The French The French RevolutionRevolution

Causes: EconomicsCauses: Economics Government Debt accruing from Louis XIV onGovernment Debt accruing from Louis XIV on

– Excesses of court expenditure (Marie Antoinette didn’t help)Excesses of court expenditure (Marie Antoinette didn’t help)– Louis XIV and XV’s Wars: especially 7 Years’ War Louis XIV and XV’s Wars: especially 7 Years’ War – Louis XVI’s financial and military backing to American RevolutionLouis XVI’s financial and military backing to American Revolution– Over half of country’s income for debt payments (see next slide) Over half of country’s income for debt payments (see next slide)

Chief financial officer Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-Chief financial officer Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), brilliant and creative administrator, tried to 1781), brilliant and creative administrator, tried to reform finances byreform finances by– replacing the replacing the corvée corvée with a tax on landowners with a tax on landowners – easing guild laws to allow industrial manufacturing to increaseeasing guild laws to allow industrial manufacturing to increase– cutting monarchical expenses—a lot! cutting monarchical expenses—a lot!

If reforms had succeeded, probably no Revolution. If reforms had succeeded, probably no Revolution. These reforms caused agitation by the These reforms caused agitation by the Parlements Parlements

(aristocrats)(aristocrats) wanting to restore veto rights over the wanting to restore veto rights over the kings’ edictskings’ edicts

Instead, Louis dismissed Turgot; put in Necker who tried Instead, Louis dismissed Turgot; put in Necker who tried same sorts of reform, when not supported, resigned in same sorts of reform, when not supported, resigned in protestprotest

Tax = DisasterTax = Disaster Taxes varied by region to region. Taxes varied by region to region. Nobles, clergy exempt Nobles, clergy exempt Most taxes collected by private businessmenMost taxes collected by private businessmen

– Loaned money based on expected taxes to the Loaned money based on expected taxes to the government government

– Collected taxes directly, then paid themselves both the Collected taxes directly, then paid themselves both the principal and the interest on the loan and sent any principal and the interest on the loan and sent any remaining to the governmentremaining to the government

– Free to withhold as much as they wanted Free to withhold as much as they wanted – Third Estate paid far more in taxes than actually went Third Estate paid far more in taxes than actually went

to the government. to the government. Finances of the country were not centralized; Finances of the country were not centralized;

hundreds of offices disbursed government money.hundreds of offices disbursed government money. By the 1780's, no one had any idea as to real By the 1780's, no one had any idea as to real

total assets and liabilities of France. total assets and liabilities of France.

Economic DisasterEconomic Disaster Bad harvests = terrible inflation Bad harvests = terrible inflation

– Farmers and rural suffered: no bread to eat, Farmers and rural suffered: no bread to eat, crops to sell; as prices rose for landlords, they crops to sell; as prices rose for landlords, they raised rents for peasantsraised rents for peasants

– City dwellers suffered: wages did not keep up City dwellers suffered: wages did not keep up with inflation of food prices; other prices then with inflation of food prices; other prices then rose to buy bread and because of national debtrose to buy bread and because of national debt

– By 1789, over 80 percent of an average By 1789, over 80 percent of an average peasant's household income went to purchasing peasant's household income went to purchasing bread. bread.

– In that same year, unemployment in many In that same year, unemployment in many parts of France was over 50%. parts of France was over 50%.

So, the king is forced to ask for So, the king is forced to ask for new taxes, ANDnew taxes, AND

  In 1787, Louis's financial ministers, Charles de In 1787, Louis's financial ministers, Charles de Calonne and Loménie de Brienne, tried to initiate Calonne and Loménie de Brienne, tried to initiate a series of reforms to stave off the complete a series of reforms to stave off the complete financial ruin of the French government.financial ruin of the French government.

They wanted new taxes. The They wanted new taxes. The Parlements Parlements , which , which had the authority to raise taxes, wanted in return had the authority to raise taxes, wanted in return more regional independence. more regional independence.

The aristocracy wouldn't budge; when Louis The aristocracy wouldn't budge; when Louis called a select group of nobles together to sell the called a select group of nobles together to sell the reforms, the group refused to consider them.reforms, the group refused to consider them.

They insisted that the only legislative body that They insisted that the only legislative body that could approve new taxes was the Estates could approve new taxes was the Estates General, which hadn't been called since 1614. General, which hadn't been called since 1614.

Personality of Louis XVIPersonality of Louis XVI Shy, dull, and Shy, dull, and

corpulentcorpulent Not suited to governNot suited to govern

– Preferred the hunting Preferred the hunting field and his field and his locksmith's workshop locksmith's workshop to the council chamberto the council chamber

IndecisiveIndecisive– Agreed with the person Agreed with the person

he was withhe was with– subject to the poor subject to the poor

advice of his intimates advice of his intimates

Marie Antoinette, SymbolMarie Antoinette, Symbol Habsburg: Austrian/German Habsburg: Austrian/German

(daughter of Maria Theresa) (daughter of Maria Theresa) and so not liked, trustedand so not liked, trusted

Like most noblewomen, Like most noblewomen, raised in an isolated raised in an isolated atmosphere distant from atmosphere distant from the non-aristocratic worldthe non-aristocratic world

Vilified by all the members Vilified by all the members of the Estates as of the Estates as indifferent, calculating (“let indifferent, calculating (“let them eat cake.”)them eat cake.”)

Prestige of monarchy Prestige of monarchy already falling; Marie an already falling; Marie an easy targeteasy target

““Affair of the Diamond Affair of the Diamond Necklace”Necklace”– 1,600,000 livres; jeweler 1,600,000 livres; jeweler

tried to sell it to Louis XV tried to sell it to Louis XV and Louis XVI. and Louis XVI.

– Archbishop Rohan (Maria Archbishop Rohan (Maria Theresa didn’t like him, so Theresa didn’t like him, so he needed something to he needed something to recoup prestige.) recoup prestige.)

– Comtesse La Motte Comtesse La Motte suggested to Archbishop suggested to Archbishop that queen wanted the that queen wanted the necklace. necklace.

– Countess forged notes Countess forged notes from the archbishop that from the archbishop that he couldn’t pay; jeweler he couldn’t pay; jeweler went to queen = fraud went to queen = fraud exposedexposed

– Rohan acquitted, but Rohan acquitted, but stripped of power,stripped of power,

– La Motte branded; La Motte branded; escaped, wrote book escaped, wrote book making Marie look bad.making Marie look bad.

Damiens AffairDamiens Affair 5 January 1757, a domestic servant named 5 January 1757, a domestic servant named

Robert-François Damiens tried to kill the King. Robert-François Damiens tried to kill the King. – Succeeded only in scratching Louis XV with his knife.Succeeded only in scratching Louis XV with his knife.– Many thought him crazy, didn’t deserve deathMany thought him crazy, didn’t deserve death– Supporters of king thought it an atrocity: wanted Supporters of king thought it an atrocity: wanted

immediate execution, which happened after Parlement immediate execution, which happened after Parlement investigation convinced them he was acting alone, not investigation convinced them he was acting alone, not conspiring.conspiring.

Some said that Damiens had been motivated by Some said that Damiens had been motivated by criticisms of the King for his involvement in criticisms of the King for his involvement in recent religious controversies. recent religious controversies. – Royalists used Damiens as an excuse to root out all Royalists used Damiens as an excuse to root out all

dissent.dissent.

Religious conflictReligious conflict Louis XV had supported an order by the Louis XV had supported an order by the

Archbishop of Paris that priests must deny last Archbishop of Paris that priests must deny last rites to those who adhered to Jansenism, a rites to those who adhered to Jansenism, a stricter, more ascetic version of Catholicism stricter, more ascetic version of Catholicism than the Jesuit beliefs favored by the circle at than the Jesuit beliefs favored by the circle at court. court.

Among those who opposed the King on this Among those who opposed the King on this question were the magistrates of the nation's question were the magistrates of the nation's chief law courts, the chief law courts, the ParlementsParlements—which not —which not only heard criminal and civil cases, but also only heard criminal and civil cases, but also were responsible for registering all royal were responsible for registering all royal edicts. In their view, His Majesty had violated edicts. In their view, His Majesty had violated the traditions of the French monarchy (to stay the traditions of the French monarchy (to stay out of religious controversies). out of religious controversies).

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas Locke: men born equal blank slates, so Locke: men born equal blank slates, so

unequal only because of experiences; unequal only because of experiences; government to protect inviolable natural government to protect inviolable natural rights of all men to life, liberty, property; rights of all men to life, liberty, property; right to overthrow government when right to overthrow government when government NOT protecting those rightsgovernment NOT protecting those rights

Voltaire: ideas of hypocrisy of society; Voltaire: ideas of hypocrisy of society; monarchy NOT by divine approval/right or monarchy NOT by divine approval/right or superioritysuperiority

Montesquieu: government suited to Montesquieu: government suited to times/conditions/culture; applying reason to times/conditions/culture; applying reason to government; separation of powersgovernment; separation of powers

1--Estates General: Now 1--Estates General: Now what?what? Three estates: 1Three estates: 1stst estate estate

clergy; 2clergy; 2ndnd estate nobility; estate nobility; 33rd rd estate everybody else estate everybody else

Traditional: one Traditional: one estate/one vote; 3estate/one vote; 3rdrd estate concerns always estate concerns always ignored/outvoted.ignored/outvoted.

King had to call Estates King had to call Estates to get more money to to get more money to bail out government, but bail out government, but indecisive about HOW indecisive about HOW Estates would vote, so Estates would vote, so left it to themleft it to them– Doubled number of 3Doubled number of 3rdrd

estate representatives (1estate representatives (1stst 300; 2300; 2ndnd 300; 3 300; 3rdrd 600) 600)

– BUT vote by BUT vote by EstateEstate or by or by individual memberindividual member??

Cahiers de doleanceCahiers de doleance All three orders proposed reforms: what All three orders proposed reforms: what

allall wanted changed; came from local wanted changed; came from local meetingsmeetings– Constitutional reforms: more representation Constitutional reforms: more representation

of middle class’s of middle class’s bourgeoisebourgeoise concerns concerns– Representative government to limit monarch’s Representative government to limit monarch’s

powerpower– Take away exemptions of nobility and clergy: Take away exemptions of nobility and clergy:

many ready to accept taxation many ready to accept taxation – Reform of legal/ court systemReform of legal/ court system– Abolition of censorshipAbolition of censorship

BUT no sense of danger in 1BUT no sense of danger in 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Estates of NOT reformingEstates of NOT reforming

What doomed the Estates:What doomed the Estates: Peasant villages demands not seriously consideredPeasant villages demands not seriously considered

– New, repaired bridges and roads needed desperatelyNew, repaired bridges and roads needed desperately– Vs special privilege holders (medieval nobles’ Vs special privilege holders (medieval nobles’

monopolies and exemptions)monopolies and exemptions) No real solutions to struggle between estates, No real solutions to struggle between estates,

economic problems with taxes and inflation: king economic problems with taxes and inflation: king and Necker (who 3and Necker (who 3rdrd Estate succeeded in Estate succeeded in reinstating)reinstating)

5 weeks of futile negotiations BEFORE meetings5 weeks of futile negotiations BEFORE meetings– Sieyes’ proposal: 3Sieyes’ proposal: 3rdrd Estate break off, form ONE Estate break off, form ONE

assembly with all equal vote, representing nation as a assembly with all equal vote, representing nation as a WHOLE, regional representatives, not separate EstatesWHOLE, regional representatives, not separate Estates

– Called the National Assembly: but its establishment Called the National Assembly: but its establishment challenged power of other Estates and kingchallenged power of other Estates and king

2--National Assembly2--National Assembly Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

– Royal officials locked National Assembly Royal officials locked National Assembly out of regular hallout of regular hall

– Only place large enough—nearby tennis Only place large enough—nearby tennis court (really what we would call handball court (really what we would call handball court)court)

– Feared king would move against them, so Feared king would move against them, so swore not to allow selves to be sent home swore not to allow selves to be sent home until they wrote a new constitutionuntil they wrote a new constitution

– 577 members of National Assembly (all but 577 members of National Assembly (all but 1) signed; like US Declaration of 1) signed; like US Declaration of Independence, could have meant their livesIndependence, could have meant their lives

Illustration: Tennis court oath: Count Mirabeau (renegade Illustration: Tennis court oath: Count Mirabeau (renegade nobleman from Provence, elected as member of 3nobleman from Provence, elected as member of 3rdrd Estate): “We are here by the will of the French people, and Estate): “We are here by the will of the French people, and we will only be dispersed by the force of bayonets.”we will only be dispersed by the force of bayonets.”

Reaction to National Reaction to National AssemblyAssembly

Social UnrestSocial Unrest– Pamphleteers and orators agitated against the Pamphleteers and orators agitated against the

aristocracy in favor of 3aristocracy in favor of 3rdrd Estate Estate– Made the king very nervousMade the king very nervous

King spoke against the National Assembly; then King spoke against the National Assembly; then forced to back downforced to back down– Ordered other Estates to join (already those with Ordered other Estates to join (already those with

liberal leaning had participated)liberal leaning had participated)– BUT gathered troops at VersaillesBUT gathered troops at Versailles– Dismissed Necker (advocate of reform) to appease Dismissed Necker (advocate of reform) to appease

Estates 1 and 2; Estates 1 and 2; All feared Louis would use troops against Paris All feared Louis would use troops against Paris

and National Assemblyand National Assembly

During National Assembly:During National Assembly:Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille

The Bastille, in the heart of Paris, was a symbol of The Bastille, in the heart of Paris, was a symbol of French aristocratic government oppressionFrench aristocratic government oppression– Rumors that the monarchy would use it as a base for Rumors that the monarchy would use it as a base for

slaughter of Parisiansslaughter of Parisians– Rumors of stores of guns and gunpowderRumors of stores of guns and gunpowder– The only real garrison consisted of eighty invalids and The only real garrison consisted of eighty invalids and

thirty Swiss guards that had come to reinforce the thirty Swiss guards that had come to reinforce the French garrison.French garrison.

Rumor and pamphleteers had for years Rumor and pamphleteers had for years disseminated a picture of its dungeons packed disseminated a picture of its dungeons packed with wretched political prisoners there for with wretched political prisoners there for speaking or acting vs the government or speaking or acting vs the government or aristocracyaristocracy

OOn July 13, 1789, exhorted "to arms" by a young n July 13, 1789, exhorted "to arms" by a young lawyer, Camille Desmoulins, a mob gathered lawyer, Camille Desmoulins, a mob gathered outside the Bastille (its cannons threateningly outside the Bastille (its cannons threateningly overlooked the poor quarter of the Faubourg St-overlooked the poor quarter of the Faubourg St-Antoine). The crowd demanded the munitions Antoine). The crowd demanded the munitions stored within. stored within.

The Governor of the fortress, the Marquis de The Governor of the fortress, the Marquis de Launay, promised not to fire unless attacked. Launay, promised not to fire unless attacked.

At three o'clock, on July 14, a huge group of At three o'clock, on July 14, a huge group of French guards and angry citizens, between 300-French guards and angry citizens, between 300-800, (a small portion of the mobs around Paris at 800, (a small portion of the mobs around Paris at the time) tried to break into the fortress. the time) tried to break into the fortress. – 300 guards around the city had left their posts earlier, 300 guards around the city had left their posts earlier,

out of fear from the rumors of civil unrest. out of fear from the rumors of civil unrest. The besiegers broke into the Arsenal and the The besiegers broke into the Arsenal and the

unguarded first courtyard, cut the drawbridge, unguarded first courtyard, cut the drawbridge, and broke through the wooden door behind. and broke through the wooden door behind. – Though the mob was in no position to fire on the troops Though the mob was in no position to fire on the troops

in the heavily fortified inner courtyard, the soldiers shot in the heavily fortified inner courtyard, the soldiers shot upon the mob, with heavy casualties.upon the mob, with heavy casualties.

– When crowds shouted for de Launay to lower the When crowds shouted for de Launay to lower the bridges, he sent a note to mob leader Hulin, claiming bridges, he sent a note to mob leader Hulin, claiming that he would use the fortress’s 20,000 pounds of that he would use the fortress’s 20,000 pounds of gunpowder to annihilate the entire fortress, the gunpowder to annihilate the entire fortress, the garrison, and everyone in it! garrison, and everyone in it!

– The bridges were finally lowered on de Launay's The bridges were finally lowered on de Launay's commandcommand

– Supposedly promised safe conduct, he and his soldiers Supposedly promised safe conduct, he and his soldiers surrendered to the crowdssurrendered to the crowds

•Ironically, only Ironically, only seven prisoners seven prisoners were found were found inside the inside the fortress: four fortress: four forgers, two forgers, two lunatics, and a lunatics, and a dissipated young dissipated young noble.noble. •De Launay was De Launay was beheaded, his beheaded, his head mounted on head mounted on a pike and a pike and exhibited by exhibited by parading mobs. parading mobs. Six other Six other soldiers were soldiers were killed (though killed (though many more in many more in mob died.)mob died.)

The mob continued, The mob continued, marching to the Hotel marching to the Hotel de Ville, (city hall) de Ville, (city hall) – Upon learning that the Upon learning that the

Bastille had fallen, King Bastille had fallen, King Louis XVI, at Versailles, Louis XVI, at Versailles, was reported to have was reported to have asked : "Is this a asked : "Is this a revolt?" and La revolt?" and La Rochefoucauld-Rochefoucauld-Liancourt said, "No, Liancourt said, "No, Sire, it is a revolution.“Sire, it is a revolution.“

– National Guard National Guard commanded by commanded by Lafayette Lafayette commissioned by new commissioned by new forces to keep order: forces to keep order: originated cockade—red originated cockade—red and blue of Paris and and blue of Paris and white of king, to wear white of king, to wear in soldiers’ hats as in soldiers’ hats as revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

The “Great Fear”The “Great Fear” Rumors ran through France of mob action in Rumors ran through France of mob action in

ParisParis– Rumors of aristocratic backlash vs Assembly and of Rumors of aristocratic backlash vs Assembly and of

“brigands” & soldiers running around burning crops“brigands” & soldiers running around burning crops– Encouraged peasant mobs burned chateau and Encouraged peasant mobs burned chateau and

papers, deeds and charters representing aristocratic papers, deeds and charters representing aristocratic privilege in the countrysideprivilege in the countryside

– A few nobles were killed; many escaped.A few nobles were killed; many escaped. Revolutionary “newspapers” stoked the mob:Revolutionary “newspapers” stoked the mob:

– ““Those above us look powerful only because we are Those above us look powerful only because we are on our knees. Stand up!”on our knees. Stand up!”

““Declaration of Rights and Declaration of Rights and Citizen”Citizen”

Actually basic principles to apply universally (France Actually basic principles to apply universally (France mentioned only in preamble) mentioned only in preamble) – backward process from American where specific constitution backward process from American where specific constitution

with Bill of Rights came AFTER general Declaration of with Bill of Rights came AFTER general Declaration of Independence)Independence)

– Basis of UN founding constitution, many othersBasis of UN founding constitution, many others– Based on Enlightenment: government by reason (Locke, Based on Enlightenment: government by reason (Locke,

Montesquieu)Montesquieu)– Inviolable rights: Inviolable rights:

Included much of what is in the American Bill of RightsIncluded much of what is in the American Bill of Rights– Sovereignty in the people, not in governmentSovereignty in the people, not in government– Freedom of expression/speech, pressFreedom of expression/speech, press– Right to fair trial, presumption of innocence, no cruel or unusual Right to fair trial, presumption of innocence, no cruel or unusual

punishmentpunishment Addressed concerns of Addressed concerns of CahiersCahiers::

– Taxes for all equallyTaxes for all equally– Army to keep order, not to be used against peopleArmy to keep order, not to be used against people– Accountability of public officialsAccountability of public officials– Right to propertyRight to property

Triumph of the 3rd EstateTriumph of the 3rd Estate Rumors of king gathering regiments around Versailles Rumors of king gathering regiments around Versailles

and royal party that trampled cockade on floorand royal party that trampled cockade on floor 5 October 1789: protest of women (+ few members of 5 October 1789: protest of women (+ few members of

national guard) about price of bread and king’s shilly-national guard) about price of bread and king’s shilly-shallying, but gained control of cannons shallying, but gained control of cannons

Protest at Hotel de Ville plaza; marched to Protest at Hotel de Ville plaza; marched to Versailles; crowd gathered over days to Versailles; crowd gathered over days to 20,000; bloody clashes at the palace 20,000; bloody clashes at the palace resulted in death of guards; resulted in death of guards;

Triumph: insisted king and family move to Triumph: insisted king and family move to Paris to be under control of “citizens”; Paris to be under control of “citizens”; paraded with guards’ heads on pikes; royal paraded with guards’ heads on pikes; royal family forced to live in Tuileries Palace in family forced to live in Tuileries Palace in heart of Parisheart of Paris

King’s flight June 1791: slow, didn’t meet King’s flight June 1791: slow, didn’t meet guard in time; large, conspicuous coachguard in time; large, conspicuous coach– King’s actions force split between moderates who King’s actions force split between moderates who

still want controlled, constitutional monarchy and still want controlled, constitutional monarchy and radicals who want to get rid of monarchyradicals who want to get rid of monarchy

Triumph of the 3Triumph of the 3rdrd Estate Estate part 2part 2

National Assembly in power?National Assembly in power?– No one emerged as real leader No one emerged as real leader

Mirabeau closest, but dissolute, ambitious, Mirabeau closest, but dissolute, ambitious, untrustworthyuntrustworthy

Abbe Sieyes—wanted to preserve rights of Abbe Sieyes—wanted to preserve rights of clergy, not a charismatic speakerclergy, not a charismatic speaker

Lafayette—had to show strength to control Lafayette—had to show strength to control violence in Paris with National Guard, so no violence in Paris with National Guard, so no longer as popularlonger as popular

Robespierre—small town lawyer from N. Robespierre—small town lawyer from N. France; advocate for common people, France; advocate for common people, reputation as “the incorruptible”reputation as “the incorruptible”

– General group wanted constitutional General group wanted constitutional monarchy, but chaoticmonarchy, but chaotic Negotiated with king to accept constitution, Negotiated with king to accept constitution,

but king irresolute but king irresolute

Constitution of 1791Constitution of 1791

Abbe Sieyes had a lot to do with itAbbe Sieyes had a lot to do with it ““Active” vs “passive” citizenshipActive” vs “passive” citizenship

– To vote (“active”): had to pay taxes To vote (“active”): had to pay taxes equivalent to 3 days’ pay for ordinary equivalent to 3 days’ pay for ordinary laborerslaborers

– Ended up: only voters 72,000 of most noble Ended up: only voters 72,000 of most noble out of 25 million; even eliminated bourgeoiseout of 25 million; even eliminated bourgeoise

– Robespierre: “Can the law be termed an Robespierre: “Can the law be termed an expression of the general will [Rousseau] expression of the general will [Rousseau] when the greater number of those for whom when the greater number of those for whom it is made can have no hand in its making?”it is made can have no hand in its making?”

Other Actions of National Other Actions of National AssemblyAssembly

Le Chapelier LawLe Chapelier Law– June 1791 set up labor “coalitions” to June 1791 set up labor “coalitions” to

determine fair wages and prices; made determine fair wages and prices; made strikes illegalstrikes illegal

Departments: Divided France into Departments: Divided France into relatively = districts relatively = districts – for taxation and government/ bureaucratic for taxation and government/ bureaucratic

controlcontrol– Eliminated trade barriers: custom/import Eliminated trade barriers: custom/import

duties between departments, tolls, etcduties between departments, tolls, etc

AssignatsAssignats Nov 1789; took Catholic Church propertyNov 1789; took Catholic Church property

Schools, hospitals, “charity” now secular; government should take Schools, hospitals, “charity” now secular; government should take church resources used to pay for serviceschurch resources used to pay for services

Funds used to pay middle and poor for massive debts of Old RegimeFunds used to pay middle and poor for massive debts of Old Regime Opponents warned: dangerous precedent (your turn will come…Abbe Opponents warned: dangerous precedent (your turn will come…Abbe

Maury)Maury) If sold all at once, terrible depression of marketIf sold all at once, terrible depression of market

AssignatsAssignats = certificates backed by presumed value of = certificates backed by presumed value of expropriated church lands/propertiesexpropriated church lands/properties

Currency to be redeemed for property when it would come up for saleCurrency to be redeemed for property when it would come up for sale But as tax revenues declined, government issued too many; But as tax revenues declined, government issued too many;

depreciation in value of assignats lead to speculationdepreciation in value of assignats lead to speculation Other--change in hierarchy: Voters to Other--change in hierarchy: Voters to electelect local priests, local priests,

priests choose bishops, eliminate archbishopspriests choose bishops, eliminate archbishops– Catholics charged that voters include Protestants, Jews, atheists; Catholics charged that voters include Protestants, Jews, atheists; – Argued that real hierarchy from God who appoints pope, who Argued that real hierarchy from God who appoints pope, who

appoints archbishops, who appoint bishops, who appoint priestsappoints archbishops, who appoint bishops, who appoint priests

Civil Constitution of the ClergyCivil Constitution of the Clergy Required oath of fidelity to Civil Constitution of the Required oath of fidelity to Civil Constitution of the

Clergy from all priests (essentially, had to endorse Clergy from all priests (essentially, had to endorse Revolution), but SPLIT Catholic officialsRevolution), but SPLIT Catholic officials– 50% parish clergy took the oath; rest branded as “refractory 50% parish clergy took the oath; rest branded as “refractory

priests”priests”– All but 7 bishops refused to signAll but 7 bishops refused to sign

CHANGED COURSE OF REVOLUTION? CHANGED COURSE OF REVOLUTION? – Anti Catholic measures this Civil Constitution represented Anti Catholic measures this Civil Constitution represented

determined which of France’s regions supported the determined which of France’s regions supported the revolution and which rebelled against it.revolution and which rebelled against it.

– Generally, rural/agricultural areas supported clergy/Church Generally, rural/agricultural areas supported clergy/Church and opposed the rest of the revolution.and opposed the rest of the revolution.

1790-92 Defeat of Liberal 1790-92 Defeat of Liberal RevolutionRevolution

JourneesJournees: revolutionary insurrections: revolutionary insurrections New political cultureNew political culture

– Newspapers before 1789 controlled/ censoredNewspapers before 1789 controlled/ censored– After 1789, 130 new journals, local and nationalAfter 1789, 130 new journals, local and national– Marat Marat Friend of the People, Friend of the People, inflammatory, encouraged and incited inflammatory, encouraged and incited

popular violence and bloodpopular violence and blood ClubsClubs

– From informal coffeehouse meetings; restricted by high fee, so From informal coffeehouse meetings; restricted by high fee, so middle class; later opened to poorer and became more radicalmiddle class; later opened to poorer and became more radical

– Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Jacobins); became Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Jacobins); became radicalsradicals

– CordeliersCordeliers Danton lead; against “passive” designation; charged Danton lead; against “passive” designation; charged National Assembly of “bias toward rich”National Assembly of “bias toward rich”

Public Festivals to replace Catholic holidays/ANTI religionPublic Festivals to replace Catholic holidays/ANTI religion– Spontaneous at 1Spontaneous at 1stst: “Liberty trees” poles : “Liberty trees” poles – ““federation” to honor new constitution federation” to honor new constitution

3--Legislative Assembly3--Legislative Assembly

Part of Constitution of 1791Part of Constitution of 1791 No one who had taken part in No one who had taken part in

National Assembly could serveNational Assembly could serve Elected by “active” citizens, but fewer Elected by “active” citizens, but fewer

than 25% of population votedthan 25% of population voted 745 elected, mostly from middle class 745 elected, mostly from middle class Opponents: left = Jacobins and Opponents: left = Jacobins and

Robespierre; right = aristocracy; Robespierre; right = aristocracy; “refractory priests”“refractory priests”

Legislative Assembly-now Legislative Assembly-now what?what? Secularization of registration of citizensSecularization of registration of citizens

– Civil registration of birth, marriage, death instead of Civil registration of birth, marriage, death instead of ChurchChurch

– Civil divorce = for men and women; for differences, not Civil divorce = for men and women; for differences, not just adultery (only grounds under Catholics; then only just adultery (only grounds under Catholics; then only men)men)

Revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti)Revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti)– Toussant l’Ouverture anti slavery Toussant l’Ouverture anti slavery – Movement to outlaw slavery, slave tradeMovement to outlaw slavery, slave trade

WarWar– Austria: Emigres + sympathy for Marie AntoinetteAustria: Emigres + sympathy for Marie Antoinette

Leopold II (MAnt brother) and Fred Wm II of Prussia upset at Leopold II (MAnt brother) and Fred Wm II of Prussia upset at revolutionrevolution

““Declaration of Pillnitz” support of Fr king vs revolution, with Declaration of Pillnitz” support of Fr king vs revolution, with troops, if necessarytroops, if necessary

– Avignon voted to break away from papal control and Avignon voted to break away from papal control and rejoin Francerejoin France

– Spain: didn’t even let population know about Fr. Spain: didn’t even let population know about Fr. RevolutionRevolution

France : Pressure for WarFrance : Pressure for War War of aggression vs Austria to spread revolutionary War of aggression vs Austria to spread revolutionary

aims to rest of Europe (Revolutionaries), gain territory aims to rest of Europe (Revolutionaries), gain territory (anti Revolutionaries) or restore pre revolution society(anti Revolutionaries) or restore pre revolution society

Extreme right wanted war: Austria would restore king to Extreme right wanted war: Austria would restore king to power; if French army defeated, power; if French army defeated, Ancien RegimeAncien Regime would would regain control, everything back to pre revolutionary regain control, everything back to pre revolutionary FranceFrance

Extreme left (Extreme left (Jacobins) Jacobins) and and Girondins Girondins (Gironde) from (Gironde) from provinces, more moderate, wanted war to exalt patriotic provinces, more moderate, wanted war to exalt patriotic fervor, give excuse to root out opponents of revolutionfervor, give excuse to root out opponents of revolution

Confident once France invaded other countries, THEIR 3Confident once France invaded other countries, THEIR 3rdrd Estates would rise to support FranceEstates would rise to support France

– Brissot (spokesman): “Volcanoes are everywhere in readiness…Brissot (spokesman): “Volcanoes are everywhere in readiness…only a spark is needed to bring about a universal explosion.”only a spark is needed to bring about a universal explosion.”

– Robespierre opposed: “No one loves armed missionaries”Robespierre opposed: “No one loves armed missionaries”

Wars and RumorsWars and Rumors

June 1792, June 1792, sans culottesans culotte mob breaks mob breaks into palace to protest king’s veto of into palace to protest king’s veto of new measured for war; surrounded new measured for war; surrounded king and forced him to toast to the king and forced him to toast to the revolutionrevolution

Prussian forces invaded, victorious to Prussian forces invaded, victorious to Verdun, nearing ParisVerdun, nearing Paris

Marseilles Marseilles originally from Marseilles originally from Marseilles to celebrate fall of Bastille, became to celebrate fall of Bastille, became revolution’s anthemrevolution’s anthem

Escalation of war; the Terror Escalation of war; the Terror beginsbegins

““Brunswick Manifesto”: Earl of Brunswick proclaimed he Brunswick Manifesto”: Earl of Brunswick proclaimed he would hold Paris responsible for king’s safety, destroy city if would hold Paris responsible for king’s safety, destroy city if royals harmedroyals harmed

Mob storms Tuileries 10 Aug 1792Mob storms Tuileries 10 Aug 1792– Monarchy escaped into the Legislative Assembly building; Swiss Monarchy escaped into the Legislative Assembly building; Swiss

guards defended; 100 insurgents killed, many of king’s guards killedguards defended; 100 insurgents killed, many of king’s guards killed Legislative Assembly suspended monarchyLegislative Assembly suspended monarchy Revolutionary Tribunal set up to try “enemies of revolution”Revolutionary Tribunal set up to try “enemies of revolution”

– Georges Danton, fiery public speaker, urged this kind of government Georges Danton, fiery public speaker, urged this kind of government – Ironically suspended Constitution and Rights of ManIronically suspended Constitution and Rights of Man– No appeal for convictions: to the GuillotineNo appeal for convictions: to the Guillotine

September MassacresSeptember Massacres– Afraid internal opponents of revolution would unite with foreign army Afraid internal opponents of revolution would unite with foreign army

to overthrow government; Marat urged Parisians to break into prisons to overthrow government; Marat urged Parisians to break into prisons to kill to kill

– 1600 aristocrats and refractory priests murdered by 1600 aristocrats and refractory priests murdered by sans culottesans culotte Victory of “citizens’ army” at Valmy under DumouriezVictory of “citizens’ army” at Valmy under Dumouriez

4-The Convention/Republic 4-The Convention/Republic 1792-941792-94

Sept 1792 National ConventionSept 1792 National Convention– 11stst attempt at democratic republic attempt at democratic republic– 749 deputies (could be from National/ Legislative Assemblies)749 deputies (could be from National/ Legislative Assemblies)

Young *2/3 under 45Young *2/3 under 45 Most bourgeoise; wanted order, not rule of Most bourgeoise; wanted order, not rule of sans culottesans culotte

Trial of the kingTrial of the king– Divided convention into:Divided convention into:

GirondeGironde moderate; wanted to use pressure to force king out of moderate; wanted to use pressure to force king out of officeoffice

Montagnards – “ Montagnards – “ Mountain” (sat above rest) radicals who wanted Mountain” (sat above rest) radicals who wanted king executed; lead by Robespierreking executed; lead by Robespierre

– Voted by narrow margin for executionVoted by narrow margin for execution– Louis XVI executed at Place de la Concorde, 1793; he kept Louis XVI executed at Place de la Concorde, 1793; he kept

dignitydignity– Britain and Spain declared war on FranceBritain and Spain declared war on France

Dumoriez against Convention Dumoriez against Convention – Defeated in BelgiumDefeated in Belgium– Deserted to enemy, leaving army in chaosDeserted to enemy, leaving army in chaos

Convention/Republic Convention/Republic continued: Domestic Problemscontinued: Domestic Problems

– Insurrection in Vendee: Insurrection in Vendee: Catholics resented Civil Constitution of the ClergyCatholics resented Civil Constitution of the Clergy country peasants saw rich bourgeoisie from town get church land country peasants saw rich bourgeoisie from town get church land ““Catholic and Royal Army” of peasants and nobles of 40,000Catholic and Royal Army” of peasants and nobles of 40,000 Threat of taking Nantes (port: could get Brit support)Threat of taking Nantes (port: could get Brit support) Put down by revolutionary army: drowned prisoners, burned villages, Put down by revolutionary army: drowned prisoners, burned villages,

massacred inhabitantsmassacred inhabitants– With poor harvest in 1792, food prices up, wages down; inflation With poor harvest in 1792, food prices up, wages down; inflation

of of assignatsassignats broke many: broke many: Convention law set maximum price for grain, Convention law set maximum price for grain, government given right to requisition graingovernment given right to requisition grain

– EnragesEnrages: journalist agitators stirring up : journalist agitators stirring up sans culottessans culottes Accused convention of favoring wealthyAccused convention of favoring wealthy Demanded price controls, measures vs hoarding and speculation in Demanded price controls, measures vs hoarding and speculation in

food, severe punishment for “conspirators” vs poorfood, severe punishment for “conspirators” vs poor– Radical journee drove out Girondin: Mobs surrounded Convention, Radical journee drove out Girondin: Mobs surrounded Convention,

suspended 22 Gironde deputies, who fled to the provincessuspended 22 Gironde deputies, who fled to the provinces

1793 Constitution1793 Constitution

– Unicameral legislatureUnicameral legislature– Universal manhood suffrageUniversal manhood suffrage– No property or wealth requirement to hold No property or wealth requirement to hold

officeoffice– Safeguard propertySafeguard property

BUTBUT– Right of all to subsistence (jobs or dole)Right of all to subsistence (jobs or dole)– Because of domestic chaos and foreign war, Because of domestic chaos and foreign war,

never really put into effectnever really put into effect– Becomes the ideal all work toward, hope forBecomes the ideal all work toward, hope for

More Domestic DistressMore Domestic Distress Revolts throughout country vs ConventionRevolts throughout country vs Convention

– Toulons welcomed British invasionToulons welcomed British invasion Assassination of Marat by Charlotte CordayAssassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday

– Made Marat a martyr for the extreme revolutionariesMade Marat a martyr for the extreme revolutionaries Jacques Hebert, popular Jacques Hebert, popular enrageenrage : :

– denounced Convention for moderation against traitors denounced Convention for moderation against traitors – whipped up whipped up sans culottessans culottes– Other leaders saw him as demagogue and were jealous Other leaders saw him as demagogue and were jealous

of his powerof his power– Influential with Paris Influential with Paris Commune (Commune (insurrectionary insurrectionary

governments in Paris between 1789 and 1871. governments in Paris between 1789 and 1871. Revolutionary commune represented urban workers, Revolutionary commune represented urban workers, tradespeople, and radical bourgeois, engineered the tradespeople, and radical bourgeois, engineered the storming of the Tuileries and the arrest of the king. storming of the Tuileries and the arrest of the king.

““The Death of The Death of Marat” Jean Marat” Jean Jacques DavidJacques David

Romantic Romantic paintingpainting

Obviously, Obviously, supporter of supporter of the revolutionthe revolution

Policies to Combat ProblemsPolicies to Combat Problems

Losing the war with Austria, Prussia, etcLosing the war with Austria, Prussia, etc– Levee en masse: Levee en masse: all unmarried men should go into all unmarried men should go into

the army, and all married men should work to supply the army, and all married men should work to supply the army. Women, children, aged make tents and the army. Women, children, aged make tents and clothes, serve in hospital, etc.clothes, serve in hospital, etc.

– Successful in beefing up the army to stop invadersSuccessful in beefing up the army to stop invaders Combating internal enemies of the revolution: Combating internal enemies of the revolution:

The Terror—widespread guillotining of opponentsThe Terror—widespread guillotining of opponents– Swept away limits to government power: individual Swept away limits to government power: individual

rights suspendedrights suspended– ““terror is the order of the day” terror is the order of the day”

Uniting the people with the new governmentUniting the people with the new government

The guillotine The guillotine

Parisian Parisian doctor’s doctor’s answer to answer to horrific horrific modes of modes of executionexecution

Quick, sure, Quick, sure, ultimately ultimately painlesspainless

He didn’t He didn’t invent, only invent, only pushed for its pushed for its use: bears use: bears his namehis name

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety Voted in by the Convention; had to renew Voted in by the Convention; had to renew

every 30 daysevery 30 days Centralized power over all local Centralized power over all local

governments and decrees: growth in governments and decrees: growth in bureaucracybureaucracy

Used police spies to enforce, accuse of Used police spies to enforce, accuse of treasontreason

Robespierre, St. Just, others replaced Danton Robespierre, St. Just, others replaced Danton and followers, who were more moderateand followers, who were more moderate

Passed laws to strengthen and give more Passed laws to strengthen and give more power: within 10 months, revolutionary power: within 10 months, revolutionary dictatorship with NO individual rights dictatorship with NO individual rights remainingremaining

RobespierreRobespierre Idealistic, but Idealistic, but

believed believed conspiratorial rhetoricconspiratorial rhetoric

Ironically, against Ironically, against capital punishment capital punishment when revolution when revolution beganbegan

Used guillotine as Used guillotine as political weapon to political weapon to silence opponentssilence opponents

Couldn’t see that Couldn’t see that difference in opinion difference in opinion NOT threat to success NOT threat to success of revolutionary of revolutionary idealsideals

What the Committee DidWhat the Committee Did ControlControl

– Of economy: price controls on “necessities” and sent Of economy: price controls on “necessities” and sent sans sans culotteculotte army to seize food in rural areas army to seize food in rural areas

– Metric system all over FranceMetric system all over France– Of speech/press: “law of suspects” guilt assumed “if you’re not Of speech/press: “law of suspects” guilt assumed “if you’re not

with us, you’re against us” no difference in opinion permittedwith us, you’re against us” no difference in opinion permitted– Confiscated émigré and church land; divided into small parcels Confiscated émigré and church land; divided into small parcels

so peasants could afford; laws to give to “patriots”so peasants could afford; laws to give to “patriots” Dechristianization:Dechristianization:

– Substituted Reason for religionSubstituted Reason for religion– Notre Dame becomes “Temple of Reason”Notre Dame becomes “Temple of Reason”– Calendar: count from revolution, not birth of Christ (year one, Calendar: count from revolution, not birth of Christ (year one,

etc)etc) Month=three 10 day weeks (no Sabbath); named for position in Month=three 10 day weeks (no Sabbath); named for position in

season (Floreal, Thermidor, etc)season (Floreal, Thermidor, etc) ““Liberty, equality, fraternity—or death!”Liberty, equality, fraternity—or death!”

The Great Terror: 1793-4The Great Terror: 1793-4 Reason for “Terror” = Reason for “Terror” = MontagnardMontagnard paranoia paranoia

– Blamed conspiracies for economic, social, political difficultiesBlamed conspiracies for economic, social, political difficulties Victory in Vendee lead to mass executionVictory in Vendee lead to mass execution

– ““infernal columns” in countryside massacring opponents of revolution or infernal columns” in countryside massacring opponents of revolution or of committee. Opponents’ forces massacred themof committee. Opponents’ forces massacred them

“ “The Revolution, like Saturn, is Devouring its ChildrenThe Revolution, like Saturn, is Devouring its Children– Oct/Nov = guillotined leaders of 1789Oct/Nov = guillotined leaders of 1789– Winter= guillotined major enrage spokesmen, convention deputies Winter= guillotined major enrage spokesmen, convention deputies – Mar/April=guillotined Hebert (went too far) and Danton and his Mar/April=guillotined Hebert (went too far) and Danton and his

supporters , who criticized the Terror (didn’t go far enough)supporters , who criticized the Terror (didn’t go far enough) Law of 22 Prairial: couldn’t defend selves—to try showed guiltLaw of 22 Prairial: couldn’t defend selves—to try showed guilt

– 6 weeks 1300 guillotined in Paris alone; got to 800/month, most 36 weeks 1300 guillotined in Paris alone; got to 800/month, most 3rdrd EstateEstate

Ironically, greatest “terror” at time when external danger waningIronically, greatest “terror” at time when external danger waning– Levee en massLevee en mass working: army doing well; working: army doing well; – Incompetent commanders replaced with competent military leaders who Incompetent commanders replaced with competent military leaders who

came up through the ranks: young, daring, committedcame up through the ranks: young, daring, committed– Modernized mobile equipment and artillery from end ofModernized mobile equipment and artillery from end of Ancien Regime Ancien Regime– Napoleon dislodged British from Toulon, no longer excuse for terror– Defeated Austrians, who withdrew from Belgium

5--Thermidorean Reaction5--Thermidorean Reaction Crisis atmosphere faded—deputies in Convention and on Committee Crisis atmosphere faded—deputies in Convention and on Committee

question Terrorquestion Terror 8 Thermidor Robespierre speech8 Thermidor Robespierre speech

– Denounced a plot against him and revolutionDenounced a plot against him and revolution– Said he had list of conspirators, wouldn’t give names: all opponents and Said he had list of conspirators, wouldn’t give names: all opponents and

friends feared they were on the listfriends feared they were on the list Next day, leaders of Convention accused RobespierreNext day, leaders of Convention accused Robespierre

– Of becoming a dictatorOf becoming a dictator– Shouted him down when tried to answer charges, Shouted him down when tried to answer charges, – Voted to arrest him and followersVoted to arrest him and followers

EscapeEscape– Tried to rally supporters at Hotel de Ville (seat of Paris government; Tried to rally supporters at Hotel de Ville (seat of Paris government;

town hall)town hall)– Appealed to Parisian Appealed to Parisian sans culottessans culottes– Because of execution of Hebert, others, no support for Because of execution of Hebert, others, no support for MontagnardsMontagnards

““The Incorruptible” unable to speak because wounded in the jaw The Incorruptible” unable to speak because wounded in the jaw (attempt at suicide?) so cannot use oratory to talk out of execution: (attempt at suicide?) so cannot use oratory to talk out of execution: Robespierre guillotined, ending The TerrorRobespierre guillotined, ending The Terror

15 months more rule of Convention, then set up new legislative 15 months more rule of Convention, then set up new legislative councils with 5 man executive committee called:councils with 5 man executive committee called:

6-The Directory6-The Directory Claimed Revolution’s ideals, but avoided excesses Continued war in Europe, reforms vs Church

– Revoked 1793-4 measures favoring lower classes (price/wage controls, guarantee of bread, etc)

Dominated by wealthy and educated; hereditary privileges stopped, but masses no vote, nor power

Discontinued vestiges of Terror– Prisoners released; leaders of terror arrested, executed– Closed Jacobin Club, stopped sans culotte activists– Destroyed Busts of Marat, “goddess of reason,” etc

Domestic problems continued– Price of bread up, land and assignats and wages down– Massive journees by sans culottes demanding bread and

Constitution of 1793 suppressed; leaders, deputies supporting, executed (4 suicides to prevent)

Constitution of Year III Constitution of Year III (1795)(1795)

Pulled back from RepublicPulled back from Republic– Limited right to vote and hold office to top 30,000 taxpayersLimited right to vote and hold office to top 30,000 taxpayers– All references to social rights eliminated from ConstitutionAll references to social rights eliminated from Constitution

Power back to wealth and positionPower back to wealth and position– ““declaration of duties” added to Constitution to remind poor declaration of duties” added to Constitution to remind poor

to stay respectful of property and lawto stay respectful of property and law Reconstituted the governmentReconstituted the government

– Directory (5) executiveDirectory (5) executive– Legislative: 2 Houses (Council of 500 and Council of Elders, Legislative: 2 Houses (Council of 500 and Council of Elders,

deputies over 40 years old) deputies over 40 years old) – decrease of 2/3 of Deputies from Old Convention lead to decrease of 2/3 of Deputies from Old Convention lead to

insurrection in Parisinsurrection in Paris Invited army and officers to Paris to help restore orderInvited army and officers to Paris to help restore order

The Directory in ActionThe Directory in Action ProblemsProblems

– Corruption, intrigue, confrontationCorruption, intrigue, confrontation– No loyalty, even among leaders, who betrayedNo loyalty, even among leaders, who betrayed

Domestic SuccessesDomestic Successes– Favorable harvests, so economy recoveringFavorable harvests, so economy recovering– Established coinage/monetary stabilityEstablished coinage/monetary stability– New bourgeoise elites replaced aristocraticNew bourgeoise elites replaced aristocratic– Education: Ecole Normal, Polytechnique Education: Ecole Normal, Polytechnique

Military Successes in Belgium and RhinelandMilitary Successes in Belgium and Rhineland– Republican constitutions for “sister republics” --no Republican constitutions for “sister republics” --no

popular support. When added “indemnity” popular support. When added “indemnity” (tax/tribute), they answered it was merely conquest (tax/tribute), they answered it was merely conquest to benefit France (annexed Belgium)to benefit France (annexed Belgium)

– Bonaparte successes in Germany and Italy: battle Bonaparte successes in Germany and Italy: battle veteran experienceveteran experience

– BUT distance from home=loyalty to commanders BUT distance from home=loyalty to commanders independent of Paris; paid out of money of local independent of Paris; paid out of money of local conquestsconquests

Beginning of the End of Beginning of the End of Revolution: Bonaparte Revolution: Bonaparte

TriumphsTriumphs Bonaparte takes control of foreign

policies– Crossed Alps and threatened Vienna

Treaty of Campo Formio– Negotiated end of war with Austria– Austria ceded claims in Belgium,

recognized French republics in Italy– Napoleon ceded Venice (he’d conquered) to

Austria– No pretense of territorial self determination

Expedition to Egypt– Directory sent him there because he was

too popular– Defeated Turks in Battle of Pyramids– BUT Admiral Nelson of Britain destroyed

French fleet at Abukir– Napoleon’s army cut off from France; he

left them to come home alone

Political Instability Political Instability (continued)(continued) Coup of 18 Fructador V

– Politics in France split Directory: NeoJacobins and Royalists (restoration of monarcy)

– Gracchus Babeuf, agitator/agrarian radical, who preached communal ownership of property, arrested along with remaining Robespierre supporters

– Voters elected even more conservative deputies– Directory split between first two parties, plus those

who would work with moderate conservatives, those who wanted force to stop counterrevolution

– Military support from Bonaparte forces the coup, where moderates expelled from Directory and Councils

– Conservatives banned 30 daily papers

Coup of 30 Prairial VII lead Coup of 18 Brumaire VIIICoup of 18 Brumaire VIII

Second Directory Drastic measures vs “refractory priests” allowed to Drastic measures vs “refractory priests” allowed to

preach during Thermidorean reactionpreach during Thermidorean reaction– ““corrected” voters choices in contested races—put in own corrected” voters choices in contested races—put in own

conservative deputiesconservative deputies New foreign coalition against France New foreign coalition against France

– Britain, Austria, and RussiaBritain, Austria, and Russia– Tsar Paul fanatical hate for French RevolutionTsar Paul fanatical hate for French Revolution

Crisis at home—purged Directory (Coup of 30 Prairial VII Crisis at home—purged Directory (Coup of 30 Prairial VII 1799) reversed last two coups1799) reversed last two coups

Two Groups: Two Groups: – Neo Jacobins (go back to emergency measures of 1793, Neo Jacobins (go back to emergency measures of 1793,

dominated at first, forced loans from rich, arrest relatives of dominated at first, forced loans from rich, arrest relatives of noble emigres and hold “hostage” for money payments)noble emigres and hold “hostage” for money payments)

– Sieyes party (knew no popular support, looked for military Sieyes party (knew no popular support, looked for military supportsupport

– Napoleon heard of Euro war, wife’s infidelity, left army stranded Napoleon heard of Euro war, wife’s infidelity, left army stranded in Egype, came home exceedingly popular, supported Sieyes; in Egype, came home exceedingly popular, supported Sieyes; appointed commander of troops in Parisappointed commander of troops in Paris

Coup of 18 Brumaire VIII (Nov 1799) pressured Coup of 18 Brumaire VIII (Nov 1799) pressured legislature into giving Abbe Sieyes and group ok for legislature into giving Abbe Sieyes and group ok for new constitution; Directory resignsnew constitution; Directory resigns

7—Napoleon Consulate7—Napoleon Consulate

Gradual assumption of power: Gradual assumption of power: – Consul with two other consuls; Consul with two other consuls;

legislative council with power, alsolegislative council with power, also– Named “First Consul” with more Named “First Consul” with more

executive powerexecutive power– Finally decides not to share power with Finally decides not to share power with

anyone: Consulate turns to Empire with anyone: Consulate turns to Empire with Napoleon’s title becoming Emperor.Napoleon’s title becoming Emperor.

You Went The Wrong Way, Old King LouieYou Went The Wrong Way, Old King Louieby Allan Shermanby Allan Sherman

Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in Louis the Sixteenth was the King of France in 1789.1789.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fifteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Fourteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was worse than Louis the Thirteenth.He was the worst since Louis the First.He was the worst since Louis the First.King Louis was living like a king, but the people King Louis was living like a king, but the people were living rotten.were living rotten.So the people, they started an uprising which So the people, they started an uprising which they called thethey called theFrench Revolution, and of course you remember French Revolution, and of course you remember their battle cry,their battle cry,which will never be forgotten:which will never be forgotten:

You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You went the wrong way, Old King Louie.You made the population cry.You made the population cry.'Cause all you did was sit and pet'Cause all you did was sit and petWith Marie AntoinetteWith Marie AntoinetteIn your place at Versailles.In your place at Versailles.

And now the country's gone kablooie.And now the country's gone kablooie.So we are giving you the air.So we are giving you the air.That oughta teach you not toThat oughta teach you not toSpend all your time fooling 'roundSpend all your time fooling 'roundAt the Folies Bergere.At the Folies Bergere.

If you had been a nicer king,If you had been a nicer king,We wouldn't do a thing,We wouldn't do a thing,But you were bad, you must admit.But you were bad, you must admit.We're gonna take you and the QueenWe're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,Down to the guillotine,And shorten you a little bit.And shorten you a little bit.

You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.You came the wrong way, Old King Louie.And now you ain't got far to go.And now you ain't got far to go.Too bad you won't be here to seeToo bad you won't be here to seeThat great big Eiffel Tower,That great big Eiffel Tower,Or Brigitte Bardot.Or Brigitte Bardot.

To you King Louie we say fooey.To you King Louie we say fooey.You disappointed all of France.You disappointed all of France.But then what else could we expectBut then what else could we expectFrom a king in silk stockingsFrom a king in silk stockingsAnd pink satin pants.And pink satin pants.

You filled your stomach with chop suey.You filled your stomach with chop suey.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And also crepe suzettes and steak.And when they told your wife MarieAnd when they told your wife MarieThat nobody had bread, she saidThat nobody had bread, she said"Let 'em eat cake.""Let 'em eat cake."

We're gonna take you and the QueenWe're gonna take you and the QueenDown to the guillotine,Down to the guillotine,It's somewhere in the heart of town.It's somewhere in the heart of town.And when that fella's throughAnd when that fella's throughWith what he's gonna do,With what he's gonna do,You'll have no place to hang your crown.You'll have no place to hang your crown.

You came the wrong way Old King Louie.You came the wrong way Old King Louie.Now we must put you on the shelf.Now we must put you on the shelf.That's why the people are revolting, That's why the people are revolting, 'cause Louie,'cause Louie,You're pretty revolting yourself!You're pretty revolting yourself!