the four ways of thinking about language are called 1 ... · 142 grammar island what have we...

Grammar Island6

The four ways

of thinking about language are called

1. parts of speech

2. parts of the sentence

3. phrases

4. clauses

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Grammar Island 7

We’ll learn more about these soon,

but here is a sneak preview:

1. parts of speech: the 8 kinds of words

2. parts of the sentence: the parts of ideas

3. phrases: little groups of words

4. clauses: groups of words making single or

double ideas


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Here are the names

of the eight kinds of words:

noun pronoun adjective

verb adverb

preposition

conjunction

interjection


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So, adjectives and pronouns

work with nouns.

They make a cool noun system!

Nouns name things, pronouns replace nouns,

and adjectives modify nouns or pronouns!

Npron

adj


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With our noun system,

when we talk about

things, we can use

nouns or pronouns with adjectives

to say what we are talking about!

Roberto painted a boat.

Emily wrote a poem.

She fed a puppy.

The red hat blew away in the wind.

Green bugs munched on the flower.


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There were three friends.

The, who was an adjective,

rhinoceros, who was a noun,

and is, who was a linking verb.

They spent all their time together.

One day, the rhinoceros is decided to hike down the beach,

looking for a new pal.

First, they found the adjective Fluffy,

and they said, will you be our pal?

“This is very funny—funny, I think,” said Fluffy, who flew away.

Next, the rhinoceros is found Swam, an action verb.

“Hi Swam,” they cried. “Wanna be pals?”

“Gosh,” splutterd Swam, “special situation,

but I’m not s’posed to socialize with is.” And Swam swam.

Finally, the rhinoceros is saw the sleepy adjective Gray

hiding in a shadow.

“Hey Gray,” the rhinoceros is whispered, “You want to be our friend?”

“Uh, yup,” said Gray, “uh, uh, yup.”

And away, far away, hiked the rhinoceros is gray.

You could hear them laughing.


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The preposition is always

the first word in the prepositional phrase.

...around the rocks

...over the rainbow

...from him

...for her and me

The preposition is in the PRE position!

And the noun or pronoun at the end

is called the OBJECT of the preposition,

so it’s an object pronoun. See?


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The 8 parts of speech make sentences!

Yes, Jane and I suddenly saw a mouse in the hall.

interj. n. conj. pron. adv. v. adj. n. prep. adj. n.

On the old dock, she cried out, “Yikes!”

prep. adj. adj. n. pron. v. adv. interj.

Wow, the little butterflies flew rapidly. interj. adj. adj. n. v. adv.


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Grammar Island 107

Subject complements make our idea of the subject more complete.

Here are some subject complements:

The boat is a rowboat. The green tree was a conifer.

The blue waves are big. The island is small.

Notice that a subject complement can be a noun, a subject pronoun, or even an ADJECTIVE!

Direct objects can only be nouns or object pronouns.


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Grammar Island136

Fish ate them, and fish are carnivorous. n. v. pron. conj. n. v. adj.

______________________________________________________ subj. pred. dir. obj. subj. pred. subject complement

______________________________________________________ There are no prepositional phrases in this sentence.

______________________________________________________ ------------clause----------- -----------------clause-----------------

(This is a compound sentence.)

______________________________________________________

Comment: Here is a nice compound sentence.

It has two clauses, each with its own subject and predicate.

The first subject/predicate is fish/ate, and the second one is fish/are.

This sentence also shows the difference between a direct object and a subject complement!

Notice that the first verb is an action verb, and the second verb is a linking verb.

See the compound sentence comma?


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Grammar Island142

What have we learned on Grammar Island?

Parts of Speech: there are 8 kinds of words

Noun: names things. fish, bird, cloud,

Pronoun: a quick word that takes the place of a noun. he, she, me, I, it

Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun. red, tall, smart, fast

Verb: shows action or linking. jumped, is

Adverb: modifies a verb. quickly, happily, noisily

Conjunction: joins two words or two groups of words. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

Preposition: shows the relationship between two things. in, on, under, before, after

Interjection: shows emotion. wow, yes, no, yikes

Parts of Sentence: the sentence has two sides, a predicate about a subject

Subject: the noun or pronoun that the sentence is about. The bird flew away.

Predicate: the simple predicate is the verb. The fish swam closer.

Direct object: the noun or pronoun that receives the action of an action verb. Pelicans eat fish.

Subject complement: is linked to the subject by a linking verb. Pelicans are birds.

Phrases: a little group of words

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and acts like a big modifier. the bird on the dock

Clauses: a group of words with a subject and its predicate

Each clause has its own subject and predicate. The waves crashed on the beach.

You can put two or more clauses in one sentence! The wind blew, and the trees shook.


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the four ways of thinking about language are called 1 ... · 142 grammar island what have we...

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