the first world war – chapter 19. chapter 19 – world war i jeannette rankin- was the first...

The First World The First World War –War – Chapter 19Chapter 19

Chapter 19 – World War IChapter 19 – World War I

Jeannette Rankin-Jeannette Rankin-

Was the first woman Was the first woman

elected to Congress (1916) elected to Congress (1916)

who voted against the who voted against the

United States entering United States entering

WWI.WWI.

““I want to stand behind my country, I want to stand behind my country, but I cannot vote for war. I vote but I cannot vote for war. I vote nono..”” – –

Jeannette RankinJeannette Rankin

Chapter 19 – World War IChapter 19 – World War I

Main IdeaMain Idea

World War IWorld War I began as began as militarism, militarism,

alliances,alliances, imperialism, and imperialism, and

nationalismnationalism in Europe brought the in Europe brought the

world into conflict. As the First World world into conflict. As the First World

War intensified, the United States War intensified, the United States

was forced to abandon its neutrality.was forced to abandon its neutrality.

Causes of the First Causes of the First World War:World War:

MMilitarism—ilitarism—

The The

developmendevelopmen

t of armed t of armed

forces and forces and

their use as their use as

a tool of a tool of

diplomacydiplomacy. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Kaiser Wilhelm II and his troops (c. 1914)troops (c. 1914)


Triple Alliance

(1882) –

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy.

Triple Entente (1907) –

France

Britain

Russia.


IImperialism—mperialism—

The economic and The economic and

political control over political control over

various peoples of various peoples of

the world in an effort the world in an effort

to supply raw to supply raw

materials and materials and

markets for markets for

manufactured goods.manufactured goods.


NNationalism—ationalism—

A devotion to the A devotion to the

interests and interests and

culture of oneculture of one’’s s

nation leading to nation leading to

antagonistic antagonistic

rivalries between rivalries between

nations.nations.

The The alliance systemalliance system in Europe in Europe pulled one nation after another pulled one nation after another

into conflict.into conflict.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia . . .

Russia (allied with Serbia) declared war on Austria-Hungary . . .

Germany (allied with Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia . . .

France (allied with Russia) declared war on Germany . . .

Britain (allied with France) declared war on Germany . . .

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire side with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Six other European nations side with Serbia, Britain, Russia, and France.

The Allied PowersThe Allied PowersAllies or Allied Powers–Allies or Allied Powers–

Britain, France, Britain, France,

Russia (withdrew Russia (withdrew

1917), Belgium, Italy 1917), Belgium, Italy

(entered 1915), (entered 1915),

Portugal, Serbia, Portugal, Serbia,

Greece, Romania, Greece, Romania,

Montenegro, and the Montenegro, and the

United States United States

(entered 1917).(entered 1917).

The Central PowersThe Central PowersCentral Powers

– Germany,

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

The The ““Great WarGreat War”” in in EuropeEurope

The World WarThe World War

Green–Green– Allied Powers Allied Powers Yellow–Yellow– Central Powers Central PowersGray–Gray– Neutral Nations Neutral Nations

Invasion of Belgium:Invasion of Belgium:

““Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan”” – –

GermanyGermany’’s s

offensive plan offensive plan

which included:which included:

- A holding action - A holding action

against against

Russia. Russia.

- A quick invasion - A quick invasion

of of Belgium into Belgium into

France.France.

Battles of the Western Battles of the Western Front (1914—1916)Front (1914—1916)

First Battle of the First Battle of the Marne–Marne–

September, 1914.September, 1914. The Allies stop the The Allies stop the

German German advance on Paris.advance on Paris.


Battle of Verdun –Battle of Verdun – February--July February--July

1916.1916. French hold the French hold the

line in the line in the longest battle longest battle of the war.of the war.


Battle of the Somme –Battle of the Somme – July – November, 1916.July – November, 1916. Disastrous British Disastrous British

offensive.offensive.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench Warfare—

Phenomenon of WW I.

Armies fought for yards

of ground over a period

of time ending in a

stalemate.

“No Man’s Land”—

Barren expanse of land

located between

trenches.

New Hazards in New Hazards in Warfare:Warfare:

New Weapons & Tactics—New Weapons & Tactics—

New tactics, new weapons, and New tactics, new weapons, and ““trench trench

warfarewarfare”” all led to horrific injuries and hazards. all led to horrific injuries and hazards.

The spread of disease, lack of sleep, The spread of disease, lack of sleep, ““shell shell

shockshock””, fatigue, amputations, etc.) brought the , fatigue, amputations, etc.) brought the

horrors of war through photography and film.horrors of war through photography and film.

Conditions were most severe on the front Conditions were most severe on the front

lines.lines.

New Weapons of World New Weapons of World War IWar I

machine guns—machine guns— Fires 600 rounds Fires 600 rounds a minute.a minute.

airplanes—airplanes— The British The British ““Sopwith Sopwith CamelCamel”” led dogfights in the air. led dogfights in the air.

airships—airships— Used on bombing raids.Used on bombing raids.poison gas—poison gas— Sickened, burned, Sickened, burned,

and blinded its victims forcing and blinded its victims forcing the use of gas masks.the use of gas masks.

tanks—tanks— Were used to Were used to ““mow downmow down”” barbed wire and soldiers.barbed wire and soldiers.

submarines—submarines— Used to sink ships Used to sink ships and provide support for and provide support for surface vessels.surface vessels.

Americans Question Americans Question Neutrality:Neutrality:

Divided Loyalties—Divided Loyalties—

Socialists criticized the war as Socialists criticized the war as

a capitalist and imperialist a capitalist and imperialist

struggle between Germany struggle between Germany

and England to support and England to support

imperialism.imperialism.

Millions of Americans followed Millions of Americans followed

the war due to their ties from the war due to their ties from

the nations they left.the nations they left.

Americans Question Americans Question Neutrality:Neutrality:

Exports to Europe—Exports to Europe—

The United States economic ties to the Allies The United States economic ties to the Allies

was much stronger than the Central Powers.was much stronger than the Central Powers.

By 1915, the United States was facing a labor By 1915, the United States was facing a labor

shortage due to supplying the Allies.shortage due to supplying the Allies.

The War Hits Home:The War Hits Home:

The British Blockade—The British Blockade—

As fighting on land As fighting on land

continued, Britain began continued, Britain began

to blockade the German to blockade the German

coast to prevent weapons coast to prevent weapons

and supplies getting and supplies getting

through.through.

American companies American companies

became angry at Britainbecame angry at Britain ’’s s

blockade.blockade.


German U-Boats—German U-Boats—

Germany Germany

responded to responded to

the blockade the blockade

with with

““unterseebootunterseeboot””

or (submarine).or (submarine).

Any ship in Any ship in

British waters British waters

would be sunk.would be sunk.


Sinking of the Sinking of the S.S. LusitaniaS.S. Lusitania

——

On May 7, 1915, a German On May 7, 1915, a German

U-boat sank a British U-boat sank a British

ocean-liner killing 1,200 ocean-liner killing 1,200

passengers including 128 passengers including 128

Americans.Americans.

United States public United States public

opinion turned against opinion turned against

Germany and the Central Germany and the Central

Powers.Powers.

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 19161916

Presidential Election of 1916—Presidential Election of 1916—

The Republicans nominated Charles The Republicans nominated Charles

Hughes.Hughes.

The Democrats nominated President The Democrats nominated President

Wilson for a second term who Wilson for a second term who

promised to keep the United States promised to keep the United States

““out of war.out of war.””

Charles HughesCharles Hughes

President WilsonPresident Wilson

Presidential Election of Presidential Election of 19161916

Presidential Election of 1916Presidential Election of 1916

The United States The United States Declares War:Declares War:

““Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note””——

A telegram from the German foreign minister to A telegram from the German foreign minister to

Mexico (and intercepted by British agents) Mexico (and intercepted by British agents)

proposing an alliance between the nations.proposing an alliance between the nations.

It offered lost territory to Mexico in exchange It offered lost territory to Mexico in exchange

for it siding with the Central Powers.for it siding with the Central Powers.


BERLIN, JANUARY 19, 1917BERLIN, JANUARY 19, 1917

WE INTEND TO BEGIN ON THE FIRST OF FEBRUARY UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WE INTEND TO BEGIN ON THE FIRST OF FEBRUARY UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE

WARFARE. WE SHALL ENDEAVOR IN SPITE OF THIS TO KEEP THE UNITED STATES OF WARFARE. WE SHALL ENDEAVOR IN SPITE OF THIS TO KEEP THE UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA NEUTRAL. IN THE EVENT OF THIS NOT SUCCEEDING, WE MAKE MEXICO A AMERICA NEUTRAL. IN THE EVENT OF THIS NOT SUCCEEDING, WE MAKE MEXICO A

PROPOSAL OF ALLIANCE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS: MAKE WAR TOGETHER, MAKE PROPOSAL OF ALLIANCE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS: MAKE WAR TOGETHER, MAKE

PEACE TOGETHER, GENEROUS FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND AN UNDERSTANDING ON OUR PEACE TOGETHER, GENEROUS FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND AN UNDERSTANDING ON OUR

PART THAT MEXICO IS TO RECONQUER THE LOST TERRITORY IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, PART THAT MEXICO IS TO RECONQUER THE LOST TERRITORY IN TEXAS, NEW MEXICO,

AND ARIZONA. THE SETTLEMENT IN DETAIL IS LEFT TO YOU. YOU WILL INFORM THE AND ARIZONA. THE SETTLEMENT IN DETAIL IS LEFT TO YOU. YOU WILL INFORM THE

PRESIDENT [OF MEXICO] OF THE ABOVE MOST SECRETLY AS SOON AS THE OUTBREAK OF PRESIDENT [OF MEXICO] OF THE ABOVE MOST SECRETLY AS SOON AS THE OUTBREAK OF

WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IS CERTAIN AND ADD THE SUGGESTION WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IS CERTAIN AND ADD THE SUGGESTION

THAT HE SHOULD, ON HIS OWN INITIATIVE, INVITE JAPAN TO IMMEDIATE ADHERENCE THAT HE SHOULD, ON HIS OWN INITIATIVE, INVITE JAPAN TO IMMEDIATE ADHERENCE

AND AT THE SAME TIME MEDIATE BETWEEN JAPAN AND OURSELVES. PLEASE CALL THE AND AT THE SAME TIME MEDIATE BETWEEN JAPAN AND OURSELVES. PLEASE CALL THE

PRESIDENT'S ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT THE RUTHLESS EMPLOYMENT OF OUR PRESIDENT'S ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT THE RUTHLESS EMPLOYMENT OF OUR

SUBMARINES NOW OFFERS THE PROSPECT OF COMPELLING ENGLAND IN A FEW MONTHS SUBMARINES NOW OFFERS THE PROSPECT OF COMPELLING ENGLAND IN A FEW MONTHS

TO MAKE PEACE.TO MAKE PEACE.

ZIMMERMANNZIMMERMANN


America Acts—America Acts—

In April of 1917, In April of 1917,

Congress declared Congress declared

war on the nations war on the nations

of the Central of the Central

Powers.Powers.

Wilson called on the Wilson called on the

United States and United States and

the Allies to make the Allies to make

the world the world ““safe for safe for

democracy.democracy.””

America Mobilizes:America Mobilizes:

Mobilization—Mobilization—

The process of going from a peace-The process of going from a peace-

time economy to a war-time economy.time economy to a war-time economy.

Selective Service Act of 1917 –Selective Service Act of 1917 –

Required men to register with the Required men to register with the

government to be randomly selected government to be randomly selected

for military service.for military service.

Conscientious Objector—Conscientious Objector—

Person who morally opposes warfare.Person who morally opposes warfare.


Eddie Rickenbacker—Eddie Rickenbacker—

Famous WWI Famous WWI

fighter pilot.fighter pilot.

Transformed the Transformed the

American Air American Air

Service into a Service into a

combat fighting combat fighting

force.force.


Mass Production—Mass Production—

To meet the demands for a war time economy, the To meet the demands for a war time economy, the

government did the following . . .government did the following . . .

Built transport ships and equip men, increase the Built transport ships and equip men, increase the

numbers of shipyard workers.numbers of shipyard workers.

Campaigned to help shipbuilders.Campaigned to help shipbuilders.

Encouraged the assembly line to increase productivity.Encouraged the assembly line to increase productivity.

Converted commercial and private ships for Converted commercial and private ships for

transatlantic use.transatlantic use.

America Turns the Tide:America Turns the Tide:

Convoy System—Convoy System—

A system A system

created in which created in which

military escort military escort

ships guard ships guard

merchant and merchant and

supply ships supply ships

from attack from attack

(especially by U-(especially by U-

Boats).Boats).

America Turns the Tide:America Turns the Tide:

Convoy SystemConvoy System

StalemateStalemate

Fighting in Europe—Fighting in Europe—

After two years of fighting, Allied forces became After two years of fighting, Allied forces became

demoralized as fighting intensified on the Western demoralized as fighting intensified on the Western

Front.Front.

A political group in Russian called the Bolsheviks A political group in Russian called the Bolsheviks

attempted to take over the nation in 1917.attempted to take over the nation in 1917.

Russia fell into civil war due to an internal struggle Russia fell into civil war due to an internal struggle

between Czar Nicholas II (supported by the White Army) between Czar Nicholas II (supported by the White Army)

and communist forces (supported by the Red Army).and communist forces (supported by the Red Army).

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

Bolsheviks—Bolsheviks—

The political group, led by Vladimir The political group, led by Vladimir

Lenin, which wanted economic, Lenin, which wanted economic,

political, and social reforms in Russia political, and social reforms in Russia

and set up the first communist state.and set up the first communist state.

The Russian Civil War allowed The Russian Civil War allowed

Germany to send more troops to the Germany to send more troops to the

Western Front.Western Front.

Karl MarxKarl Marx’’s s Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto

was used as a guide to worldwide was used as a guide to worldwide

revolution.revolution.

Fighting Fighting ““Over ThereOver There””

American Expeditionary American Expeditionary Force (AEF)—Force (AEF)—

American army which American army which included men from all included men from all over the United States over the United States (nicknamed (nicknamed ““Doughboys.Doughboys.””))

General John J. Pershing—General John J. Pershing— American general who American general who

led the AEF throughout led the AEF throughout WWI.WWI.

General John J. General John J. ““BlackjackBlackjack”” Pershing Pershing

American Troops on the American Troops on the Offensive:Offensive:

Second Battle of Marne—

July -- August 1918

The turning-point of the war as the Allies advance steadily after defeating the Germans.

American Troops on the American Troops on the Offensive:Offensive:

Battle of Meuse-Argonne—

Sept -- Nov, 1918.

Pershing leads the AEF to victory forcing Germany to retreat and call for an armistice.

American Troops on the Offensive

Armistice—Armistice—

The temporary cease-The temporary cease-

fire (signed by both fire (signed by both

Central Powers and Central Powers and

Allied Powers) which Allied Powers) which

stopped the fighting. stopped the fighting.

Occurred November Occurred November

11, 1918 and took 11, 1918 and took

affect at 11:11 am.affect at 11:11 am.

American Troops on the American Troops on the OffensiveOffensive

The Final Toll—The Final Toll—

Worldwide deaths numbered about 22 million Worldwide deaths numbered about 22 million

(more than half were civilians).(more than half were civilians).

Worldwide cost of the war was $338 billion.Worldwide cost of the war was $338 billion.

American Costs—American Costs—

Nearly 48,000 Americans were killed with another Nearly 48,000 Americans were killed with another

62,000 dying of disease and another 250,000 62,000 dying of disease and another 250,000

wounded.wounded.

Congress Gives Power Congress Gives Power to Wilsonto Wilson

War Industries Board—War Industries Board—

Established in1917 and served as the primary Established in1917 and served as the primary

regulatory board for the federal government regulatory board for the federal government

throughout the war by setting quotas and throughout the war by setting quotas and

allocating raw materials.allocating raw materials.

War Economy—War Economy—

Wages in most industries rose and stockholders Wages in most industries rose and stockholders

in many corporations saw large profits.in many corporations saw large profits.

Selling the WarSelling the War

War Financing—

The United States spent about $35.5 billion on

the war effort.

Committee on Public Opinion—

Used to popularize the war by using propaganda.

Propaganda—

Biased communication designed to influence

people’s thoughts and actions.

Attacks on Civil Liberties Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseIncrease

Anti-immigrant Hysteria—Anti-immigrant Hysteria—

The main targets of the government were those The main targets of the government were those

Americans who recently emigrated from Central Americans who recently emigrated from Central

Powers nations (e.g. Germany or Austria-Hungary).Powers nations (e.g. Germany or Austria-Hungary).

Name Changes—Name Changes—

Foods from Central Powers nations changed names Foods from Central Powers nations changed names

(e.g. the hamburger became (e.g. the hamburger became ““Salisbury steakSalisbury steak”” and and

Sauerkraut became Sauerkraut became ““liberty cabbageliberty cabbage””).).

Attacks on Civil Liberties Attacks on Civil Liberties IncreaseIncrease

Espionage & Sedition Act Espionage & Sedition Act

of 1917—of 1917—

A federal law fining or A federal law fining or

jailing anyone who jailing anyone who

interfered with the war interfered with the war

effort.effort.

Some accused it of Some accused it of

violating the Alien & violating the Alien &

Sedition Act of 1798.Sedition Act of 1798.

War Encourages Social War Encourages Social ChangeChange

African Americans & the War—African Americans & the War—

Black opinion on the war was divided.Black opinion on the war was divided.

Many opposed the war, but some served in Many opposed the war, but some served in

all-Black units.all-Black units.

Second Second ““Great MigrationGreat Migration””——

The war affected African Americans by The war affected African Americans by

accelerating the movement of Blacks from the accelerating the movement of Blacks from the

south to northern cities.south to northern cities.

War Encourages Social War Encourages Social ChangeChange

Women & the War—Women & the War—

Women moved into new jobs (e.g. railroad Women moved into new jobs (e.g. railroad

workers, dockworkers, factory workers, workers, dockworkers, factory workers,

bricklayers, etc.).bricklayers, etc.).

Flu Epidemic—Flu Epidemic—

An international flu epidemic affected about 25% An international flu epidemic affected about 25%

of the United States population.of the United States population.

One cause of the spreading of the disease was One cause of the spreading of the disease was

returning soldiers.returning soldiers.

Wilson Presents His Wilson Presents His PlanPlan

WilsonWilson’’s s ““Fourteen Fourteen

PointsPoints””——

Even before the war Even before the war

was over, Wilson was over, Wilson

presented his plan presented his plan

for world peace for world peace

which was divided which was divided

into three parts . . .into three parts . . .Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

Wilson Presents His Wilson Presents His PlanPlan

““Fourteen PointsFourteen Points”” (points 1 (points 1stst through 5 through 5thth)—)— Addressed preventing another war through peace.Addressed preventing another war through peace.

““Fourteen PointsFourteen Points”” (points 6 (points 6thth through 13 through 13thth)—)— Addressed boundary changes in EuropeAddressed boundary changes in Europe

- Created - Created ninenine new nations (e.g. Poland). new nations (e.g. Poland).

- Redrew the national lines of current nations.- Redrew the national lines of current nations.

““Fourteen PointsFourteen Points”” (Point 14 (Point 14thth)—)— Addressed the creation of an international Addressed the creation of an international

organization of nations known as the organization of nations known as the ““League of League of NationsNations””

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Versailles Hall – Site of the Versailles Hall – Site of the treaty discussion.treaty discussion.

Debating the Treaty of Debating the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Allies Reject Allies Reject

WilsonWilson’’s Plans Plan— —

Allied leaders, Allied leaders,

angered by the angered by the

war, rejected war, rejected

most of most of

WilsonWilson’’s s

proposals.proposals.


Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

——

The French Premier The French Premier

who had lived who had lived

through two German through two German

invasions and was invasions and was

determined to determined to

prevent another.prevent another.


David Lloyd George—David Lloyd George—

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister

who won a recent who won a recent

election on the slogan election on the slogan

““Make Germany PayMake Germany Pay””

and wanted to see and wanted to see

GermanyGermany’’s military s military

reducedreduced..


Vittorio Orlando—Vittorio Orlando—

Italian Prime Italian Prime

Minister who Minister who

wanted land wanted land

held by Austria-held by Austria-

Hungary.Hungary.

Debating the Treaty of Debating the Treaty of Versailles:Versailles:

Versailles Treaty of Versailles Treaty of

1919—1919—

The treaty The treaty

established established ninenine

new nations and new nations and

shifted the shifted the

boundaries of boundaries of

other nations in other nations in

1919.1919.


War Reparations—War Reparations—

War damages (amounting to about $33 billion) paid War damages (amounting to about $33 billion) paid

to the Allies by former Central Powers nations.to the Allies by former Central Powers nations.

War-Guilt Clause—War-Guilt Clause—

A clause in the treaty to humiliate Germany and A clause in the treaty to humiliate Germany and

forcing it to admit sole guilt for starting the war and forcing it to admit sole guilt for starting the war and

forcing Germany to pay reparations, stripping it of it forcing Germany to pay reparations, stripping it of it

colonies, and taking away it military.colonies, and taking away it military.

Debating the Treaty of Debating the Treaty of Versailles:Versailles:

The Senate Opposes the Treaty of Versailles

—

The primary concern for most Americans The primary concern for most Americans

was over the League of Nations which they was over the League of Nations which they

thought threatened the United States thought threatened the United States

policy of isolationism.policy of isolationism.

Conservatives wanted Congress to be able Conservatives wanted Congress to be able

to declare war if needed.to declare war if needed.


Wilson Refuses to CompromiseWilson Refuses to Compromise——

Wilson refused to compromise and the Wilson refused to compromise and the

Republican-controlled Congress did not ratify Republican-controlled Congress did not ratify

the Treaty of Versailles forcing the United States the Treaty of Versailles forcing the United States

to to notnot join the League of Nations. join the League of Nations.

Legacy of the WarLegacy of the War

Worldwide AffectsWorldwide Affects— —

Europe was left in ruins and the loss of life severely Europe was left in ruins and the loss of life severely

damaged social and political systems leading to . . .damaged social and political systems leading to . . .

- Russia was overthrown by the Bolsheviks which set up - Russia was overthrown by the Bolsheviks which set up

the worldthe world’’s first communist state.s first communist state.

- Fascist regimes would be set up in Italy, Spain, Japan, - Fascist regimes would be set up in Italy, Spain, Japan,

and Germany.and Germany.

- A worldwide economic downturn will create the - A worldwide economic downturn will create the ““Great Great

Depression.Depression.””

Section IV – Section IV – Wilson Fights Wilson Fights for Peacefor Peace

Mussolini in Fascist Mussolini in Fascist ItalyItaly

Tojo in Fascist Tojo in Fascist JapanJapan

Hitler in Nazi GermanyHitler in Nazi Germany

Franco in Fascist SpainFranco in Fascist Spain

World War One World War One resulted resulted

in the rise of in the rise of Fascism Fascism and and

Nazism Nazism during the 1920s during the 1920s

and 1930s.and 1930s.


Domestic Affects— Appalled by the scale of the war’s destruction, Americans

began to call the First World War the “war to end all wars” and it . . .

Accelerated AmericaAccelerated America’’s emergence as the worlds emergence as the world’’s s greatest industrial power.greatest industrial power.

Contributed to the movement of African Americans to Contributed to the movement of African Americans to Northern cities (Second Northern cities (Second ““Great MigrationGreat Migration””).).

Intensified anti-immigrant, anti-communist, and anti-Intensified anti-immigrant, anti-communist, and anti-radical sentiments among mainstream Americans.radical sentiments among mainstream Americans.

Brought over one million women into the workforce.Brought over one million women into the workforce.


Domestic Affects—

The First World War brought an end to the

“Progressive Era” (1901 – 1920).

The end of the war ushered-in the 1920s as a

decade of conservatism.

A period of isolationism also was brought about

by the end of the war.


Domestic Affects—

Warren G. Harding (a conservative, pro-business Republican) won the presidential election of 1920.

He called on the United States to “return to normalcy” following the end of the First World War. Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

Bare Bones #7A Terms

nationalism- A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation.

militarism- The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool for diplomacy.


Triple Entente (1907)- A treaty by which the United Kingdom (Britain), France, and Russia pledged to support each other militarily in the event of an attack by other nations.

Triple Alliance (1882)- A treaty by which Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy pledged to support each other militarily in the event of an attack by other nations.

imperialism- The policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.


Allies- During World War I, the group of nations – originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia, and later joined by the United States and Italy – that opposed the Central Powers.

Central Powers- Group of nations – led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire – that opposed the Allies in World War I.


Archduke Franz Ferdinand- When visiting Sarajevo in July 28, 1914, he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) which sparked an international crisis between alliances.

“trench warfare”- Military operations in which opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than an open battlefield.


S.S. Lusitania- A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat in 1915.

“Zimmermann Note”- A message that was sent (1917) by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered WWI.


Eddie Rickenbacker- Famous WWI fighter pilot and transformed the American Air Service into a combat fighting force.

Selective Service Act (1917)- A federal law that required men to register for military service.

convoy system- The protection of merchant ships fro U-Boat attacks by having ships travel in large groups escorted by warships.


American Expeditionary Force (AEF)- The United States forces, led by General John J. Pershing, who fought with the Allies during WWI.

General John J. Pershing- American general who led the AEF throughout WWI.

“conscientious objector”- A person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare.


armistice- A cease-fire.

War Industries Board- An agency established during WWI to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.

propaganda- A kind of biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions.


Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917 & 1918)– Two laws, enacted by Congress to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against United States participation in WWI.

Second “Great Migration”- The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century.

“Fourteen Points”- The principles making up President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace following WWI.


League of Nations- An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace.

Georges Clemenceau- The French Premier who had lived through two German invasions and was determined to prevent another.

David Lloyd George- British Prime Minister who won a recent election on the slogan “Make Germany Pay” and wanted to see Germany’s military reduced.


Treaty of Versailles (1919)- The peace treaty at the end of WWI which established new nations, borders, and war reparations.

reparations- The compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war (e.g. Germany at the end of WWI).

“war-guilt” clause- A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for WWI.

Bare Bones #7A Questions

2.What three main reasons propelled the United States involvement in World War I?

United States economic ties with the Allied Powers were stronger than ties with the Central Powers.

Germany’s counter-blockade by U-Boats outraged Americans, especially the sinking of the S.S. Lusitania (1915).

The “Zimmermann Note” raised suspicions of a German alliance with Mexico.


3. Name five major Allies and five Central Powers during World War I.

Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (withdrew 1917), Belgium, Italy (entered 1915), Portugal, Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro, and the United States (entered 1917).

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.


4. Where did Germany begin its offensive? What happened there?

Germany invaded Belgium and then began invading northern France.

The invasion created a refugee problem as civilians fled.


5. How did the United States mobilize a strong military during the First World War?

The Selective Service Act (1917) allowed the government to randomly select up to 3 million men for military service.


6. List and describe the effects of four new weapons developed during World War I.

machine guns— Firepower at 600 rounds a minute.

airplanes— The British “Sopwith Camel” led to dogfights in the air, recon missions, and aerial bombing.

airships— Provided recon and transportation.

poison gas— Sickened, burned, and blinded its victims forcing the use of gas masks on the battlefield.

tanks— Were used to “mow down” barbed wire and soldiers.

submarines— Used to sink ships and provide support for surface vessels.


7. Describe two methods that the government did to sell the war to the nation.

The government advertised and sold war bonds.

The Committee on Public Information popularized the war through a massive propaganda campaign.


8. What events during WWI undermined civil liberties?

The establishment of the propaganda agency led to a campaign that encouraged hatred and violations of civil liberties.

The Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917 & 1918) also violated civil liberties.

Anti-war publications lost their mailing privileges and people lost their jobs.


9. What were four major effects of the Treaty of Versailles?

Created international problems that would lead to WWII.

Humiliated Germany with the “War Guilt” Clause.

Provoked Russia’s determination to regain former Russian territory.

Ignored the claims of colonized people for self-determination.


10.How did Wilson’s support for the League of Nations stand in the way of the Senate’s support of the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

Many senators (mainly Republicans) objected to the provision calling for the League of Nations recognizing that the United States would lose autonomy to control its own actions.

Wilson was unwilling to compromise on any part of the League’s goals leading to the treaty not being ratified by the Republican Senate.


11. Between 1914 and 1920, Americans debated the role their country should have in world affairs. From the events of World War I, what might Americans have learned about intervention in the affairs of other nations?

Paying attention to international situations that could lead to crises, such as extreme nationalism and militarism.

The importance of nations helping one another in global affairs.

The importance of diplomacy in drawing up treaties so as to punish offending nations.

The importance of listening to and helping smaller nations.


12.What were the four domestic consequences of the First World War?

Accelerated America’s emergence as the world’s greatest industrial power.

Contributed to the movement of African Americans to Northern cities (Second “Great Migration”).

12.Intensified anti-immigrant, anti-communist, and anti-radical sentiments among mainstream Americans.

Brought over one million women into the workforce.


13. Review the two maps in the textbook (pp. 606). What happened to German territory in the east by the Treaty of Versailles (1919)? Which new nation absorbed Serbia and Montenegro?

Poland was formed out of parts of Germany in the east.

Yugoslavia had absorbed Serbia.

Chapter 19 – The Great War

The End

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