The French Revolution: A Return to PeaceThe French Revolution: A Return to PeaceBy: Gourvjit ToorBy: Gourvjit Toor

A Return to Peace:AgendaA Return to Peace:Agenda

The Congress of Vienna Guiding Principles of The Congress of Vienna Application of The Guiding Principles Recreationary Alliances Concert of Europe until 1848 The Age of Metternich

The Congress of Vienna Guiding Principles of The Congress of Vienna Application of The Guiding Principles Recreationary Alliances Concert of Europe until 1848 The Age of Metternich

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna

The ideals of the French Revolution - liberty, equality, and fraternity were not always held by Napoleon

However, they had spread throughout Europe, and left other governments and monarchs in awe and fear of revolutions in their own countries

Thus, the major European powers met at the Congress of Vienna in Austria to restore order, keep the peace, and suppress the ideas of Revolution

Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

The ideals of the French Revolution - liberty, equality, and fraternity were not always held by Napoleon

However, they had spread throughout Europe, and left other governments and monarchs in awe and fear of revolutions in their own countries

Thus, the major European powers met at the Congress of Vienna in Austria to restore order, keep the peace, and suppress the ideas of Revolution

Its objective was to redraw the continent's political map and settle the many other issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

Guiding Principles of the Congress of ViennaGuiding Principles of the Congress of Vienna The most influential authorities and the

Congress included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France (represented by Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord).

The three principles established were as follows: (1) The countries that had suffered

the most at the hands of Napoleon had to be paid back for what they had lost.

(2) The balance of power had to be restored in Europe, so that no single nation would become too powerful.

(3) All decisions would follow the rule of legitimacy, which meant that all former ruling families should be restored to their thrones.

The most influential authorities and the Congress included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France (represented by Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord).

The three principles established were as follows: (1) The countries that had suffered

the most at the hands of Napoleon had to be paid back for what they had lost.

(2) The balance of power had to be restored in Europe, so that no single nation would become too powerful.

(3) All decisions would follow the rule of legitimacy, which meant that all former ruling families should be restored to their thrones.

Application of The Guiding PrinciplesApplication of The Guiding Principles Territory and countries were reshuffled to repair losses

during the Napoleonic Wars The Netherlands received the Austrian Netherlands, and to

compensate, Austria gained two northern Italian states Sweden, which had fought against Napoleon, received

Norway, which was formerly Danish, because Denmark had cooperated with Napoleon

Prussia gained some territory along the Rhine River Great Britain was not given any land on the mainland of

Europe, instead gaining several islands in the French West Indies and in the Mediterranean

The victorious European powers also argued of territory distribution

Territory and countries were reshuffled to repair losses during the Napoleonic Wars

The Netherlands received the Austrian Netherlands, and to compensate, Austria gained two northern Italian states

Sweden, which had fought against Napoleon, received Norway, which was formerly Danish, because Denmark had cooperated with Napoleon

Prussia gained some territory along the Rhine River Great Britain was not given any land on the mainland of

Europe, instead gaining several islands in the French West Indies and in the Mediterranean

The victorious European powers also argued of territory distribution

Application of The Guiding PrinciplesApplication of The Guiding Principles For example, both Russia and Prussia claimed parts of

Poland which Napoleon had given to his allies in the German state of Saxony

As tensions increased over the balance of power, but Talleyrand managed resolve the dispute by distributing the land fairly himself

Consequently, France’s boundaries were restored to their configuration in 1790 and France was surrounded by a ring of powerful states, ensuring Europe’s peace

France also paid a large indemnity, or a financial compensation to countries for the damage it had caused

Lastly, the principle of legitimacy allowed the Bourbon monarchy to regain control of France, Spain, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

For example, both Russia and Prussia claimed parts of Poland which Napoleon had given to his allies in the German state of Saxony

As tensions increased over the balance of power, but Talleyrand managed resolve the dispute by distributing the land fairly himself

Consequently, France’s boundaries were restored to their configuration in 1790 and France was surrounded by a ring of powerful states, ensuring Europe’s peace

France also paid a large indemnity, or a financial compensation to countries for the damage it had caused

Lastly, the principle of legitimacy allowed the Bourbon monarchy to regain control of France, Spain, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Recreationary AlliancesRecreationary Alliances

Recreationary AlliancesRecreationary AlliancesThe Three Alliances

Quadruple Alliance (1813)

Quintuple Alliance (1818)

Holy Alliance

Members Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia

Austria, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, France

Austria, Prussia, Russia

Main Purpose

Defeating Napoleon and revolutionary France initially

Preventing the recurrence of French aggression and revolution, keeping the peace

Members promised to rule as Christians, and uphold strongly religious ideals (conservatism)

Organizat-ional Structure

Holding periodic conferences to discuss common interests

After the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle France joined

Led by Russian Tsar Alexander I and guided by Christianity

Concert of Europe until 1948Concert of Europe until 1948 Out of these three alliances grew the

Concert of Europe, which was a form of international governance by concert, or agreement

The purpose of the Concert was maintaining peace and the balance of power set up by the Congress of Vienna

Headed by Prince Metternich of Austria, the Concert of Europe was one of the first serious attempts in modern times to establish an international society to maintain the peace.

It was able to do so until 1948 by suppressing uprisings for constitutional governments in both Spain and Italy in the respective years of 1820 and 1822.

Out of these three alliances grew the Concert of Europe, which was a form of international governance by concert, or agreement

The purpose of the Concert was maintaining peace and the balance of power set up by the Congress of Vienna

Headed by Prince Metternich of Austria, the Concert of Europe was one of the first serious attempts in modern times to establish an international society to maintain the peace.

It was able to do so until 1948 by suppressing uprisings for constitutional governments in both Spain and Italy in the respective years of 1820 and 1822.

Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe

Crushing liberal forces in these two countries proved to be positive as they enhanced the Concert's integrity by proving to the world that it had the muscle to uphold its resolutions.

It started a framework of international diplomacy and negotiation in a continent torn by war

One good example of this is in 1827 when three of the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) joined in the Battle of Navarino to defeat an Ottoman fleet.

However, the Concert did condone and allow Greece and Belgium to gain independence in 1930

The Concert of Europe was successful in preventing another great war or dangerous revolutionary uprising (even creating a diplomatic framework that would last until 1914 and World War I)

Crushing liberal forces in these two countries proved to be positive as they enhanced the Concert's integrity by proving to the world that it had the muscle to uphold its resolutions.

It started a framework of international diplomacy and negotiation in a continent torn by war

One good example of this is in 1827 when three of the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) joined in the Battle of Navarino to defeat an Ottoman fleet.

However, the Concert did condone and allow Greece and Belgium to gain independence in 1930

The Concert of Europe was successful in preventing another great war or dangerous revolutionary uprising (even creating a diplomatic framework that would last until 1914 and World War I)

Age of MetternichAge of Metternich For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, Prince Metternich

of Austria influenced European politics very strongly Metternich as a reactionary believed in absolute monarchy,

fearing liberalism and revolution (e.g.- American and French) Liberals reacted strongly to the Congress of Vienna and

Metternich’s actions and uprisings occurred in Europe However, they were suppressed by Austria, Prussia, and

Russia very strongly (not Great Britain as much) The British were sympathetic to liberal movements in other

countries, and withdrew from the Holy Alliance in 1923 as a result

Thus, Metternich’s system of suppression worked very well for a time (until 1930 and 1948 especially)

For 30 years after the Congress of Vienna, Prince Metternich of Austria influenced European politics very strongly

Metternich as a reactionary believed in absolute monarchy, fearing liberalism and revolution (e.g.- American and French)

Liberals reacted strongly to the Congress of Vienna and Metternich’s actions and uprisings occurred in Europe

However, they were suppressed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia very strongly (not Great Britain as much)

The British were sympathetic to liberal movements in other countries, and withdrew from the Holy Alliance in 1923 as a result

Thus, Metternich’s system of suppression worked very well for a time (until 1930 and 1948 especially)

BibliographyBibliography

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http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/concert/concessy.html

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