1. WELCOME - TERVETULOASaying "Hi!" in Finnish.Greetings.Hyv piv!Piv! Howdoyoudo!(Good day!)Hyv piv! Good Day!Hyvhuomenta! Good morning!Hyv iltaa!Goodevening!Hyv yt!Good night!

Hei!Moi!Terve!Hi!Hello!Moikka!Moro! Nkemiin! Good bye!Hei hei!Moi moi! Bye!Nhdn! See you !Nhdn myhemmin! See you Later !Nhdn pian! See you soon !Nhdn huomenna! See you tomorrow !Hauskatavata! Nice to meet you!Tervetuloa!Welcome!TervetuloaSuomeen! Welcome toFinland!Kiitos! Thankyou!Ole hyv! Please. Here you are./ You're welcomeAnteeksi!Sorry!Excuseme.Pardon.Ei se mitn No problemMit kuuluu? How are you?Hyv kiitos Fine thanksMiten menee? How's it going?Hyvin/hyvin menee Fine / going wellHauska tutustua Nice to meet youHauska tavata Nice to meet you!Hyv syntympiv! Happy Birthday!Hyv Joulua! Happy ChristmasOnnea! Congratulations / good luckOnneksi olkoon! CongratulationsPaljon onnea! Lot's of luck / many congratulations

2. Numbers Numerot

0. nolla 1. Yksi 2. Kaksi 3. kolme 4. Nelj 5. Viisi 6. kuusi 7. Seitsemn 8. Kahdeksan 9. Yhdeksn 10. Kymmenen

11. yksitoista 12. kaksitoista 13. kolmetoista 14. neljtoista 15. viisitoista 16. kuusitoista 17. Seitsemntoista 18. Kahdeksantoista 19. Yhdeksntoista 20. kaksikymment

21. kaksikymmentyksi22. kaksikymmentkaksi23. kaksikymmentkolme24. kaksikymmentnelj25. kaksikymmentviisi26. kaksikymmentkuusi27. kaksikymmentseitsemn28. kaksikymmentkahdeksan29. kaksikymmentyhdeksn30. Kolmekymment

30. kolmekymment 31. kolmekymmentyksi 32. kolmekymmentkaksi 33. kolmekymmentkolme 34. kolmekymmentnelj 35. kolmekymmentviisi 36. kolmekymmentkuusi 37. kolmekymmentseitsemn 38. kolmenkymmentkahdeksan 39. kolmekymmentyhdeksn

40. neljkymment 41. neljkymmentyksi 42. neljkymmentkaksi 43. neljkymmentkolme 44. neljkymmentnelj 45. neljkymmentviisi 46. neljkymmentkuusi 47. neljkymmentseitsemn 48. neljkymmentkahdeksan 49. neljkymmentyhdeksn

50. viisikymment 51. viisikymmentyksi 52. viisikymmentkaksi 53. viisikymmentkolme 54. viisikymmentnelj 55. viisikymmentviisi 56. viisikymmentkuusi 57. viisikymmentseitsemn 58. viisikymmentkahdeksan 59. viisikymmentyhdeksn

60. kuusikymment 61. kuusikymmentyksi 62. kuusikymmentkaksi 63. kuusikymmentkolme 64. kuusikymmentnelj 65. kuusikymmentviisi 66. kuusikymmentkuusi 67. kuusikymmentseitsemn 68. kuusikymmentkahdeksan 69. kuusikymmentyhdeksn

70. seitsemnkymment 71. seitsemnkymmentyksi 72. seitsemnkymmentkaksi 73. seitsemnkymmentkolme 74. seitsemnkymmentnelj 75. seitsemnkymmentviisi 76. seitsemnkymmentkuusi 77. seitsemnkymmentseitsemn 78. seitsemnkymmentkahdeksan 79. seitsemnkymmentyhdeksn

80. kahdeksankymment 81. kahdeksankymmentyksi 82. kahdeksankymmentkaksi 83. kahdeksankymmentkolme 84. kahdeksankymmentnelj 85. kahdeksankymmentviisi 86. kahdeksankymmentkuusi 87. kahdeksankymmentseitsemn 88. kahdeksankymmentkahdeksan 89. kahdeksankymmentyhdeksn

90. yhdeksnkymment 91. yhdeksnkymmentyksi 92. yhdeksnkymmentkaksi 93. yhdeksnkymmentkolme 94. yhdeksnkymmentnelj 95. yhdeksnkymmentviisi 96. yhdeksnkymmentkuusi 97. yhdeksnkymmentseitsemn 98. yhdeksnkymmentkahdeksan 99. yhdeksnkymmentyhdeksn

100 . sata1000. Tuhat2000. Kaksituhatta10000. Kymmenentuhatta100000. SatatuhattaOrdinal numbers:FinnishEnglishFinnishEnglish

ensimminenfirstyhdestoistaeleventh

toinensecondkahdestoistatwelfth

kolmasthirdkolmastoistathirteenth

neljsfourthneljstoistafourteenth

viidesfifthviidestoistafifteenth

kuudessixthkuudestoistasixteenth

seitsemsseventhseitsemstoistaseventeenth

kahdeksaseighthkahdeksastoistaeighteenth

yhdekssninthyhdeksstoistanineteenth

kymmenestenthkahdeskymmenestwentieth

kahdeskymmenesensimminentwenty-first

kahdeskymmenestoinentwenty-second

kahdeskymmeneskolmastwenty-third

kahdeskymmenesneljstwenty-fourth

kahdeskymmenesviidestwenty-fifth

kahdeskymmeneskuudestwenty-sixth

kahdeskymmenesseitsemstwenty-seventh

kahdeskymmeneskahdeksastwenty-eighth

kahdeskymmenesyhdeksstwenty-ninth

kolmaskymmenesthirtieth

kolmaskymmenesensimminenthirty-first

When to use these?

FinnishEnglish

Tnn on kolmaskymmenes joulukuutaToday is the 30th of December

Ensimminen maailmansotaFirst world war

Names of the numbers (used in e.g. busses: bus number 1)

FinnishEnglish

nollanumber zero

ykknennumber one

kakkonennumber two

kolmonennumber three

nelonennumber four

viitonennumber five

kuutonennumber six

seitseminen (seiska)number seven

kahdeksainen(kasi)number eight

yhdeksinen (ysi)number nine

kymmenen (kymppi)number ten

satanennumber hundred

When to use these?

The number three tram is the "kolmonen".

When you are ON the tram, you are "kolmosella".

A magazine has the title "7" and is called "seiska".

A '93 car is an "ysi kolmonen" when buying spare parts.

The "106" bus is the "sata kuutonen".

Genitive, illative and partitive forms of the cardinal numbers

No.GenitiveIllativePartitive

1yhdenyhteenyht

2kahdenkahteenkahta

3kolmenkolmeenkolmea

4neljnneljnnelj

5viidenviiteenviitt

6kuudenkuuteenkuutta

7seitsemnseitsemnseitsem

8kahdeksankahdeksaankahdeksaa

9yhdeksnyhdeksnyhdeks

10kymmenenkymmeneenkymment

11yhdentoistayhteentoistayhttoista

20kahdenkymmenenkahteenkymmeneenkahtakymment

100sadansataansataa

1000tuhannentuhanteentuhatta

When to use these?

FinnishEnglish

Yhden miehen elm.One man's life.

Yhteen vai erilleen?together or apart?

En ole kynyt siell kahteen vuoteen.I haven't been there for two years.

Menen kolmeen kauppaan.I go to the three shops.

Nelj viidest koneesta vakoillaan spyware.Four out of five computers are spied on.

Miltei kolme tuhatta ruotsalaista kateissa.Almost three-thousand Swedes missing.

Olin kahden ystvni kanssa kahvilla.I was with two friends in the caf.

Se maksaa seitsemst yhdeksn markkaa.It costs from seven to nine marks.

Genitive, illative and partitive forms of the ordinal numbers

No.GenitiveIllativePartitive

1stensimmisenensimmiseenensimmist

2ndtoisentoiseentoista

3rdkolmannenkolmanteenkolmatta

4thneljnnenneljnteenneljtt

5thviidennenviidenteenviidett

6thkuudennenkuudenteenkuudetta

7thseitsemnnenseitsemnteenseitsemtt

8thkahdeksannenkahdeksanteenkahdeksatta

9thyhdeksnnenyhdeksnteenyhdekstt

10thkymmenennenkymmenenteenkymmenett

11thyhdennentoistayhdenteentoistayhdetttoista

20thkahdennenkymmenennenkahdenteenkymmenenteenkahdettakymmenett

100thsadannensadanteensadatta

1000thtuhannennentuhannenteentuhannetta

When to use these?

FinnishEnglish

Ensimmisen vuoden opiskelijoilleTo first year's students

Toisen ystvni jalkapallo on hukassa.My second friend's football is lost.

Pivst toiseenFrom a day to the second (the next)

Rakastan ensimmist poikaani eniten.I love my first son the most.

FinnishEnglishFinnishEnglish

maanantaiMondaymaanantainaon Monday

tiistaiTuesdaytiistainaon Tuesday

keskiviikkoWednesdaykeskiviikkonaon Wednesday

torstaiThursdaytorstainaon Thursday

perjantaiFridayperjantainaon Friday

lauantaiSaturdaylauantainaon Saturday

sunnuntaiSundaysunnuntainaon Sunday

FinnishEnglishFinnishEnglish

tammikuuJanuarytammikuussa (here)in January

helmikuuFebruaryhelmikuussain February

maaliskuuMarchmaaliskuussain March

huhtikuuAprilhuhtikuussain April

toukokuuMaytoukokuussain May

keskuuJunekeskuussain June

heinkuuJulyheinkuussain July

elokuuAugustelokuussain August

syyskuuSeptembersyyskuussain September

lokakuuOctoberlokakuussain October

marraskuuNovembermarraskuussain November

joulukuuDecemberjoulukuussain December

FinnishEnglishFinnishEnglish

kevtspringkevllin spring

kessummerkesllin summer

syksyautumnsyksyllin autumn

talviwintertalvellein winter

ensi kevnnext springviime kevnlast spring

ensi kesnnext summerviime kesnlast summer

ensi syksynnext autumnviime syksynlast autumn

ensi talvenanext winterviime talvenalast winter

kevll 2000in the spring on 2000keskitalvellain mid-winter

kesll 2005in the summer of 2005keskikesllin the middle of summer

syksyll 1983in the autumn of 1983syksyn alussain the beginning of autumn

talvella 2020in the winter of 2020talven lopussaat the end of winter

FinnishEnglish

Mik kuukausi on nyt?What month is it now?

Nyt on joulukuu.It's December now.

Mik piv tnn on?What day is it today?

Tnn on tiistai.Today is Tuesday.

Monesko piv tnn on?What date is it today?

Tnn on viides keskuuta.Today is the fifth of June.

Miss kuussa sin olet syntynyt?In what month were you born?

Min olen syntynyt huhtikuussa.I was born in April.

Pronouns / Pronominit:1.Personal Pronouns / Persoonapronominit: 2. Demonstratiivipronominit:

min --> I Tm --> Thissin --> you Tuo --> Thathn --> he/she Se --> Itme --> we Nm --> Thesete --> you (pl.) Nuo --> Thosehe --> they Ne --> They (not referring to people).

Telling the timeFinnishEnglish

Paljonko kello on?What time is it?

Mit kello on?What time is it?

Voitteko sanoa mik on oikea aika?Can you tell me the correct time?

Voisitteko sanoa mit kello on?Could you tell me what time it is?

Milloin?When?

Mihin aikaan?At what time?

Kello ontasankaksi.It'sexactlytwo o'clock.

Kello onpuolikolme.It'shalf pasttwo.

Kello on viisi minuuttiaylikaksi.It's five minutespasttwo.

Kello on viisi minuuttiavaillekaksi.It's five minutesbeforetwo.

Kello onvarttiayli seitsemn.It's aquarterpast seven.

1. Kello on puoli viisi.2. Kello on tasan viisi.3. Kello on varttia vaille kaksitoista.

4. Kello on varttia yli kaksitoista.5. Kello on puoli nelj.6. Kello on kymmenen minuuttia yli yksitoista.

When talking about whole or half hours, you can also usethe -lta ending. Here's a little list:Mihin aikaan?Moneltako?

kello yksiyhdelt

kello kaksikahdelta

kello kolmekolmelta

kello neljneljlt

kello viisiviidelt

kello kuusikuudelta

kello seitsemnseitsemlt

kello kahdeksankahdeksalta

kello yhdeksnyhdekslt

kello kymmenenkymmenelt

kello yksitoistayhdelttoista

kello kaksitoistakahdeltatoista

Moneltako Mikko psee tyst?At what time does Mikko get off from work?

Mikko psee tyst puoli kymmenelt.Mikko gets off work at half past nine.

Mikko psee tyst yhdekslt.Mikko gets off work at nine.

BUT:

Mikko psee tyst varttia vaille kahdeksan.Mikko gets off work at a quarter before eight.

Mikko psee tyst kymmenen yli yksitoista.Mikko gets off work at ten past eleven.

What's the time? -------> Mit kello on?Telling the time in FinnishHeres some basic vocabulary that youll need for telling the time in Finnish: kello = clock tunti = hour minuutti = minutepuoli = half varttia = quarter yli = over (past) vaille = toMit kello on? = Whats the time? Milloin? = When? Kello on viisi= Its 5 o clock Kello on puoli kaksi= Its half past 1 Kello on viisi yli kolme= Its five past 3 Kello on kaksikymment vaille nelj= Its twenty to four Hern joka aamu kello kuusi = I wake up every morning at six.The Verb "olla":The verbollameansto beandto have, depending on the form of the personal pronoun that precedes it.

min olen - I am minullaon- I havesin olet - you are sinullaon- you havehnon - he/she is hnellon- he/she hasme olemme- we are meillon - we havete olette - you (pl.) are teillon - you (pl.) have he ovat - they are heillon - they haveseon - it is sillon - it hasMin olen Michael. I am Michael.Minulla on kaksi siskoa ja nelj velje. I have 2 sisters and 4 brothers.Min olen opiskelija. I am a student.Minulla on tyttystv. I have a girlfriend.Hnell on auto. She has a car.Se on sininen. It is blue.Meill on koira. We have a dog.Min olen iloinen. I am happyKuka sin olet? Who are you?Basic Verbs / PerusverbitHere are some basic verbs that are very useful to learn when you start learning Finnish. Don't worry about how to conjugate them yet. That comes later.

PUHUA --->TO SPEAK KIRJOITTAA ---> TO WRITE SANOA ---> TO SAY LUKEA ---> TO READ KERTOA ---> TO TELL MENN ---> TO GOKYSY ---> TO ASK TULLA ---> TO COMESEISOA ---> TO STAND ODOTTAA ---> TO WAITISTUA ---> TO SIT AJATELLA ---> TO THINKOSTAA ---> TO BUY LAINATA ---> TO BORROWMYYD ---> TO SELL MAKSAA ---> TO COST / TO PAYOPISKELLA ---> TO STUDY AJAA ---> TO DRIVE

KVELL ---> TO WALK PYRILL ---> TO CYCLE

JUOSTA ---> TO RUN UIDA ---> TO SWIM

VOIDA ---> TO BE ABLE TO ANTAA ---> TO GIVE

OSATA ---> TO KNOW HOW TO SAADA ---> TO GET / RECEIVE / BE ALLOWED TO

PELATA ---> TO PLAY (SPORT/GAME) PELT ---> TO BE AFRAID

LEIKKI ---> TO PLAY (AS A CHILD) SYD ---> TO EATSOITTAA ---> TO PLAY (INSTRUMENT) JUODA ---> TO DRINK

SOITTAA ---> TO CALL (ON THE PHONE) TUODA ---> TO BRING

LHETT --->TO SEND VIED ---> TO TAKE (SOMETHING SOMEWHERE)

KYTT ---> TO USE OTTAA ---> TO TAKE (IN HAND)The Genitive / GenetiiviIn Finnish when a word is genitive, the last letter is always ann.

Minun - My/mineSinun - Your/yoursHnen - His/her/hersMeidn - Our/oursTeidn - Your/yoursHeidn - Their/ Theirs

Minunnimi on Michael. Myname is Michael.Miksinunnimi on? What isyourname?Tss onmeidnkoira. Here isourdog.Tm koira onmeidn. This dog isours.Hnenidill on monta lasta. Hismother has many children.Autonovi on rikki. Thecar'sdoor is broken.Suomenpministeri on nuori. Finland'sprime minister is young.Adjectives / AdjectiivitAnd adjective is a word that describes a noun.

Here is a list of basic useful adjectives:

iso/suuri = big pitk = tall/long lihava = fat paksu = thick pieni = small lyhyt = short laiha = skinny ohut = thin

leve = broad/wide vanha = old vanha = old hyv = good kapea = narrow nuori = young uusi = new huono = bad

kuiva = dry kallis = expensive kaunis = beautiful rikas = richmrk = wet halpa = cheap ruma = ugly kyh = poor

terve = healthy kova = hard valoisa = light kuuma = hotsairas= sick pehme = soft pime = dark kylm = cold

vaikea = difficult kiinnostava =interesting terv =sharp tysi = fullhelppo = easy tyls =boring tyls = blunt tyhj = empty

iloinen = happy auki = open vihainen = Angry sotkuinen = messy surullinen = sad kiinni= closed rauhallinen = Peaceful siisti = tidy

raskas/painava = heavy nopea = fast korkea = high makea = sweet kevyt = light hidas = slow matala = Low sour(Aigre) = hapan

viisas/fiksu = wise/smart puhdas = clean vahva = strong hauska = funnytyhm = stupid likainen = Dirty heikko = weak

What kind of person are you? Millainen Ihminen sin olet?

ahkera = hard workinglaiska = lazyrauhallinen = calmystvllinen = friendlyluotettava = trustworthyiloinen = happysurullinen = sadpuhelias = talkativeujo = shysosiaalinen = socialvsynyt = tiredpirte = alert

Adverbs / AdverbitAdverbs describe verbs. They tell us how something is being done. In English they usually end with -ly.In Finnish however, they usually (almost always actually) end with-sti.All you have to do is add -sti to the stem of the adjective, like so:

Adjectiivi Vartalo Adverbi Esimerkkilause

nopea nopea- nopeasti Hn juoksee nopeasti. iloinen iloise- iloisesti Vanha nainen tanssi iloisesti.raskas raskaa- raskaasti Hn otti uutisen raskaasti.selv selv- selvsti Opettaja selitti asian selvsti. kaunis kaunii- kauniisti Tytt laulaa kauniisti.

There is one exception to the rule though.Hyvbecomeshyvin.Min pelaan biljardia tosi hyvin.

Adverbs are usually formed by adding-stito the inflecting form of the corresponding adjective.

AdjectiveAdverbEnglish

helppohelpostieasily

hidashitaastislowly

huonohuonostibadly

kauniskauniistibeautifully

kiirekiireestihastily

mahdollinenmahdollisestipossibly

nopeanopeastiquickly

selvselvsticlearly

The great thing about adverbs like these is that they don't inflect!Apart from adverbs ending in -sti, you have three large groups:- Adverbs of time: huomenna, eilen, tnn, joskus, usein, kerran, heti, pian,...- Adverbs of place: kaukana, alta, luokse, eteen (all thepostpositionsare in fact adverbs)- Adverbs of quantity: paljon, hiukan, vhn, vain, melkein,...When dealing with adverbs of place, you DO inflect the adverb, but only in the location cases. Visit the page about postpositions to find out more about this.

Basic Small Words / Perus PikkusanatIt happens so often when people learn a new language, that they learn some basic verbs and nouns and pronouns, but then realise that they have trouble forming the sentence that they want to say because they don't know the word for "but" or "sometimes". Small conjunctions and adverbs like these are very useful. The best way to learn them is the old-fashioned way of reading and repeating. Once you can remember what they mean, try forming a sentence or two with each one. Once you've used these words a few times you'll never forget them. I'll give you the most basic ones now:

AINA ALWAYS Miksi oletainamyhss? Why are you always late?

ETT THATMin ajattelen,ettSuomi on kaunis maa. I think that Finland is a beautiful country.

HARVOIN RARELY Kyn keskustassa tosiharvoin. I go into the center very rarely.

JA AND Minulla on kissajakoira. I have a cat and a dog.

JA SITTEN AND THEN Min syn aamupallaja sittenmenen kouluun. I'll eat breakfast and then I'll . go to school JOSKUS SOMETIMES Lapset pelaavat jalkapalloajoskusviikonloppuna. The children play football ..sometimes at the weekend.

KANSSA +gen. WITHMies kvelee koirankanssa. The man is walking with the dog.

KOSKA BECAUSEMin en mene tyhnkoskaolen sairas. I'm not going to work because I'm sick.

KUN WHEN (when it's not a question.... like the one I just used)Kunkvelin kauppaan, satoi. When I walked to the shop, it rained.

KUIN THAN / AS / LIKE Sin syt enemmnkuinsika. You eat more than a pig. Sin et ole yh pitkkuinmin. You're not as tall as me. Olen tosi vahvakuinHercules. I'm very strong like Hercules.

MELKO QUITE Helsinki on melko iso kaupunki. Helsinki is quite a big city.

MUTTA BUT Puhun suomeamuttaen puhu ruotsia. I speak Finnish but I don't speak Swedish.

SIKSI THEREFORE Sataa lunta,siksiemme mene rannalle It's snowing, therefore we're not going to .the beach.

SIKSI, ETT BECAUSE Emme mene rannallesiksi,ettsataa lunta. We're not going to the beach because it's snowing.

TOSI VERY Turku ontosikaunis kaupunki. Turku is a very beautiful city.

USEIN OFTEN Me emme ky elokuvissausein. We don't go to the movies often.

VAAN BUT / RATHER Min en ole suomalainenvaanenglantilainen. I'm not Finnish but English. En kynyt kaupassavaankioskilla. I didn't go to the shop bust the kiosk.

VAIKKA EVEN THOUGHMiksi tulit tyhnvaikkaolet sairas? Why did you come to work ..even though you're sick?

VAIN ONLYNukunvain5 tuntia joka y. I sleep for only 5 hours every night.VHN A LITTLE / SOME Joka aamu min juonvhnkahvia. Every morning I drink a little coffee.

YLEENS USUALLY Lapset menevt nukkumaanyleenskello 9. The children go to bed usually at 9 . o' clock.

Learning words like these by heart will help a great deal when taking on the Finnish language. They are used all the time. Listen out for them and try to use them in your own speech.

KPTStudents usually curl up in a fetal position and start sucking their thumbs when they see this. Actually, it doesn't take long to get used to. Remembering when KPT applies is the most difficult part. I won't explain it all here, because you need to learn all of the word-types and verb-types in order to know when KPT applies and when it doesn't. As you progress in your studies this will become clearer and easier to understand. For now I'll just explain it as simply as I can, and you can refer back to this page anytime you need to use KPT.

What is KPT?I'm glad you asked. You've heard by now that in Finnish, instead of lots of preposition likein, at, on, to,andfrom,the Finns use suffixes. We add something to the end of the word to make it clear what we mean.

For example: Auto = car Olen autossa = I'm in the car Menen tyhn autolla = I go to work by car Tulen ulos atosta = I'm coming out of the car

However, sometimes we change words when we add these suffixes, to make the word flow better and become easier to pronounce. For some reason, whenever this happens, one of the letters K, P or T is involved.

Before we add the relative suffix to a word, we need to know that word's stem orvartalo. Sometimes when we find thevartalo, we change KPT from strong to weak or vice-versa. You also need to know the word type, this comes later in this section.

Here are some examples: **Helsinki = Helsinki Asun Helsingiss = I live in Helsinki Because Helsinkiss... just sounds silly**Matto = Rug/mat/ Kissa nukkuu matolla = The cat is asleep on the rug**Kauppa = Shop Olen kaupassa = I'm at/in the shop

By the way!When you seered, that means it isstrong (vahva)and when you seegreen, that means it'sweak (heikko).

Here is a list of all of the changes that can occur with KPT. If you have any Finnish text books, you should have seen these already.

Strong / Vahva Weak / Heikko Basicform Stem / Vartalo

kk k Kukka Kuka-pp p Kauppa Kaupa-tt t Matto Mato-

k - Tauko Tauo-p v Tapa Tava-t d iti idi-

nk ng Aurinko Auringo-mp mm Hammas Hampaa-nt nn Lintu Linnu-lt ll Silta Silla-rt rr Murre Murtee-

lke lje Hylje Hylkee-

You see those words that changed from weak to strong? You can ignore those for now. The important thing to remember is the pairs in the first 2 columns. It will be important when learning the verb types in the next section.

Oh yeah.... KPT applies to verbs also.

The next step is the verb-types.Let's quickly go over how KPT is used in verbs. It's explained on the next page too but it's very important to remember.

Verb-type 1. Vahva-->Heikko(min, sin, meandteONLY) Verb-type 2. KPT almost never applies.... see the verbsnhdandtehdon the next page.

Verb-type 3. Heikko-->Vahva

Verb-type 4. Heikko-->Vahva

Verb-type 5. KPT doesn't apply.

Verb-type 6. Heikko-->Vahva

That might seem like a lot to take in, but once you've studied the next page carefully, come back and read this part again and it will be much clearer. Remember, you use verbs in every single sentence, it really won't take long to master this if you practice.

The Verb-types and the present tense / Verbityypit ja PreesensThere are 6 verb-types in the Finnish language. Each verb-type has it's own specific rules to follow when conjugating the verb. But don't worry, it's easy.

Here are the relative suffixes for each personal pronoun:

min + nsin + thn (verb-types 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6) + vowel (the same as the one left at the end of the verb)hn (verb-type 2) = do nothing.me + mmete + ttehe + vat/vt

Verb-type 1. - verbs that end with 2 vowels.for example: puhua, sanoa, kirjoittaa, lukea,ymmrt to speak, to say, to write, to read, to understandWhat to do:

1. Remove the last letter2. KPT- min, sin, me, te =Strongbecomesweak hn, he =strongremainsstrong3. Add suffix.to speakto sayto writeto readto understand

PUHUASANOAKIRJOITTAALUKEAYMMRT

MIN PUHUN MIN SANON MIN KIRJOITAN MIN LUEN MIN YMMRRNSIN PUHUT SIN SANOT SIN KIRJOITAT SIN LUET SIN YMMRRTHN PUHUU HN SANOO HN KIRJOITTAA HN LUKEE HN YMMRTME PUHUMME ME SANOMME ME KIRJOITAMME ME LUEMME ME YMMRRMMETE PUHUTTE TE SANOTTE TE KIRJOITATTE TE LUETTE TE YMMRRTTEHE PUHUVAT HE SANOVAT HE KIRJOITTAVAT HE LUKEVAT HE YMMRTVTVerb-type 2. - verbs that end withda/d.for example: syd, imuroida, kyd,tehd, nhd to eat, to download, to go, to do, to seeTehd(to do)andnhd(to see) are exceptions to the rule and they are very important verbs. See below to see how they conjugate.

What to do:1. Remove the last 2 letters (daord)2. Add suffix. (Except forhn)to eatto vacuumto go/visitto do to see

SYDIMUROIDAKYDTEHDNHD

MIN SYN MIN IMUROIN MIN KYN MIN TEEN MIN NENSIN SYT SIN IMUROIT SIN KYT SIN TEET SIN NETHN SY HN IMUROI HN KY HN TEKEE HN NKEEME SYMME ME IMUROIMME ME KYMME ME TEEMME ME NEMMETE SYTTE TE IMUROITTE TE KYTTE TE TEETTE TE NETTEHE SYVT HE IMUROIVAT HE KYVT HE TEKEVT HE NKEVTVerb-type 3. - Verbs that end with la/l, na/n, ra/r or sta/stfor example: opiskella, menna, purra, pest,juosta to study, to go, to bite, to wash, to runJuosta is an exeption to the rule. See below to see how it conjugates.

What to do:1. Remove the last 2 letters.2. KPT -Weakbecomesstrong.3. Add the lettereand then the suffix.to thinkto go to biteto washto run

AJATELLAMENNPURRAPESTJUOSTA

MIN AJATTELEN MIN MENEN MIN PUREN MIN PESEN MIN JUOKSENSIN AJATTELET SIN MENET SIN PURET SIN PESET SIN JUOKSETHN AJATTELEE HN MENEE HN PUREE HN PESEE HN JUOKSEEME AJATTELEMME ME MENEMME ME PUREMME ME PESEMME ME JUOKSEMMETE AJATTELETTE TE MENETTE TE PURETTE TE PESETTE TE JUOKSETTEHE AJATTELEVAT HE MENEVT HE PUREVAT HE PESEVT HE JUOKSEVAT

Verb-type 4. - Verbs that end withVtV(V = vokaali - vowel)for example: haluta, tavata, maata, pelata to want, to meet, to lie down, playWhat to do:1. Remove the lettert.2. KPT-Weakbecomesstrong.3. Add suffix.to wantto meetto lie downto play (a sport usually)

HALUTATAVATAMAATA PELATA

MIN HALUAN MIN TAPAAN MIN MAKAAN MIN PELAANSIN HALUAT SIN TAPAAT SIN MAKAAT SIN PELAATHN HALUAA HN TAPAA HN MAKAA HN PELAAME HALUAMME ME TAPAAMME ME MAKAAMME ME PELAAMMETE HALUATTE TE TAPAATTE TE MAKAATTE TE PELAATTEHE HALUAVAT HE TAPAAVAT HE MAKAAVAT HE PELAAVAT

Verb-type 5. - Verbs that end with ita/it.for example: valita, hirit, tarvita, punnita to choose, to disturb, to need/require, to weigh smthWhat to do:1. Remove the last lettera.2. Add the lettersseand then the suffixto chooseto disturbto need/requireto weigh something

VALITAHIRITTARVITAPUNNITA

MIN VALITSEN MIN HIRITSEN MIN TARVITSEN MIN PUNNITSENSIN VALITSET SIN HIRITSET SIN TARVITSET SIN PUNNITSETHN VALITSEE HN HIRITSEE HN TARVITSEE HN PUNNITSEEME VALITSEMME ME HIRITSEMME ME TARVITSEMME ME PUNNITSEMMETE VALITSETTE TE HIRITSETTE TE TARVITSETTE TE PUNNITSETTEHE VALITSEVAT HE HIRITSEVT HE TARVITSEVAT HE PUNNITSEVAT

Verb-type 6. - Verbs ending with eta/et.for example: vanheta, kylmet, pidet, lyhet

Verbs of this type usually derive from an adjective, and mean "to become more of that adjective"vanha = old vanheta = to get olderkylm =cold kylmet = to get colderpitk = long/tall pidet = to get longer/tallerlyhyt = short lyhet = to get shorter

What to do:1. Remove the lettersta/t.2. KPT-Weakbecomesstrong.3. Add the lettersneand then the suffix.to get olderto get colderto get longer /tallerto get shorter

VANHETAKYLMETPIDETLYHET

MIN VANHENEN MIN KYLMENEN MIN PITENEN MIN LYHENENSIN VANHENET SIN KYLMENET SIN PITENET SIN LYHENETHN VANHENEE HN KYLMENEE HN PITENEE HN LYHENEEME VANHENEMME ME KYLMENEMME ME PITENEMME ME LYHENEMME TE VANHENETTE TE KYLMENETTE TE PITENETTE TE LYHENETTEHE VANHENEVAT HE KYLMENEVT HE PITENEVT HE LYHENEVTThe Past Tense / ImperfektiThe great thing about being an English speaker when learning Finnish, is that the tenses are all used in exactly the same way. For example, when we use the past tense, we always have to clarify when something happened, it's already clear in the conversation. We use the past tense when something happened in the past and it's finished.

I studied history at university --> It's clear because it's the past tense that I no longer study history. "At university" tells the listener when ithappened i.e. at that time when I was at university.The same sentence in Finnish...

Opiskelin historia yliopistossa --> An exact literal translation. The same rules apply. That word,yliopistossais very important. It acts as what we call in Finnish studies atarkka-aikaor specific time.

Tarkka-aika

When forming a sentence using the past tense, you need atarkka-aika. Here are some examples to give you an idea of what I mean:

Menin kouluuneilen. I went to schoolyesterday.Sin paljonlomalla. I ate a loton holiday.Aloitin uuden kurssinviime kesn. I started a new courselast summer.Join kahviaaamulla. I drank coffeethis morning.

You get the idea. It's the same principle as in English. So let's move on to the structure of the past tense.

Remember, ONLY THE VERB CHANGES!Group 1.o, u, yandremain +i

sanoa --> sanon --> sanoin (sanoi, sanoi, sanoimme, sanoitte, sanoivat)puhua --> puhun --> puhuin (puhuit, puhui, puhuimme, puhuitte, puhuivat)kysy --> kysyn --> kysyin (kysyit, kysyi, kysyimme, kysyitte, kysyivt)sil --> siln --> silin (silit, sili, silimme, silitte, silivt)Group 2.a, e, i,andare removed +iAll verbs of type 3 and 5 belong to this group.

aloittaa --> aloitan --> aloitin (aloitit, aloitti, aloitimme, aloititte, aloittivat)lukea --> luen --> luin (luit, luki, luimme, luitte, lukivat)hankkia --> hankin --> hankin (hankit, hankki, hankimme, hankitte hankkivat)pit --> pidn --> pidin (pidit, piti, pidimme, piditte, pitivt)menn --> menen --> menin (menit, meni, menimme, menitte, menivt)valita --> valitsen --> valitsin(valitsit, valitsi, valitsuimme, valitsitte, valitsivat)

Group 3.abecomeso +iWhen the verb is 2 syllables and both syllables contain the lettera.

nau-raa --> nau-ran --> nauroin (nauroit, nauroi, nauroimme, nauroitte, nauroivat)

mak-saa --> mak-san --> maksoin (maksoit, maksoi, maksoimme, maksoitte, maksoivat)

lau-laa --> lau-lan --> lauloin (lauloit, lauloi, lauloimme, lauloitte, lauloivat)al-kaa -->al-an --> aloin (aloit, alkoi, aloimme, aloitte, alkoivat)

Group 4.(All type 4 verbs) removea +si

tavata --> tapaan--> tapasin (tapasit, tapasi, tapasimme, tapasitte, tapasivat)

haluta --> haluan --> halusin (halusit, halusi, halusimme, halusitte, halusivat)siivota --> siivoan --> siivosin (siivosit, siivosi, siivosimme, siivositte, siivosivat)

Group 5. (2 vowels) remove first vowel +i

vied --> vien --> vein (veit, vei, veimme, veitte, veivt)juoda --> juon --> join (joit, joi, joimme, joitte, joivat)saada --> saan --> sain (sait, sai, saimme, saitte, saivat)lyd --> lyn --> lin (lit, li, limme, litte, livt)myyd --> myyn --> myin (myit, myi, myimme, myitte, myivt)

Huom! / Notice!If the second vowel is already an i, then the verb stays the sameuida --> uin ---> uin (uit, ui, uimme, uitte, uivat)

imuroida --> imuroin --> imuroin (imuroit, imuroi, imuroimme, imuroitte, imuroivat)

Group 6. remove the lettert+siWhen the verb is type 1 and the last 2 syllables are joined by eithernt, rt, ltor sometimes justtbetween 2vowels

rakentaa --> rakensin (rakensit, rakensi, rakensimme, rakensitte, rakensivat)

ymmrt --> ymmrsin (ymmrsit, ymmrsi, ymmrsimme, ymmrsitte, ymmrsivt)

kielt --> kielsin (kielsit, kielsi, kielsimme, kielsitte, kielsivt)tiet --> tiesin (tiesit, tiesi, tiesimme, tiesitte, tiesivt)

And that's how you find the past tense of a verb. If it seems difficult, it won't after a bit of practice. Start by just looking up new verbs and trying to work out which group they belong to. This will make it much easier for you to remember the rules. Then you can try to form sentences using the past tense.The Perfect tense / PerfektiAgain. The rules for using the this tense are exactly the same as in English. We use the perfect tense when we are talking about something that started in the past and is ongoing or if something happened in the past and is finished, but it's not important when exactly it happened, for example, if you're telling somebody about all the countries that you've visited in you're life.

Let's see some examples in English first:

I've beento Rome. In this example, it's not important or relevant when I went to Rome, therefore it is in the perfect tense. If I had used the past tense buy saying "I went to Rome", then I would have to say when.

I have livedin Finland for 2 years. Now I am using the perfect tense because the statement is ongoing. I still live in Finland. If I had used the past tense however "I lived in Finland for 2 years", this now means that I no longer live in Finland.

All of these rules apply in Finnish.How do I find the perfect form of a verb?

Well, once again we're going to have to go through all the verb-types. Fortunately, the same rule applies to verb-types 4, 5 and 6, saving us a lot of time.The perfect verb is used in conjunction with the verbolla,which as you know can either meanto beorto have, soit's essentially the same as what we do in English. The verbollashould be in it's usual present tense form according to the pronoun and then we add the required verb in perfect form.Oh and by the way, to find the perfect tense we will be working from the BASIC FORM or PERUSMUOTO of the verb. There's no need to worry about finding the stem or applying KPT when it comes to the perfect tense, it's much easier than the past tense.

Verb-type 1.Remove the last letteraand addnut/nytfor singular personas(min, sin, hn)orneetfor plural personas(me, te, he).

to live I have lived in Finland for 2 years.asu-a --> asunut/ asuneet Minolen asunutSuomessa 2 vuotta.

to play (an instument) /to call on the phone He's only played the guitar for 2 weekssoitta-a --> soittanut/ soittaneet Hnon soittanutkitaraa vain 2 viikkoa.

to speak We have spoken about this many times.puhu-a --> puhunut/ puhuneet Olemme puhuneettst asiasta monta kertaa.

Verb-type 2.Remove da/d and addnut/nytorneet.

to eat I've already eaten.sy-d --> synyt/ syneet Olenjosynyt.

to visit/go They've been to Sweden many times.ky-d --> kynyt/ kyneet Heovat kyneetRuotsissa monta kertaa.

Verb-type 3.la/l -->lut/lytorleetna/n -->nut/nytorneetra/r -->rut/rytorreetsta/st -->ssut/ssytorsseet

to study I have studied French, German and Finnish.opiskel-la --> opiskellut/ opiskelleet Olen opiskellutranskaa, saksaa ja suomea.

to go The bus has already gone past.men-n --> mennyt/ menneet Bussionjomennytohi.

to bite Her dog has bitten me once.pur-ra --> purrut/ purreet Hnen koiraon purrutminua kerran.

to wash They've washed the cars.pes-t --> pessyt/ pesseet Heovat pesseetautot.

Verb-types 4, 5 and 6.ta/t --->nnut/nnytornneet.Students often forget that there are 2 n's to be added to verb-types 4, 5 and 6. Try to remember it.

to want We have always wanted a big house.halu-ta --> halunnut/ halunneet Olemmeainahalunneetison talon.

to need I've needed new shoes since the summer.tarvi-ta --> tarvinnut/ tarvinneet Olen tarvinnutuudet kengt kesst lhtien.

to get shorter The days have gotten shorter.lyhet --> lyhennyt/ lyhenneet Pivt ovat lyhenneet.

The Past perfect / PluskvamperfektiSound difficult right? Actually, it's no different to the perfect tense except the verbollaneeds to be in the past form. That's right, once again, EXACTLY THE SAME AS IN ENGLISH. How easy is this language right?

In case you didn't know already, we use the past-perfect tense usually when we are talking about 2 separate events that both happened in the past. The use of the past-perfect tells us which of the 2 events occurred first.

Still want an example in English? Ok then...

WhenI had eaten,I went to bed. 2 events, both in the past, one before the other.

Same sentence in Finnish...

Kunolin synyt,menin nukkumaan. Easy peasy.

Same sentence different pronoun...

Kunolimme syneet,menimme nukkumaan.

Just remember, the only difference between the perfect and the past-perfect in terms of looks, is the tense of the verbolla,so it's important that you get it right.

Instead of going through the whole theory again, I'll just give you 5 sentences containing the past-perfect tense. There's nothing new to learn by reading through a whole page on how to build the past-perfect tense.... It's all on the previous pages.Kunolin tiskannutastiat, lhdin ulos.>>When I had washed the dishes, I went out.

Lhdin kotiin, kunolin tehnyttehtvn loppuun. >>I went home when I had done the exercise to the end.

Hn oli vsynyt, kun hnoli ajanutautoa 6 tuntia. >>He was tired when he had driven the car for 6 hours.

Olimmejolhteneetilman sateenvarjoa, kun rupesi satamaan. >>We had already left without an umbrella when it startedto rain.

Kun saavuin kotiin, huomasin, ett jokuoli varastanutpyrni. >>When I arrived home I noticed that somebody had stolen my bike.The Negative / NegatiiviThe Negative Present TenseSo, it's time to start building negative sentences. This is very simple. You probably know that the Finnish word fornoisei, but that's not the whole story. The word actually depends on the pronoun just like a verb does. Take a look at this:

Min en ole I am notSin et ole You are notHn ei ole He/She is notMe emme ole We are notTe ette ole You are notHe eivt ole They are not

Well, that's easy enough, the verbollais the same in every case. Did you notice that it's the same as theminform minus then?Good, because that's actually how it works for all verbs when building a negative sentence in the present tense. Check this out:

Min puhu-n Minenpuhu Min sy-n Min en sy Sinetpuhu Sin et sy Hneipuhu Hn ei sy Meemmepuhu Me emme sy Teettepuhu Te ette sy Heeivtpuhu He eivt sy

Min juokse-n Min en juokse Min siivoa-n Min en siivoa Sin et juokse Sin et siivoa Hn ei juokse Hn ei siivoa Me emme juokse Me emme siivoa Te ette juokse Te ette siivoa He eivt juokse He eivt siivoa

Min tarvitse-n Min en tarvitse Min vanhene-n Min en vanhene Sin et tarvitse Sin et vanhene Hn ei tarvitse Hn ei vanhene Me emme tarvitse Me emme vanhene Te ette tarvitse Te ette vanhene He eivt tarvitse He eivt vanhene

That's all 6 verb-types and they all follow the same rule. So now you know. Creating a negative sentence in the present tense is easy. Let's move on to the past tense:

The Negative Past TenseI know what you're thinking, the same as in the present tense right? Except now we remove thenfrom the past form of the verb and end up withmin en oli.Sounds logical to us foreigners, but actually we need the same form of the verb that we use in the perfect and past-perfect tenses. That's right, thenut/nyt/neetone, preceded by the usualen, et, ei, emme, etteoreivt.Confusing? I'll show you what I mean:

Minen ollut Iwasn'tSinet ollut You wasn'tHnei ollut He/She wasn'tMeemme olleet We weren'tTeette olleet You weren'tHeeivt olleet They weren't

Some more examples with different verbs...

Minen synyt I didn't eatSinet ajatellut You didn't thinkHnei tarvinnut He didn't needMeemme menneet We didn't goTeette siivonneet You didn't cleanHeeivt tanssineet They didn't dance

Hmm.... Not what you expected? Then how do we create a negative sentence in the perfect tense??? I hear you ask...

The Negative Perfect TenseYou remember the perfect tense right? I hope so or wouldn't have made it through that last step without a headache. Let's look at a basic sentence in the perfect tense:

Minolen kynytEspanjassa. I have been to Spain..... But I haven't, so how do I change it to say that I haven't been to Spain? Well the key word isolen. All we need to do is change that to it's negative form, and we know what that is because it's the first thing that we looked at on this page: Min olen --> Min en ole And then we apply that to the sentence...

Minen ole kynytEspanjassa. I have not been to Spain.... That's more like it. Let's look at some more examples, first in the positive form and then in the negative form.

Meolemme asuneetSuomessa 5 vuotta. We have lived in Finland for 5 years.Meemme ole asuneetSuomessa 5 vuotta. We have not lived in Finland for 5 years.

Ison tullutkotiin. Father has come home.Isei ole tullutkotiin. Father has not come home.

Sinolet pessytauton. You have washed the car.Sinet ole pessytauton. You have not washed the car.

Now I'd like to introduce you to 4 words that are often used in the perfect tense. They arejo, viel, ikinandkoskaan.

jo = alreadyviel = yetikin = ever/neverkoskaan= ever/never

Now let's see them in context...

Me olemmejosyneet. We have already eaten.Me emme ole syneetviel. We haven't eaten yet.

Olen polttanut tupakkaa monta vuotta. I have smoked for many years.En oleikinpolttanut tupakkaa. I have never smoked.

Oletko kynyt Ruotsissa? Have you been to Sweden?Ei, en olekoskaankynyt siell. No, I've never been there.

One more tense left....

The Negative Past-present Tense

I'll just show you, I think that's the best way...

Minolin synyt I had eatenMinen ollut synyt I had not eaten

Sin olit lukenut You had readSinet ollut lukenut You had not read

Hn oli ajatellut He had thoughtHnei ollut ajatellut He had not thought

Me olimme tavanneet We had metMeemme olleet tavanneet We had not met

Te olitte valinneet You had chosenTeette olleet valinneet You had not chosen

He olivat luvanneet They had promisedHeeivt olleet luvanneet They had not promised

Simple really. You don't event need to change the main verb, just the verbolla.Dare I sat it again?.... The same as in English :)Recap: The Tenses / Kertaus: AikamuodotWell, you've learnt all of the tenses now. Let's have a quick recap to help you to remember. Well start by just listing all of the possible forms of the verbolla.

Olla--> To be Positive Present Past Perfect Pastperfect Min olen olin olen ollut olin ollut Sin olet olit olet ollut olit ollutHn on oli on ollut oli ollut Me olemme olimme olemme olleet olimme olleetTe olette olitte olette olleet olitte olleetHe ovat olivat ovat olleet olivat olleet

Negative Present Past Perfect Pastperfect Min en ole en ollut en ole ollut en ollut ollutSin et ole et ollut et ole ollut et ollut ollutHn ei ole ei ollut ei ole ollut ei ollut ollutMe emme ole emme olleet emme ole olleet emme olleet olleetTe ette ole ette olleet ette ole olleet ette olleet olleetHe eivt ole eivt olleet eivt ole olleet eivt olleet olleet

Olla--> To have Positive Present Past Perfect Past-perfectMinulla Sinulla Hnell on oli on ollut oli ollutMeill Teill Heill

Negative Present Past Perfect Past-perfectMinullaSinullaHnell ei ole ei ollut ei ole ollut ei ollut ollut MeillTeillHeill

Questions / Kysymykset

Let's start with the most common question word's and then put them into sentences.

Mik = WhatMit = What

Miss = WhereMist = From whereMihin = To where

Kuinka = How (As in, how old are you?)Miten = How (As in, how did you do that?)Mill tavalla = How / In what way

Kuka = WhoKenen = WhoseKenell = Who (has)Millainen = What kind ofMilloin = When

Mik?

Mik sinun nimi on? What is your name?Mik sinun ammatti on? What is your profession?Mik on Suomen pkaupunki? What is Finland's capital city?

Mit?

Mit sin teit viikonloppuna? What did you do at the weekend?Mit sin harrastat? What do you do as a hobby?Mit he odottavat? What are they waiting for?

Miss?

Miss sin olet? Where are you?Miss Turussa on hyv kahvila? Where in Turku is a good cafe?

Mist?

Mist olet kotoisin? Where are you from?Mist ostit tuon kirjan? Where did you buy that book from?

Mihin?

Mihin menemme? Where are we going?Mihin matkustat? Where are you travelling to?

Kuinka?

Kuinka vanha sin olet? How old are you?Kuink pitk sin olet? How tall are you?Kuinka monta lasta teill on? How many children do you have?

Miten?

Miten psen sisn? How do I get in?Miten tm toimii? How does this work?

Mill tavalla?

Mill tavalla menet tihin? How do you get to work?

Kuka?

Kuka hn on? Who is she?Kuka si minun kakun? Who ate my cake?

Kenen?

Kenen lompakko tm on? Whose wallet is this?Kenen kengt ovat suurimmat? Whose shoes are the biggest?

Kenell?

Kenell on pisimmt hiukset? Who has the longest hair?Kenell on kyn? Who has a pen?

Millainen?

Millainen hn on? What's he like?Millainen maa Suomi on? What kind of country is Finland?

Milloin?

Milloin menemme elokuviin? When are we going to the cinema?Milloin valmistuit yliopistosta? When did you graduate from university?

Closed Questions?A closed question is a question that is looking for a yes or no answer, such as "Do you like Iron Maiden". Ok, that was a bad example because there's only one acceptable answer to that question... "Hell fucking yes"... but you get the idea.

To ask a question in this way in Finnish we simply add ko/k to the end of the verb (and then put a question mark at the end of the sentence obviously).'

Here's what I mean:

Oletko(sin) Suomalainen? This means "Are you Finnish?". If we remove theko, it becomes a statement "You are Finnish".

This process works in all of the tenses. Here are some examples, first in the form of a statement, then in the form of a question:

Sin harjoittelet suomea joka piv. You practice Finnish every day.Harjoitteletkosuomea joka piv? Do you practice Finnish every day?Hn on kynyt Afrikassa. He's been to Africa.Onkohn kynyt Afrikassa? Has he been to Africa?Menit kouluun eilen. You went to school yesterday.Menitkkouluun eilen? Did you go to school yesterday?The Partitive / PartitiiviThe partitive form may take some time to fully understand. We don't have it in English. A verb cannot be in the partitive, only an adjective, noun or pronoun can be partitive.First of all, I'll show you how to put a word into the partitive form.

To make a word partitive, we either have to add a/, ta/t or tta/tt to the end of the word.Remember what I said about finding thevartalobefore adding a suffix? You can forget that for now. To find the partitive form, we use theperusmuotoor basic form.

+ a/ perusmuoto partitiiviWords ending witha,,o,,u,ory talo taloa auto autoa juna junaa ruma rumaa lamppu lamppua

Foreign words ending with ani kahvi kahvia hotelli hotellia banaani banaania

Finnsh wordsending with ani(i --> e + a/) jrvi jrve Suomi Suomea kivi kive + tta/tt

Words ending with ane perhe perhett osoite osoitetta vene venett hame hametta

Words ending withsi (si --> tta/tt) vesi vett ksi ktt susi sutta

uusi uutta vuosi vuotta

Words ending with aus/uus/yys (s --> tta/tt) rakkaus rakkautta ystvyys ystvyytt uutuus uutuutta

+ta/t

Words ending with a consonant kaunis kaunista tytr tytrt olut olutta puhelin puhelinta vsynyt vsynytt

Words ending with 2 vowels puu puuta maa maata suu suuta kyy kyyt ty tytSelect words ending withi (i --> ta/t) pieni pient kieli kielt suuri suurta meri merta

Partitive Personal PronounsAll pronouns have a partitive form. If it makes it easier for you, you can think ofminasi, andminuaasme. That's not strictly true, but at this stage it's not that important.

Perusmuoto Partitiivi

min minuasin sinuahn hntme meitte teithe heitse sitne niit

When do I have to use the partitive form?There are many situations where you have to use the partitive form. It will become clearer when you studyobjektilater on.Typically You have to use the partitive form:

1. After a number or the wordsmonta, puoliorvhn... Minulla on 2 koiraa Sain monta lahjaaJouluna. Odotin baarissa puoli tuntia. Sin vhn suklaatakakkua.

2.After a partitive verb... Odotan bussia. Rakastan sinua. Harrastan jalkapalloa. Inhoan historiaa.

Partitive verbs are verbs alongside which the object always has to be in the partitive form. Some of the most common ones are:rakastaa, odottaa, harrastaa, inhota, vihata,andajatella.

3. In a negative sentence... Minulla ei ole autoa. Hn ei rakenna taloa. Min en muista hnt.

4. When saying what languages you speak... Min puhun englantiaja suomea.

5. When something is incomplete, happening now, not necessarily going to be completed.... Mies lukee hauskaakirjaa. Me katsomme televisiota. Nainen maalaa isoataloa.

6. When the object is a mass noun orainesana(An object that can't be counted e.g. water, rice, food, air, sand). Aamulla join kuumaakahviaja mehua. Syn riisi. Minun vanhemmat lainaavat minulle rahaa.

The Word-types / SanatyypitYou know by now about the 6 types of verbs. Well, the nouns and adjectives in the Finnish language can also be separated into different groups.From each different word type we find the stem orvartaloin a different way.For example, one word type includes all words that end in the lettere.The rule for this group tells us that to find the vartalo, we need to add a seconde, and KPT applies, weak becomes strong.

So if we have the wordosoitemeaningaddress,and we need to find thevartalo,we know that it becomes osoittee-

But why do I need to find the vartalo? What is the vartalo?The vartalo is the stem. We add suffixes to the vartalo in order to change the word and convey what we mean. There are 15 grammatical cases in the Finnish language. One of them, you've already learnt, the partitive. For the partitive however, you didn't need to find the vartalo. I think that before we go any further, I should show you a list of all of the grammatical cases in the finnish language. I'll use the wordtaloas an example.

Sijamuoto tunnus esimmerkki

nominatiivi perusmuoto talogenetiivi -n talonakkusatiivi -n talon partitiivi -a/-ta/tta taloa

vartalo- talo- (This is not a grammatical case, to this we add the suffix)

elatiivi -sta/-st talostainessiivi -ssa/-ss talossaillatiivi -Vn/seen/hVn taloon

ablatiivi -lta/-lt taloltaadessivi -lla/-ll talollaallatiivi -lle talolle

translatiivi -ksi taloksiessiivi -na/n talona

abessiivi -tta/tt talottainstruktiivi -in taloinkomitatiivi -ine(en) taloineen

What the heck does all that mean?Don't worry too much about it. It's really just the first 10 that you should learn well for now.Talowas actually a bad choice of word, because the stem is the same as the basic form (vartalo on samannkinen kuin perusmuoto). And that's actually the first and simplest word-type.

The Word-types

1. Words that end with -a, -, -o, -, -uor -yand foreign words that end with an-i

Vartalo : Has he same ending as theperusmuoto.Partitiivi : +a/KPT :Vahva-->HeikkoEsimerkiksi : talo, koira, kauppa, laukku, vanha, iso, mukava,snky, hotelli, pankki

2. Words that end with an -e

Vartalo : +e-Partitiivi : +tta/ttKPT : Heikko-->VahvaEsimerkiksi :kone, osoite, vene, perhe, kiire, kirje

3. Words that end with-as/-sand adjectives that end with -is

Vartalo : as --> aa- is --> ii-Partitiivi : +ta/tKPT : Heikko --> VahvaEsimerkiksi: tehdas, allas, hammas, kaunis, kallis, vieras, puhdas, lammas

4. Words that end with -ut/-yt

Vartalo : ut --> ue- yt --> ye-Partitiivi :+ta/tKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi : olut, lyhyt, ohut

5. Words that end with-us/-ys, -os/-sor -es.Nouns that end with -is

Vartalo : us --> ukse- ys --> ykse-os --> okse- s --> kse es --> ekse- is --> ikse-Partitiivi :+ta/tKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi :rakennus, ostos, pts, vihannes, jnis

6. Wordsthat endwith -VVs(2 vowels and ans)

Vartalo : s --> de-Partitiivi :s -->tta/ttKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi: rakkaus, ystvyys, uutuus, lapsuus, kauneus

7.Wordsthat endwith-i

Vartalo : i --> e-Partitiivi : sometimes (usually words that relate to nature) i --> e +a/and other times i --> ta/tKPT : Vahva-->HeikkoEsimerkiksi : jrvi, kivi, pieni, suuri, joki

8. Words that end with -si

Vartalo : si --> de-Partitiivi : si --> tta/ttKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi: uusi, susi, vesi, kuukausi, vuosi, ksi

9. Words that end with-nen

Vartalo :nen --> se-Partitiivi :nen --> staKPT :Does not applyEsimerkiksi : Ihminen, nainen, iloinen, surullinen, ystvllinen, perhonen

10. Words that end with-r, -lor-n

Vartalo :+e-Partitiivi :+ta/tKPT :Heikko-->VahvaEsimerkiksi: tytr, kuningatar, jsen, kyynel11. Words that end with-in

Vartalo : in --> ime-Partitiivi : +ta/tKPT : Heikko-->VahvaEsimerkiksi : kauitin, puhelin, avain, tulostin, pakastin

12. Words that end with -ton/-tn

Vartalo : ton --> ttoma- tn --> ttm-Partitiivi : +ta/tKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi : tytn, rasvaton, rahaton, naimaton13. Words that end with-nut/-nyt

Vartalo : -nut/-nyt --> nee-Partitiivi : +ta/tKPT : Does not applyEsimerkiksi :vsynyt, kyllstynyt, kiinnostunut

The Passive / PassiiviThe passive form is used in sentences that don't contain a subject. In English we use the words"you"or"we"meaning"one"or"people in general".

For example:In England you can get a pint of beer for under 3.

I'm not actually referring to "you", but to people in general. What I'm actually saying is

"In England a pint of beer can be bought for under 3"

As you can see, there is no subject in this sentence. (If you don't know what the subject is, jump ahead to the section entitled "The Object" and read the first 10 lines or so.)

First I'll show you how to form the passive verb in Finnish, then we'll look at some example sentences.

The Formation of the Passive Present Tense

Verb-type 1

What to do: 1. Find the weak stem (heikko vartalo). This is the same as theminform of the verb in the present tense minus -n. 2. If the last letter is anaor,remove it and replace it with ane. 3. Add-taan/tn.

Lukea ---> Lue-n ---> LuetaanPuhua ---> Puhu-n ---> PuhutaanSanoa ---> Sano-n ---> SanotaanAloittaa ---> Aloita-n ---> Aloite- ---> AloitetaanYmmrt ---> Ymmrr-n ---> Ymmrre- ---> YmmrretnAntaa ---> Anna-n ---> Anne- ---> Annetaan

Verb-types 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

What to do: 1. Add -an/n

Vied ---> ViednOpiskella ---> OpiskellaanTavata ---> TavataanValita ---> ValitaanPaeta ---> Paetaan

And the Negative...

What to do: 1. Remove-an/nfrom the end of the verb. 2. Since there is no subject the negative word is alwaysEi.

Kirjoitetaan ---> Ei kirjoitetaImoroidaan ---> Ei imuroidaHarjoitellaan ---> Ei harjoitellaTarvitaan ---> Ei tarvitaKylmetn ---> Ei kylmet

Ok. Now let's look at some example sentences using the passive form in the present tense:

Suomessa puhutaan suomea ja ruotsia. ---> In Finland, Finnish and Swedish are spoken.Tuossa tehtaassa puhelimia valmistetaan. ---> In that factory, telephones are made.Tss kaupassa ei myyd kirjoja. ---> Books are not sold in this shop.

If your first language is English then you'll have to get used to this new sentence structure. It might feel like you're speaking like a Finnish Yoda for a little while but once you get the hang of it it's pretty simple and easy to remember.

The Formation of the Passive Past Tense

This is a little more complicated. Take a look...

Verb-type 1

What to do: 1. The same as the present tense but replace-taan/tnwith-ttiin.

Puhutaan ---> PuhuttiinMatkustetaan ---> MatkustettiinMaksetaan ---> MaksettiinKysytn ---> Kysyttiin

Verb-type 2

What to do: 1. Find the stem (Remove-da/d). 2. Add-tiin.

Syd ---> Sy- ---> SytiinVoida ---> Voi- ---> VoitiinLyd ---> Ly- ---> Lytiin

Verb-type 3

What to do : 1. Remove-la/l, -ra/r, -na/n, -ta/t 2. Add-tiin.

Opiskella ---> Opiskel- ---> OpiskeltiinMenn ---> Men- ---> MentiinPurra ---> Pur- ---> PurtiinPest ---> Pes- ---> Pestiin

Verb-types 4, 5 and 6

What to do: 1. Remove-a/. 2. Add-tiin.

Haluta ---> Halut- ---> HaluttiinTavata ---> Tavat- ---> TavattiinHirit ---> Hirit- ---> HirittiinPaeta ---> Paet- ---> Paettiin

And the Negative...

What to do: 1. Remove -iin. 2. Add -u/y

Sanottiin ---> Ei sanottuAloitettiin ---> Ei aloitettuVietiin ---> Ei vietyJuostiin ---> Ei juostuHaluttiin ---> Ei haluttuTarvittiin ---> Ei tarvittu

And now lets look at some example sentences using the passive form in the past tense:

Eilen meidn taloomme murtauduttiin. ---> Yesterday our house was broken into.Viime viikolla meidn keitti maalattiin. ---> Last week our kitchen was painted.Astioita ei pesty lounaan jlkeen. ---> The dishes were not washed after lunch.

The Necessive / NesessiiviThe necessive clause is when we say "I have to" or "I need to" or "I must". They all mean the same thing but for some reason we have 3 different common ways of saying it. Well guess what, so do the Finns...

And they are: Minun tytyy... Minun pit... Minun on pakko...

As you can see, the subject is in the genitive form. Now... I can't stress this enough so I'll use big bold capitals and excessive exclamation marks...DON'T TRY TO TRANSLATE IT WORD FOR WORD INTO ENGLISH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Because you'll end up with something like "My obligation to..." or "My have...". Just remember, they all mean "I have to...". It's not hard to remember.

You can also say: Minun kannattaa... Minun pitisi...

These both mean "I should..." but in different ways.

Minun kannattaa opiskella tn iltana. --> I should study this evening.Minun pitisi olla kokouksessa. --> I should be in a meeting.

As you can see"kannattaa"means"should"in a way that suggests that something would be beneficial. I don'thaveto study this evening, but it would be a good idea for me to study this evening."Minun pitisi"on the other hand is more like saying "I'm supposed to". It's usually used when something isn't as it should be.

Let's break it down into easily digestible chunks.

1. The subject in the genitive form, for example:Minun, sinun, hnen, Alexin, opettajan, tuonpitknnaisen, tmniloisennuorenpojan2.The necessive verb in thehnform:tytyy, pit, on pakko, kannattaa, pitisi3. The second verb in it's basic form, for example: menn, lhte, opiskella, syd, siivota, valita4. If there is an object in the sentence, it has to be in it's basic form: omena, auto, kirje, pyr (unless the verb is a partitive verb or the object is a mass noun)

Let's look at some examples just to help it sink in:

Minun tytyy kirjoittaa kirje. --> I have to write a letter.Teidn on pakko tehd kotitehtv. --> You have to do the homework.Meidn kannattaa menn nyt. -->We should go now.Tmn kirjan pitisi olla hyllyll. -->This book is supposed to be on the shelf.Minun piti odottaa kaksi tuntia bussia. --> I had to wait two hours for the bus.Now let's look at the negative form

Positive Negative

Minun pit... Minun ei tarvitse...Minun tytyy... Minun ei tarvitse...Minun on pakko... Minun ei ole pakko...

Minun kannattaa Minun ei kannata...Minun pitisi... Minun ei pitisi...

And remember, when the verb is negative, the object ispartitive: Minun tytyy lukea tm kirja loppuun. becomes...Minuneitarvitse lukea tt kirjaaloppuun.The Imperative / ImperatiiviThe imperative form is used when we give a command. There's no subject, but there can be an object. For example,Eat that apple!There's no subject in that sentence but there is an object, that apple. Having said that, there isn't always an object. For example,Go to school!The school is not an object (linguistically speaking) because the speaker is not commanding the listener to do anythingtothe school.

When we want to use a verb in the imperative form, we do the same thing to it that we do when creating the negative form of the present tense: We find theminform and take away the-nleaving us with the "heikko vartalo". Let's look at some examples:

Lukea --> Min lue-n --> Lue! Lue kirja! Read a book! Syd --> Min sy-n --> Sy! Sy tuo omena! Eat that apple!Menn --> Min mene-n --> Mene! Mene kauppaan! Go to the shop!Siivota --> Min siivoa-n --> Siivoa! Siivoa makuhuoneesi! Clean your room!Valita --> Min valitse-n --> Valitse! Valitse elokuva! Choose a film!

Notice that when there is an object, it's in it's basic form. This is a general rule of the imperative clause. You will learn more about this in the next section entitled"The Object".You can also give a negative command. In English we use the word"don't", in Finnish we use"l".

l ole tyhm! --> Don't be stupid!l valehtele! --> Don't lie!l kysy minulta! --> Don't ask me!l sy tuota omenaa! --> Don't eat that apple! he anta-vat ---> Antakaa! / lk antako!

Lukea ---> he luke-vat ---> Lukekaa! / lk lukeko!

Kysy ---> he kysy-vt ---> Kysyk! / lk kysyk!

Verb-type 2.

Vartalo +kaa/k or ko/k

Syd ---> he sy-vt ---> Syk! / lk syk!

Vied ---> he vie-vt ---> Viek! / lk viek!

Verb-type 3.

Remove the last 2 letters +kaa/k or ko/k

Opiskella ---> Opiskelkaa! / lk opiskelko!

Menn ---> Menk! / lk menk!

Juosta ---> Juoskaa! / lk juosko!

Verb-types 4, 5 and 6.

-a +kaa/k or ko/k

Siivota ---> Siivotkaa! / lk siivotko!Hirit ---> Hiritk! / lk hiritk! Kyet ---> Kyetk! / lk kyetk! The Object / ObjektiI've only ever taught Finnish in Finnish and always when it comes to the subject of "objekti", I just want to explain it in English, because it's so simple, and yet it makes students of Finnish want to move to Sweden. First, in case you don't know what the object is, I'll explain it for you.... hmm.... we're in the intermediate section now, so i'll explain it using a Finnish sentence as an example.

Mies lukee kirjaa.

A simple sentence, but there's so much to discuss. This sentence contains the 2 main things that you need to be able to separate in your mind, a subject and an object.So which is which and how can you tell? Well, the subject is usually a person for starters, however a the object can also be a person.

The subject is the thing or person in the sentence that is DOING SOMETHING. In other words, the verb in the sentence is always telling us what the subject is doing. The wordlukeeis telling us what the man is doing, it's not telling us anything about the book.

The object on the other hand, is that which is having something DONE TO IT.

STOP!NOT ALL SENTENCES CONTAIN AN OBJECT.Here is an example:

Ajan kouluun autolla.

This is where people get confused. The wordautollais NOT THE OBJECT. There is no object in this sentence. The wordautollais telling you how I get to school rather than what I drive to school.

However...

Ajan autoa kouluun.

Now we have an object. The car. The wordautoais telling you what I drive.

OK fine.... I'll give you an example in English.

Sentence A) I drive a car to school.Sentence B) I go to school by car.

Sentence A contains an object, the car. The car is the object because it's having something done to it i.e. it's being driven by me, the subject.Sentence B however is not harboring an object. For the word car to be the object, I need to include a verb that tells us what is happening to the car.

In other words, if somebody says to you "What do you drive?"You can only answer that question with the object i.e. "a porsche" "a car" "a bus" or whatever.You can't answer that question with "in a car" or "by car"

What does the object look like in Finnish?

The object is actually easy to spot in Finnish because it is always in one of three grammatical cases, therefore if a noun is in any of the other 12 cases, you know that it's not the object.The object isALWAYS EITHER NOMINATIIVI, PARTITIIVI OR AKKUSATIIVI (basic form, partitive of accusative).

Akkusatiivi

Theakkusatiivior accusative form looks the same as the genitive form BUT IT IS NOT THE SAME AS THE GENITIVE FORM! The accusative form tells us that something is complete or entire, it's kind of the opposite to partitive, which usually tells us that something is just part or a little i.e. not necessarily complete.Some teachers don't tell students about this case, they call it "genetiivi" instead. They know that it's wrong but they think that it makes life easier for the students. It doesn't. I spent quite some time reading sentences like...

Mies luki kirjan...

and thinking "the man is reading the book's... the book's WHAT??????" because I was told at first that in this casekirjanwas the genitive form, which it isn't.

So do me a favour, if a teacher tells you that the object can either benominatiivi, partitiiviorgenetiivi,give them a great big slap from me and refer them to this website.

Let's look back at that sentence... Mies luki kirjan.

The fact that the wordkirjanis in this form, tells us that the man read the whole book to the end, and THAT is whatakkusatiivimeans.

So how do I work out which of the 3 forms to put the object into?

That's the easiest bit. Just remember the following:

When is the object partitive?:

1. When the verb is a partitive verb such asodottaa, rakastaa, harrastaa, inhotaorvihata.2. When the sentence is negative.3. After a number.4. When the action is happening now and will not necessarily be completed entirely.5. When the object is a mass noun (a word that can't be counted i.e.vesi, kahvi, ilma, riisi).6. When we're only talking about a part or some of something. (osataivhn)

When is the object in it's basic form?:

1. When the verb is in the passive form. (ostetaan, sydn, luetaan, kirjoitetaan)2. When the clause isnesessiivi.(minun tytyy, on pakko, sinun pit)3. When it is a command. (Ota! Sy! Avaa! Lukekaa!)

When is the object accusative?:

1. When the action is completed, done to the end.2. When it is a plan to do something and see it through to the end.

And also remember this:

Partitiivi is more important than NominatiiviNominatiivi is more important than Akkusatiivi

Sometimes you'll want to say something like

Don't read that book!

Ahaa, it's a command (imperative), meaning that the object (that book) has to be in it's basic form right?

l lue tuo kirja!

Oh but wait a sec.... "Don't".... "l".... that's a negative word... and in a negative sentence, the object is partitive and partitive is more important than nominative, so...

l lue tuota kirjaa!

That's better. Now it's correct.

So, any time you're not sure what form the object needs to be in, the answer is in that part written above in red. Memorise it! It will help you so much in your studies. Look out for the subjects and objects when you read the newspaper or your text books.

Here's the same steps to follow again but written in Finnish. There's also an exercise at the bottom that you can copy and paste into a word processor if you like.

Mist, Miss, MihinAll 3 of those words mean "where". However, they are all different. Let's take them one at a time.

Mist

This typically means "from where".For example:Mist tulet?meansWhere do you come from?

And remember, if you're asked a question that starts with the wordmist, then your answer should end with the suffix-sta/-st.

So If somebody asks:Mist olet kotoisin?You'll answer with: Lontoosta, Tukholmasta, Espanjastaor whatever...

Mistis also often used in the same way as the English wordabout. For example:Kirjoitin artikkelin ruoasta. --> I wrote an article about food.Mist puhut? --> What are you talking about?

There are certain verbs that are paired with the question wordmist,such astykt, nauttia, ostaa,andpuhua.To learn more about this, check the page entitled "Rections" in the intermediate section.

Miss

This typically means "in where" or simply "where" when referring to where something is rather than going to or coming from.For example:Miss istut?meansWhere are you sitting?

And remember, if you're asked a question that starts with the wordmiss,then your answer should end with the suffix-ssa/-ss.

So if somebody asks:Miss olit viikonlopuna?You'll answer : Klubissa, kaupassa, saunassaor whatever...

Again, there are certain verbs that are paired with the wordmiss, such askyd, olla, seisoa, andviihty.To learn more about this, check the page entitle "Rections" in the intermediate section.

Mihin

This typically means "to where".For example:Mihin menet kesll?meansWhere are you going (to) in the summer?

To put a word into themihinorillatiiviform, we need to do things a little differently. The suffix has to be either:

+Vn: If the word'svartaloends with a voweltalo --> talo-on nainen --> naise-en kauppa --> kauppa-an pankki --> pankki-in

+hVn: If the word has only 1 syllable and ends with 2 vowels

maa --> maahan ty --> tyhn puu --> puuhun tie --> tiehen

+seen: If the word contains 2 or more syllables and thevartaloends with 2 vowels

Lontoo --> Lontoo-seen osoite --> osoittee-seen kaunis --> kaunii-seen tehdas --> tehtaa-seen

Notice also, that in all words that KPT rules apply to, themihinform isALWAYS STRONGunlike with miss and mist.

So if somebody asks:Mihin maahan menet lomaksi?You'll answer :Thaimaahan, Skotlantiin, Espanjaanor whatever...

Once again, there are certain verbs that are paired with the wordmihin, such as vsy, tutustua, vaikuttaa, andtottua.To learn more about this, check the page entitle "Rections" in the intermediate section.The Comparative and Superlative / Komparatiivi ja SuperlatiiviIf you don't know what these two words mean, allow me to explain. Let's take a simple adjective such as"big". The comparative form of this word is"bigger"and the superlative form is"biggest".Now let's take a simple adverb such as "quickly". The comparative form of this word is "more quickly" and the superlative form is "most quickly".

For now, we'll just concentrate on the comparative form of adjectives.

Adjektiivin Komparatiivi

To find this form we usually add-mpito thevartaloof the adjective.

For example:

Perusmuoto Vartalo Komparatiivi

Iso ---> Iso- ---> Isompi bigger Pieni ---> Piene- ---> Pienempi smaller Iloinen ---> Iloise- ---> Iloisempi happier Helppo ---> Helpo- ---> Helpompi easier Uusi ---> Uude- ---> Uudempi newer Kaunis ---> Kaunii- ---> Kauniimpi more beautiful

However, for some reason if a word has 2 syllables and ends with the letter-aor the letter-we replace the-aor-with an-e.

For example:

Perusmuoto Komparatiivi

Vanha ---> Vanhempi older Halpa ---> Halvempi cheaper Kylm ---> Kylmempi colder Kuuma ---> Kuumempi hotter

This form is called the comparative because it's used to compare one thing to another.For example: "My car is newer" is not a complete sentence out of context.A complete sentence would be something like "My car is newer than your car". In Finnish we use the word"kuin"in place of the word "than".

Here are some examples:Minun auto on uudempi kuin sinun. ---> My car is newer than yours.Lontoo on isompi kaupunki kuin Helsinki. ---> London is a bigger city than Helsinki.Minun uusi auto on nopeampi kuin minun vanha auto. ---> My new car is faster than my old car.

The comparative form of an adjective is a new word-type. Let's take a look at how we change the word to add a suffix. I'll use the wordisompias an example...

Nominatiivi ISOMPIPartitiivi ISOMPAAVartalo ISOMMA-

Genetiivi ISOMMANAkkusatiivi ISOMMANElatiivi ISOMMASTAInessiivi ISOMMASSAIllatiivi ISOMPAAN

Ablatiivi ISOMMALTAAdessiivi ISOMMALLAAllatiivi ISOMMALLE

Essiivi ISOMPANATranslatiivi ISOMMAKSI

Monikko ISOMMAT

Let's now look at some examples using the comparative form in different cases...

Haluaisin ostaaisomman nopeammanauton. ---> I'd like to buy a bigger, faster car.Sin asutpienemmsskaupungissa kuin min. ---> You live in a smaller city than me.En ole koskaan tutustunutkauniimpaannaiseen kuin sinuun. --->I've never met a more beautiful woman than you.Lapset jatkuvasti tarvitsevat isommat vaatteet. --->Children continually need bigger clothes.

The Plural Stem / Monikon VartaloWe have to find the plural stem before we add a suffix to a plural word. To transform the singular stem into the plural stem we add the letteri.

However, there are other rules that we have to follow.The following diagrams are set up as shown here:

Perusmuoto ---> Yksikn vartalo ---> Monikon vartalo ---> Monikon inessiivi (Miss) tai adessiivi (Mill)

o, , u, y pysyvt +i

Koulu ---> Koulu- ---> Koului- ---> Kouluissa

Talo ---> Talo- ---> Taloi- ---> Taloissa

Snky ---> Sngy- ---> Sngyi- ---> Sngyiss

a, , e, otetaan pois +i

Juna ---> Juna- ---> Juni- ---> Junissa

Kyl ---> Kyl- ---> Kyli- ---> Kyliss

Ovi ---> Ove- ---> Ovi- ---> Ovissa

Sininen ---> Sinise- ---> Sinisi- ---> Sinisiss

a ---> oi Jos on kaksi tavua ja ensimmisess tavussa ona, itaie

Kissa ---> Kissa- ---> Kissoi- ---> KissoillaHerra ---> Herra- ---> Herroi- ---> Herroilla

Kana ---> Kana- ---> Kanoi- ---> Kanoilla

2 Vokaalia. Otetaanensimminen vokaali pois + i

Puu ---> Puu- ---> Pui- ---> Puissa

Ty ---> Ty- ---> Ti- ---> Tiss

Perhe ---&g