the french revolution. i. prelude to revolution the ancien regime
TRANSCRIPT
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The French Revolution
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I. Prelude to Revolution
The Ancien Regime
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A. Louis XIV, “L’etat, c’est moi”
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1. Absolutism
A. attempt to control both peasants and nobles
B. Versailles
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C. Intendants - professionalize bureacracy
D. Repeal of the Edict of Nantes
E. By the time of Louis’ death in 1715, France the most powerful state in Europe
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B. Fatal Flaws in the Ancien Regime
1. Church lands and most nobility exempt from taxes
2. Louis XV
3. “I have loved war too much”
4. Economic growth stagnant - loss of empire
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C. Louis XVI, wrong man, wrong job
1. Distance from his people
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2. Relied on Parlements
3. Out of desperation, Louis calls the Estates-General (3 estates)
clergy, nobility, commoners
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II. First Stage of the Revolution, 1789-1792
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A. Meeting of the Estates-General, 1789
1. Commoners (even women) play part in national politics
2. Commoners given 2x representation
3. Determination to write a Constitution
“Liberty” - Lockian, American influence
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B. Third Estate becomes National Assembly
1. Sieyes and Mirabeau hold separate meetings
“Tennis Court Oath”
June 1789
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2. The Revolution begins!
- King sends in troops to disband the National Assembly
“Storming of the Bastille”
July 14, 1789
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3. National Guard
4. Peasant revolt
5. Women march on Versailles
October 1789
Lafayette
intensive revolution
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C. French Constitution of 1791
1. Constitutional monarchy- the people are the basis of government
2. Church cedes property to state
3. Civil rights guaranteed to minorities- religious tolerance; ban on slavery
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4. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- Sovereignty resides in the Nation (people)- All citizens are equal before the law
- Embodiment of the Enlightenment
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D. Doom of the Moderates
1. Emigrés, counter-revolutionaries, & war
2. The Church v. the Revolution
3. Louis’ loss of faith- attempts to flee in June 1791
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Compare w/ US RevolutionLiberty v. Equality
How do you make people equal?
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III. 2nd Stage of the Revolution, 1792-1795
How far should the Revolution go?
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A. From Liberty to Equality
1. Sans-culottes
Aug. 1792 – the Tuileries Palace
- anti-monarchy, anti-bourgeoisie
- universal manhood suffrage
- decentralized power
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2. Sept. 1792 – National Convention replaces National Assembly
- the First Republic- Louis XVI put on trial
The Death of the King Jan. 1793
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3. Political factions
Girondins – moderates
1792 – 1st War of Coalition
June 1793 – “Prisoners of the Revolution”
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Jacobins – moderates
- mob politics- fear of counter-revolutionaries
Robespierre
Radical Social Contract- Individual will/rights irrelevant to the nation
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B. Reign of Terror, 1793-94
1. July 1793 – Committee of Public Safety “Terror is the order of the day”
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300K dead
2. Revolution without end
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3. Gender Revolution?Mary Wollstonecraft – Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of Woman and
the Female Citizen
Rousseau, Robespierre- women and the nation
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4. The Thermidorian ReactionSummer 1794
- Fall of Robespierre/Jacobins- Counter-revolution- Democracy fails
Death of Marat - David
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IV. Third Stage of the Revolution1795-99
War, Dictatorship and the Spread of the Spread of theRevolution to Europe
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A. Rise of the Bourgeoisie
1. Class conflict and revolution - the French dilemma
2. Centralized power – The Directory
3. End to economic revolution- “Conspiracy of the Equals”
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B. Europe reacts to the Revolution, 1790s
1. Austria, Prussia: Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791
1793-97, First War of Coalition
2. Levée en masse (1793) - precursor to modern war- “participatory democracy”
3. Save the Revolution- expand it
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4. Great Britain suspends civil rights, 1792
(U.S. Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798)
5. Russia, Prussia expand their borders
6. Growth of German nationalism
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V. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821
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A. Revolution and Opportunity1. 1795, “whiff of grapeshot”
2. 2nd War of Coalition, 1798-1800
Italy & Egypt
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B. 1st Modern Dictator1. First Consul of the Triumvirate
- weakened radicals on Left and Right- protected property- balanced budget- improved relationship with Church
2. 1802 plebiscite- charade or extension of the Revolution?
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3. 1804, Napoleon declares himself Emperor- tax reform & public education- central banking system- aristocracy of merit- support scientific/technological
innovation Code Napoleon, 1804 a. Equality before the law b. freedom of religion c. separation of church and state d. protected interests of rising middle class (bourgeois)
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4. 1803-1815, continuous warfare- Confederation of the Rhine- Puppet Spain- Spreads Revolution
& nationalism
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5. Continental System (1806)- protect French industry- loss of overseas colonies
(Toussaint L’Ouverture, Haiti, La. Purchase)
- Battle of Trafalgar, 1805
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C. Russia and the fall of the French Empire
1. Invasion of Russia (1812)
2. Russia prominent in European affairs
3. Exile, 1814
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4. Waterloo, 1815
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D. End of the Revolution?
1. Made some gains of the Revolution permanent
2. Spread ideals of Revolution
(1830, 1848)
3. Rise of nationalism
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VI. Return to the status quo?1. The Pax Britannica
1815-1914
2. Future implicationsliberalism v. authoritarianism
industrialization
nationalism
Congress of Vienna - 1814