebsilon,

%PSE!ro, 'RNSS, SA:, reenius and 6olSim. 1or the !ur!oses o" this study a hybrid

@1

43 'RNSS, a validated'RaNsient Sstem

Simulation so"t(are tool. %t is a#ra!hical so"t(are

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environment, ty!ically usedto model the !er"ormance o"thermal and electricalener#y #eneratin# systems,and has been !reviouslya!!lied in the "ield o" 6SPF, GIL. Each com!onent"ormin# the hybrid !lantmodel is no( described.:athematical models andassum!tions used areex!licitly !rovided.

3.1 (io!ass boiler

A 'RNSS steam boiler

c the literature G&G-L.1or a #iven steam

demand, tem!erature

and !ressure, the boiler

e""iciency, "lue #as

tem!erature and

biomass "eed rate are

calculated. @osses due

to "lue #as, blo(do(n,

ash removal, radiationand convection are


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also considered. 'he boiler is considered as a counter "lo( heat exchan#er (ith the "lue #as11 exchan#in# heat to the su!!ly (ater throu#h an economier, eva!orator and su!erheater2

section.34

5

).% 'olar fieldoperation6

17 'o model the solar "ield a custom com!onent has been develo!ed in 'RNSS. 'he hourly18 !er"ormance o" the solar "ield is modelled based on the ty!ical !arameters "or an @1RU

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6o at normal incidence, +-./ and heat loss coe""icient, 0"GTL.

'he solar "ieldMs "lo( characteristics aremodelled usin# a series o" e


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to be treated individually. 'hus, "or a #iveninlet tem!erature the mass "lo( can bedetermined to achieve a s!eci"ied exit

tem!erature, $exit.


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2FF3


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%terative calculations are re


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28 chiller iss as &I 6. %ti30

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i

T

'

4'&G and

SS'&ITI is

7I,III

and

7TTI,IIIres!ectively

. 'he

o!erational

ran#e in

terms o" "ull

and !art

load "lo(

rates,

mechanicalout!uts,

!ressures,

tem!eratur

es, and

e""iciencies

are #iven in

'able . A

cost o"

7+II,III is

assumed

"or the

condensin#

turbine.

4. Casestudie

s%n thissection,the )ey"eatures o"the "ivehybrid!lant casestudiesare

!resented2assummarised in'able 3.Each case

includes detailson !lanta!!lication, sitelocation, siin#,

o!erational!arameters andassum!tions.Results "or theevaluationcriteria de"inedin section are!lotted a#ainstS:.

4.1 Casestudy 1+,u-aratpilotplant

'he uCarat

hybrid !lant is a

!ilot system to

be im!lemented

in =a!i, %ndia.

'he !roCect is

!art "unded by

research #rants

and there"ore

has a lo( 16R

o" -;. 'he !lant

(ill !rovide

F


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electricity to the #rid, and ice to nearby "isheries and chemical !lants. %n the "uture, sur!lus11 heat (ill be used "or additional !rocess steam a!!lications. 'he !lant (ill o!erate (ith a F2

tonne boiler and 4'&G steam turbine. Rice hus) "eedstoc), (ith an @?= o" G :J5)#, (illbe3

14 sourced at a cost o" GI 75tonne.5617 'he uCarat !lant is modelled usin# the "ollo(in# conditions. At the biomass boilerMs "ull

8

9

10

11

12

13

l the solar "ield until the mass "lo( reaches

I.G- )#5s at this state the biomass boiler

is s(itched to !art load 2i.e. the t(o "lo(

streams are combined to achieve the !art

load o" the turbine3. %" the solar "ieldMs


46/106

14 mass "lo( reachesI 15 re


47/106

28 theircam!usbuildin#s. %naddition,they arealsointerested indesi#nin# asystemthat best

29 meetstheirdemand.'hreecasestudiesarethere"oremodelled.


48/106

30

31

32

33

34

6


49/106

35 chi l . 1or ca s37

38

39

40

41

" steam

rate o"

.+

)#5s is

chosen.

6ase F

is

controll

ed so

that a

constan

t base

load is

achieved. 1or

this

case a

lar#er

I.+

tonne

boiler

2steam

rate

e


50/106

42 I I; o" it ea) th44

45

46

47

48

t "ield

"or

"lo(

rates

#reat

er

than

.+

)#5s.

?o(

ever,

i" the

solar

"ieldachie

ves a

stea

m

"lo(

o" F

)#5s

the

biom

ass

boiler

is

turne

d o""

and

hot

ban)

ed.

Sur!lus

"lo(

is

there

"ore

!rod

uced

"or

"lo(

rates

#reat

er

than

F

)#5s. 1or

both

cases

and F, the

assum!tio

n is made


51/106

that e y and ice!51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

b

6

ele

ctri

city

2ca

se

G3

is

mo

dell

ed

sim

ilarl

y to

case

F,

exc

e!t

tha

t a

con

de

nsi

n#

tur

bin

e is

use

d

rat

her

tha

n abac

)

!re

ssu

re

tur

bin

e&

chiller

co

mbi

nati

on,

2see

1i#ure

-ad3.

%n all

cases

the

(eather

data

"rom the

6oimbat

ore

(eather

station

is used"or the

':.

6ases

are

assume

d to be

"unded

by a

#overn

ment

loan

(ith a

-;

interest

rate,

thus an

16R o"

+; is

G


52/106

modelled. 1or the 6olle#e case studies a solar multi!le o" re


53/106

14 cost o" the bio&bric)sh 15 I, and aresu""erin# "rom an

inconsistent "eedstoc)su!!ly. 'hus, to reducebiomass

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

d

'


54/106

28 re


55/106

56 !e a load stu ses an d58 5

9

60 61 and !rocess h -3 studies had a


56/106

6

2

-63

6

4

65


57/106

investment bein# indicated. As ex!ected the ca!ital cost !aybac) !eriod increased "or lar#er11 solar multi!les, but increased more #radually "or an S: X I.-.-. 1or a lar#e S: the

2biomass and land saved also became less substantial in com!arison to increased values "or

the3

14 "inancial criteria.5

6

17 Q64 7ow do the le*elised ener8y costs o# alternati*e hybrid applications co(pare to other8

9

10

11

12

13

e

'

modelled (ere lo(er than !hotovoltaic and

com!arable to (ind turbines 2see 1i#ure H3.

1urthermore, the

14 levelised electricitycth

extendin# %ndiaMselectrical #rid torural areas, (hich

ran#e "rom T.G

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

G lo(er electricityand ener#y costvalues.


58/106

28 Q947owdoesthehybrid

plantco(pare t o abio(assonlyplant5

29 'hehybrid!lantsMener#yandexer#etice""iciencies (erelar#elyinsensitive to anincreasin#


59/106

30

31

32

33

34

S


60/106

35 biomass!o(er!lants(ere"inancialho(everthe

re(erealsoenvironmentalad

vanta#es.1or

36 theselectedS:ssho(nin'able Fthecos

t!erexer#ylossandlevelisedener#ycost


61/106

37

38

39

40

41

i "rom

+.F to

G.+

75J5a

and .+

to -.

/5)$h

res!ect

ively in

com!ar

ison to

biomas

s&only.

A more

si#ni"icant

dra(ba

c) is

the

lon#

!aybac

)

!eriods

"or the

hybrid

!lant.

$ith a

hi#h

solar

share,

the

!ea)

load

studies2cases

and

3 had

the

minimu

m solar


62/106

i loss inc4445

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

2 sres!ectively

2see'able F3.?o(ever,!aybac)!eri

ods"ortheca!italcost(ould bedecreas

ed i"lar#ersubsidies,suchasthos

e "orun&electri"iedruralareas o"%ndia

(ereavailable, orlar#

er"acilities(erebuilt (ith

hi#her!er"ormanceturbinesandchillersim!lemented. Asolar

"ieldsubsidyo" TI;(ouldhaveresultedin aca!italcost!aybac)

!eriod o"I years"or case and years "orcase F.


63/106

Anincreasein"eedstoc) !rice

(ouldhaveresultedin thesolar!aybac)!eriodsbein#considerablyreduced.4iomass"eedstoc)!rice "orrice hus)

hasincreasedsi#ni"icantly in


64/106

58 5

9

60 61 rec ent y 75tonne to


65/106

6

2

T63

6

4

65


66/106


67/106

14 amounts o"a 15 hus), it could bear#ued that there

is no land re


68/106

21 es!ecially asa#ricultural landis used"or

#ro(in#ediblecro!s.'here"ore, thereduced

22 de!endency onbiomassin thesehybrid!lants isconsidered asi#ni"icantbene"itdue to


69/106

23

24

25

26

27

i


70/106

28 Q ; Which is t ost #e a30

31

32

33

34

' "easibili

ty o"

alternati

ve

hybrid

solar&

biomas

s !o(er

!lant

a!!licat

ions (ill

be

hi#hly

de!endent on

re#ional

ener#y

!olicies

. 1or

the

case

studies

!resented,

(hich

assume

d

similar

"inancin

# and

)ey

desi#n

!rioritie

s, the

tri&

#enerat

ion and

industri

al

!rocess

heat

a!!lications


71/106

35 ar e co nsider ed37 3

8

39 40 4

1

hybrid ! scen ario 2casee

44

45

46

47

48

s !re

sen

tan

eve

n

mo

re

attr

acti

ve

o!ti

on

"or

inv

est

ors

.

$it

h

the

curren

t

tec

hn

olo

#ie

s

on

the

ma

r)e

t,

ho

(e

ver,

lar

#er

sub

sidies

(o

uld

be

re

the feasibility of hybrid solar biomass power plants in india

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