the flora of southern illinois - lecture 1
TRANSCRIPT
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The Flora of Southern IllinoisPLB 451
June 20th, 2015 Instructor: Christopher David Benda
Camel Rock at Garden of the Gods Wilderness
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Plant Ecologist Illinois Natural History SurveyPresidentIllinois Native Plant SocietyInstructor, Flora of Southern Illinois Southern Illinois UniversityInstructor, Tree ID and EcologyThe Morton ArboretumTechnical Expert ConsultantIllinois Endangered Species Protection Board
CHRISTOPHER DAVID BENDA, M.S.
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Illinois Botanizer
Facebook Group
Illinois Botany
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Illinois Native Plant Society
www.ill-inps.org
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Illinois Natural Areas Inventory
Category I – High Quality Natural Communities
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0.07% in a natural condition
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Southern Illinois Natural Communities
FORESTUpland Forest
• Xeric• Dry• Dry-mesic• Mesic
Floodplain Forest• Mesic• Wet-mesic• Wet
Flatwoods• Southern Flatwoods
SAVANNABarren
• Dry Barren• Dry-mesic Barren• Mesic Barren
PRAIRIE• Loess Hill Prairie• Glacial Drift Hill Prairie
WETLANDSwamp
• Swamp• Shrub Swamp
Seeps and Springs• Seep • Acid Gravel Seep
OPEN WATER• Pond
STREAM• Small, Medium, Large
• High, Medium, Low Gradient
BEDROCK
Glades• Sandstone Glade• Limestone Glade• Shale Glade
Cliff• Dry Sandstone Cliff• Mesic Sandstone Cliff• Dry Limestone Cliff• Mesic Limestone Cliff• Sandstone Overhang
CULTURAL
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Natural Community Soil Moisture Gradient
XericDry
Dry-mesicMesic
Wet-mesicWet
Hydric
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The Flora of Southern Illinois
Go over syllabusIcebreaker Exercise
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Plant Resources for Southern Illinois
Field Guide Books & Websites
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Plant Resources for Southern Illinois
Field Guide Books & Websites
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Simple leaf, magnolia
a. Simple versus compound leaves
Pinnately compound leaf,black walnut
Palmately compound leaf,buckeye
b. Arrangement of leaves on stem
Opposite leaves, maple
Whorled leaves,bedstraw
Alternate leaves,American beech
Leaf Characteristics
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Simple leafMagnolia
petiole
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Palmately compound leafOhio Buckeye
Aesculus glabra
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Pinnately compound leafBlack Walnut
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Alternate leavesAmerican beech
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Whorled leavesBedstraw
Galium pilosum
Galium aparine
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Opposite leavesMaples
MADCapBuckHorse
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Exceptions to the rule:1. Bladdernut2. Euonymous (Wahoo)3. Wild Hydrangea4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush4. Catalpa5. Buttonbush
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petiole
vs. petiolul
evs.
rachis
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stipulevs.
stipel
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Basic Flower Anatomy
• The male part is termed the Stamen, which consists of the anther and filament.
• The female part is the Carpel, which consists of the stigma, style and ovary.
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Flower Structure
Perfect(bisexual flowers)
Vs. Imperfect
(unisexual flowers)
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Perfect Flowers
• Flowers containing BOTH male (stamen) and female (carpel) sexual parts.
• Automatically monoecious
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Imperfect Flowers• Flowers containing the reproductive
parts of only one sex.• These imperfect flowers may be on
the same plant (monoecious), • or on separate plants (dioecious)
Sparganium eurycarpum Thalictrum dioicum
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Monoecious(one house)
Vs. Dioecious
(two houses)
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Imperfect
flowersStaminate
Vs. Pistillate
Typha angustifolia
staminate
pistillate
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Imperfect, monoecious
Imperfect, dioecious
Carex grayi Thalictrum dioicum
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pedunclevs.
pedicel
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Obligate(requires a specific habitat for survival)
Vs. Facultative
(requires a general habitat for survival)
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Plant Taxonomy• Non-Vascular
• Early Plants (spores)• Archaeplastida (algae)• Bryophyta (mosses)• Marchantiophyta (liverworts)• Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
• Vascular• Seedless plants
• Pteridophyta (Ferns)• Fern Allies
• Equisetaceae (Horsetail)• Isoetaceae (Quillwort)• Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss)• Marsileaceae (Water-Clover)• Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss)
• Seed Plants• Gymnosperms (Conifers/Evergreens)
• Juniperus, Pinus, Taxodium• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
• Monocots (Orchids, Lilies, Irises, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, aquatic plants)• Dicots (most other flowering plants)
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Sphagnum Moss – Sphagnum compactum
Non-Vascular Plants
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Ferns
Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium platyneuron
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Spleenwort Fern - Asplenium pinnatifidum
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Walking Fern – Asplenium rhizophyllum
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Maidenhair Spleenwort Fern – Asplenium trichomanes
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Maidenhair Fern – Adiantum pedatum
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Mosquito Fern – Azolla mexicana
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Netted Chain Fern – Woodwardia areolata
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Sensitive Fern – Onoclea sensibilis
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Lady Fern – Athyrium filix-femina
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Bladder Fern – Cystopteris bulbifera
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Silvery Spleenwort – Deparia acrostichoides
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Gladefern– Diplazium pycnocarpon
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Marginal Shield Fern – Dryopteris marginalis
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Spinulose Woodfern – Dryopteris carthusiana
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Common Woodsia Fern – Woodsia obtusa
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Grape Fern – Sceptridium dissectum
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Adder’s Tongue Fern – Ophioglossum vulgatum
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Royal Fern – Osmunda spectabilis
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Resurrection Ferns – Polypodium virginianum and Pleopeltis polypodioides
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Hairy Lip Fern – Cheilanthes lanosa
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Purple Cliffbrake Fern – Pellaea atropurpurea
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Broad Beech Fern – Phegopteris hexagonoptera
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Scouring Rush – Equisetum hyemale
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Quillwort– Isoetes melanopoda
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Shining Clubmoss – Huperzia lucidula
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Gymnosperms Vs.
Angiosperms
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• plants that don’t produce a protective fruit around the seed.
• all the conifers - pines, cedar, tamarack, yew, and cypress.
Gymnosperms (“naked seed”)
Pinus echinata Taxodium distichum
Larix laricina
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Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana
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• flowering plants where the seed is encased in a protective fruit.
• This is the dominant group of plants on Earth today.
Angiosperms (“hidden seeds”)
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AngiospermsMonocot
Vs.Dicot
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One cotyledon in seed
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Leaf veins form a parallel pattern
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Flower parts in threes and multiples of three, irregular (nonsymmetrical)
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Two cotyledons in seed
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Leaf veins form a net pattern
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Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
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Dichotomous Keys and
Plant Collections
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Dichotomous key demonstration
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Erigenia linkhttp://www.ill-inps.org/Erigenia
T & E Species Linkhttp://
www.dnr.illinois.gov/ESPB/Documents/2015_ChecklistFINAL_for_webpage_051915.pdf
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Binomial Nomenclature
“The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their rightful names.”
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Animalia Cordata Reptilia Testudines Emydidae Emydoidea E. blandingii
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Latin PronunciationPronounce every letter except diphthongs
Echinacea, Tradescantia, Opuntia, Ambrosia“ch” is a “k” sound
Polystichum, Heuchera, AristolochiaIf a word has two syllables, the accent always goes with the next to the last (called the penult);
e.g., Àcer.If a word has three or more syllables, the accent always goes either with the next to the last (penult) or the third from the last (called the antepenult).
Synandra hispidula, Onoclea sensibilis, Liriodendron tulipifera phyllum – rhizophyllum, Podophyllum, triphyllum
ae Pellaea, Arisaema, Chamaecristaau Daucus carotaEu Teucrium, LeucanthemumOe (phoebe), Platanthera peramoena, IpomoeaUi Equisetum
“oi” is not a diphthong!Pleopeltis polypodioides
Pronounce when ending with “e”Silene, canadense, sessile, hyemale
Latinized last names (one or two i’s) Dodecatheon frenchii, Emydoidea blandingii
Most trees have been feminized!Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana
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Latin Pronunciation
English pronunciation of vowels
A – E – I – O - ULatin pronunciation of
vowelsAh – Eh – EE – Oh - OO
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Gee whiz?! informationIf you can’t tell a joke about it, explain where the name comes
from, or tell story about the plant then:
WHO CARES!!!
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Plant HumorHow can you ID a dogwood
tree?
By its bark!
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Illinois Glaciation
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Natural Areas in Southern Illinois
109 sites
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Shawnee Hills & Shawnee Nat’l Forest
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BREAK
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Common Plant Families
AngiospermsDicots and Monocots
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DICOTS
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Coefficient of Conservatism
The native species most successful in badly damaged habitats were given C
values of 0. At the other end of the spectrum, species virtually restricted to natural areas in Illinois received C
values of 10. (Taft et al. 1997)
Further reading http://
www.conservationresearchinstitute.org/assets/illinoisfqa.pdfhttp://
www.fws.gov/verobeach/Home/S1029%20Mortellaro%20monograph.pdf
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Araliaceae (Spikenard family)
Wild Ginseng Panax quinquefolia
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Wild Petunia - Ruellia sp.
Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)
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Water Willow – Justicia americana
Acanthaceae (Acanthus family)
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Apiaceae (Carrot family)
Zizia aurea Osmorhiza claytonii
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Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)
Wild Ginger – Asarum canadense
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Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family)
Mead’s Milkweed – Asclepias meadii
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Asclepias tuberosa & A. perennis
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Asclepias syriaca & A. variegata
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Asclepias exaltata & A. purpurescens
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Asclepias hirtella & A. verticillata
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Asclepias incarnata
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Asclepias sullivantii
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Asclepias quadrifolia
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Asclepias viridiflora & A. viridis
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Climbing Milkweed – Matelea gonocarpos
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Climbing Milkweed – Matelea obliqua
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Asteraceae (Composite family)
Helenium autumnale
Leucanthemum vulgare
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Prairie Dock - Silphium terebinthinaceum
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Blazing Stars – Liatris scabra & aspera
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False Dandelion - Krigia biflora
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Pussytoes – Antennaria parlinii
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Boraginaceae (Borage family)
Lithospermum canescens
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Lithospermum latifolium & Mertensia virginica
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Heliotropium indicum & Cynoglossum virginianum
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Marbleseed – Onosmodium molle var. hispidissimum
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Brassicaceae (Mustard family)
Dentaria laciniata & Cardamine bulbosa
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Cactaceae (Cactus family)
Opuntia humifusa
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Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)
Lobelia cardinalis & Lobelia puberula
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Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)
Lobelia spicata & Lobelia siphilitica
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Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)
Lonicera reticulata
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Elderberry – Sambucus canadensis
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Coralberry – Symphoricarpus orbiculatus
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Rusty Black Haw – Viburnum rufidulum
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Caryophyllaceae (Pink family)
Stellaria longifolia
Silene stellata
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Fire Pink – Silene virginica
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Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family)
Calystegia sepium Ipomoea pandurata
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Flowering Dogwood – Cornus florida
Cornaceae (Dogwood family)
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Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Sedum pulchellum
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Wild Orpine - Sedum telephioides
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Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)
Sicyos angulatus
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Cuscutaceae (Dodder family)
Cuscuta gronovii
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Ericaceae (Heath family)
Chamaedaphne calyculata
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Wild Azalea - Rhododendron prinophyllum
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Farkleberry – Vaccinium arboreum
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Lowbush Blueberry - Vaccinium pallidum
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Vaccinium venation
Vaccinium arboreum
Vaccinium stamineum
Vaccinium pallidum
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Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)
Euphorbia corollata
Acalypha gracilens
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Rushfoil – Crotonopsis elliptica
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Fabaceae (Pea family)
Lotus corniculatus Tephrosia virginiana
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Pencil Flower - Stylosanthes biflora
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Caesalpiniaceae (Caesalpinia family)
Chamaecrista fasciculata
Senna marilandica
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Redbud - Cercis canadensis
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Blackjack Oak - Quercus marilandica
Fagaceae (Beech family)
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Post Oak - Quercus stellata
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Rock Chestnut Oak - Quercus prinus
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Gentianaceae (Gentian family)
Obolaria virginica
Gentiana andrewsii
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Wild Columbo – Frasera caroliniensis
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Hippocastanaceae (Horse Chestnut family)
Aesculus pavia Aesculus glabra
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Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort family)
Hypericum prolificumAscyrum multicaule
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Pineweed - Hypericum gentianoides
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Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Bee-balm - Monarda bradburiana & fistulosa
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Pagoda Plant – Blephilia hirsuta
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Wild Oregano (Dittany) – Cunila origanoides
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Skullcaps – Scutellaria sp.
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Blue Curls - Trichostema dichotomum
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Loganiaceae (Logania family)
Indian Pink - Spigelia marilandica
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Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)
Ammannia coccinea
Decodon verticillatus
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Magnoliacaeae (Magnolia family)
Magnolia acuminata
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Tulip Tree – Liriodendron tulipifera
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Melastomaceae (Meadow Beauty family)
Rhexia virginica
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Malvaceae (Mallow family)
Hibiscus lasiocarpos
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Nelumbo lutea
Nelumbonaceae (Water Lotus family)
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Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family)
Oenothera linifoliaLudwigia alternilfolia
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Oenothera pilosella & O. fruticosa
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Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family)
Orobanche unifloraEpifagus virginiana
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Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)
Phlox bifida
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Polygonaceae (Smartweed family)
Persicaria coccineaPersicaria amphibia
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Virginia Knotweed - Antenoron virginianum
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Portalacaceae (Purslane family)
Phemeranthus parviflorus
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Dodecatheon frenchii, Steironema ciliatum, & Hottonia inflata
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Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)
Delphinium tricorne Ranunculus septentrionalis
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Aquilegia canadensis & Thalictrum dioicum
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Goldenseal – Hydrastis canadensis
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Rosaceae (Rose family)
Potentilla simplex Rosa setigera
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Carolina Rose - Rosa carolina
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Indian Physic – Porteranthus stipulatus
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Rubiaceae (Madder family)
Diodia teresGalium aparine
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Houstonia lanceolata & H. pusilla
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Partridge-berry – Mitchella repens
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Buttonbush – Cephalanthus occidentalis
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Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Small-flowered Alumroot - Heuchera parviflora
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Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family)
Physostegia virginiana
Penstemon pallidus
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Castilleja coccinea & Chelone obliqua
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Mimulus alatus & Veronicastrum virginicum
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Ulmaceae (Elm family)
Winged Elm - Ulmus alata
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Urticaceae (Nettle family)
Boehmeria cylindrica & Laportea canadensis
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Valerianaceae (Valerian family)
Valeriana pauciflora & Valerianella radiata
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Violaceae (Violet family)
Viola palmata
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Viola striata & V. pubescens
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Bird’s-foot Violet - Viola pedata
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MONOCOTS
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Agavaceae (Agave family)
American Agave - Manfreda virginiana
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Arrowhead - Sagittaria latifolia
Alismataceae (Water Plantain family)
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Spider Lily – Hymenocallis caroliniana
Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis family)
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Araceae (Arum family)
Arisaema dracontium & A. triphyllum
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Araceae (Arum family)
Symplocarpos foetidus & Peltrandra virginica
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Commelinaceae (Dayflower family)
Tradesantia subaspera & Commelina communis
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Cyperaceae (Sedge family)
Carex grayi & Carex davisii
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Iridaceae (Iris family)
Iris fulva & Iris schrevei
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Blue-eyed Grass – Sisrhynchium albidum
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Juncaceae (Rush family)
Luzula multiflora & Juncus balticus
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Sedges Vs.
RushesVs.
Grasses
Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have joints when the cops
aren’t around!
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Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses
Sedges (Cyperaceae) have one bract subtending each flower, tristichous leaves (though some are round)Grasses (Poaceae) have two bracts subtending each flower (palea and lemma), distichous leaves, hollow stemRushes (Juncaceae) have six petals/sepals (called tepals) that subtend a capsule, leaves reduced or absent, pithy stem
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Sedges vs. Rushes vs. Grasses
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Juncaceae (Rush family)
Juncus tenuis
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Liliaceae (Lily family)
Erythronium americanum Lilium michiganense
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Alliaceae (Onion family)
Wild Leek – Allium tricoccum
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Wild Onion – Allium cernuum
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False Garlic – Nothoscordum bivalve
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Colchicaceae (Colchicicum family)
Bellwort – Uvularia grandiflora
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Hyacinthaceae (Hyacinth family)
Wild Hyacinth – Camassia scilloides
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Ruscaceae (Ruscus family)
Smilacina racemosa
Polygonatum biflorum
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Trilliaceae (Trillium family)
Trillium flexipes
Trillium recurvatum
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Melanthiaceae (Melanthium family)
Melanthium virginicum
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Pontederiaceae (Pickerelweed family)
Pickerelweed – Pontederia cordata
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Cypripedium pubescens & Calopogon oklahomensis
Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
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Spring Coralroot Orchid - Corallorhiza wisteriana
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Crested Coralroot Orchid– Hexalectris spicata
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Cranefly Orchid -Tipularia discolorAdam & Eve Orchid – Aplectrum
hyemale
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Galearis spectabilis & Goodyera pubescens
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Twayblade Orchid – Liparis lilifolia
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Platanthera peramoena & P. flava var. flava
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Spiranthes vernalis & S. cernuus
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Orchidaceae (Orchid family)
Triphora trianthophora & Isotria verticillata
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Poaceae (Grass family)
Large Fruited Panic Grass – Dichanthelium boscii
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Poverty Oats Grass - Danthonia spicata
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Japanese Stiltgrass – Microstegium vimineum
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Smilacaceae (Greenbrier family)
Greenbrier – Smilax ecirrhata
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Sparganiaceae (Bur-reed family)
Sparganium eurycarpum
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Typhaceae (Cattail family)
Typha angustifolia & T. latifolia
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Southern Illinois Natural Areas
Field Schedule
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Fern Rocks Nature Preserve
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Camp Ondessonk – Pakentuck
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Camp Ondessonk
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Little Grand Canyon
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Wild Leek – Allium triccocum
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Bishop’s Cap - Mitella diphylla
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Forbe’s Saxifrage – Saxifraga forbesii
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Rothrock Prairie
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Rothrock Prairie
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Heron Pond Nature Preserve
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Simpson Township Barrens
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Bell Smith Springs
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Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2010
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Full Glorious Bloom!!!
Cave Creek Glade Nature PreserveJune 2011
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Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata
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Pale Purple Coneflower - Echinacea simulata
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Blue Sage – Salvia azurea var. grandiflora
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Round Bluff Nature Preserve
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Exams• One 100 point exam each week• 25 questions relating to information presented in class (50 pts)
• 25 plant identification questions (50 pts)– You can use your notes– Scientific names only and must be spelled
correctly!• You cannot make up field portion of exam if you miss class
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Field Notebook for Each Class
•Date•Site•County•Ownership•Natural Division•Natural Community Type(s)
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Field Notebook for Each Plant• Plant name (scientific and common)• Plant family• Synonyms• Meaning of scientific name• Monoecious or dioecious• Imperfect vs. perfect flowers• General group (grass, forb, fern, tree)• Leaf arrangement, type, and margin• Flower color• CC value (native vs. non-native)• Habitat • How to ID (terminology)• Other species in same genus/similar species• Plant humor/folklore/uses/medicinal/edible
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• Quercus alba• White Oak• Fagaceae (Beech family)• None• Quercus = latin for oak, alba = latin for white• Monoecious• Imperfect flowers• Woody plant, tree• Alternate, simple, lobed• Brown• C value = 5, native • Upland forests• White oak group without bristle tips, leaves with
rounded lobes and no hairs, light colored bark• Illinois state tree, produces acorns after one year,
important oak to Native Americans.