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INSTITUT FÜR KOLBENMASCHINEN Leiter Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts Dr.-Ing. Uwe Wagner, KIT
EUROFORGE General Assembly Stuttgart, 05.04.2019
2 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Media Headlines
Poor air quality in Stuttgart
3 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
The future of the Diesel engine
Immission situation
Emission regulation / RDE certification
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Agenda
4 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
The future of the Diesel engine
Immission situation
Emission regulation / RDE certification
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Agenda
5 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Combustion engine and its emissions
Exemplary composition of Diesel engine exhaust
Nach AGN: Angabe in Masse-%
Unwanted immissions
Carbon monoxide CO
Unburned hydrocarbons HC
Sulfur oxide SOx
Particulates PM
Nitrogen oxide NOx
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Particulate matter
Nitrogen oxide (mainly NO+NO2)
?
?
1
Immission situation
H H
H H
H C C O OH H
O
Fuel Oxygen
..
Mechanical work Emissions Water CO2
Combustion + + + + c o o
6 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
PM10-situation Großräumiger
Hintergrund 28%
11,0 μg/m3
Straßenverkehr Auf/Ab 31% 12,6 μg/m3
Road traffic Exhaust 6% 2,2 μg/m3
Sonstige 1% 0,5 μg/m3
Industrie <1% <1 μg/m3
Straßenverkehr Auf/Ab 8% 3,2 μg/m3
Industrie, Gewerbe
1% 0,3 μg/m3
Offroad, Biogene, Sonstige
2% 0,9 μg/m3
Kl. u. mittlere Feuerungsanlagen
15% 6,0 μg/m3
Road traffic Exhaust
1% 0,6 μg/m3
Kl. u. mittlere Feuerungsanlagen 7% 2,7 μg/m3
Local sources
45%
Background 55%
PM10
Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden
Württemberg; IFKM/KIT – NOX Conference, Heidelberg, 01.2016
The contribution of engine tailpipe exhaust to PM immissions is very small!
2
PM10-daliy average
# of excess days of 50mg/m3
(limit 35 d/a)
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
7 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
PM10-situation over time
2
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
1990 2000 2016
Quelle: [1] www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/luftqualitaet/messdaten/schadstoffkarten.html; Abruf 28.02.2018, Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement, Stadt Zürich
[2] BAFU (Hrsg.) 2017: Luftqualität 2016. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1723
8 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
Exemplary composition of Diesel engine exhaust
Nach AGN: Angabe in Masse-%
Unwanted immissions
Carbon monoxide CO
Unburned hydrocarbons HC
Sulfur oxide SOx
Particulates PM
Nitrogen oxide NOx
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Particulate matter
Nitrogen oxide (mainly NO+NO2)
?
?
9 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Emission formation: NOx
What is NOx?
NOx: collective term for various nitrogen oxides
Relevant for combustion engines: almost exclusively NO and NO2
Relevant as engine emission
Formed mostly during combustion
Formula Name
N4O Nitrosylazide
N2O Nitrous oxide
N4O2 Nitryl azide
NO Nitrogen monoxide
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
N4O6 Trinitramide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 Dinitrogen pentoxide
Relevant as immission
reacts with
O2 to NO2
2
NO is formed in the presence of oxygen and high temperatures (>2000 K).
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
10 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Quelle: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Lufthygienischer Jahresbericht 2016
Immission situation
NO2-immissions in exemplarily in Bavaria
11 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
NO2-sources and NO2-distribution
Quelle: Christoph Erdmenger; Ministerium für Transport und Infrastruktur Baden
Württemberg;, IFKM/KIT – NOX Conference, Heidelberg, 01.2016
Road traffic 53% 47,3 μg/m3
Background 7%
6,0 μg/m3
Local sources
59% Background contribution
41%
Industry <1% <1 μg/m3
Others, Offroad 2% 1,5 μg/m3
Small and medium sized
heating 10%
8,9 μg/m3
Industry, Offroad,
others 5%
4,9 μg/m3
Road traffic 19% 17,2
μg/m3
Small and medium sized heating 4% 3,2 μg/m3
NO2
Close to roads, NO2 immission limits are partly exceeded!
3
Yearly average 2010
Quelle: LUBW http://www4.lubw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/242644/
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
12 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
NO2-immission at Stuttgart Neckartor and „Schlossgarten“
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
Reference is the official measurement
location at Stuttgart Neckartor (>70.000
vehicles per day)
Reference value at hot spot = 83 µg/m³
Average in “Schlossgarten” = 35 µg/m³
30m
13 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Quelle: [1] www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gud/de/index/umwelt_energie/luftqualitaet/messdaten/schadstoffkarten.html; Abruf 28.02.2018, Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement, Stadt Zürich
[2] BAFU (Hrsg.) 2017: Luftqualität 2016. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1723
NO2-immission situation over time
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
1990 2000 2016 N
O2 [m
m/m
3]
14 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Particulate matter + nitrogen oxide
Exemplary composition of Diesel engine exhaust
Nach AGN: Angabe in Masse-%
Unwanted immissions
Carbon monoxide CO
Unburned hydrocarbons HC
Sulfur oxide SOx
Particulates PM
Nitrogen oxide NOx
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Particulate matter
Nitrogen oxide (mainly NO+NO2)
?
?
15 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
The future of the Diesel engine
Immission situation
Emission regulation / RDE certification
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Agenda
16 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Time [s] ~ 30 min
Distance ~23 km
vmax = 131 km/h
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2014 2021
NOx 0,5 0,25 0,18 0,08
0,05 0,10 0,14 PM10 0,025 0,005
EURO 1 EURO 2 EURO 3 EURO 4 EURO 5 EURO 6 EURO 6dTemp EURO 6dfinal
Time [s] >90 min
Distance >48 km
[g/km]
WLTP RDE
Emission regulation, driving cycles and emission limits
Quelle: LUBW
0,7* 0,97*
* HC+ NOx
0,08
0,0045
0,08
0,0045
vP
kw[k
m/h
]
vP
kw[k
m/h
]
RDE (Real Driving Emissions)
2017
0,0045
In the last 20 years, target emissions were decreased considerably. Starting with
EURO 6dTemp (2017), NOx emission limits are also prescribed during driving.
Emission regulation / RDE certification
vP
kw[k
m/h
] NEDC
vP
kw[k
m/h
] Time ~20 min
Distance ~11 km
vmax = 120 km/h
Time [s]
EURO 1-6a/b
17 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
NOx real driving emissions
The NEDC NOx emission limits of 180 mg/km (EURO 5) and 80 mg/km (EURO
6a/b) are exceeded notably during real driving.
Fahrt/ Fzg.1
Fahrt/ Fzg.2
Fahrt/ Fzg.3
Fahrt/ Fzg.4
Pressefahrten
heute
IFKM-
Fahrten
Emission regulation / RDE certification
NEDC
Quelle: Vehicle Emissions Testing Programme, Department for Transport, UK 2016
18 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Test drives with 2016 RDE-ready vehicles (EURO 6d, temp)
AUDI Q7 3.0l V6
• Max. power 200 kW
• Exhaust gas treatment DOC and SDPF
• High-pressure EGR
BWM 730d 3.0l R6
• Max. power 195 kW
• Exhaust gas treatment DOC-NSK, DPF and SCR
• High- and low-pressure EGR
Mercedes-Benz E220d 2.0l R4
• Max. power 143 kW
• Exhaust gas treatment DOC and SDPF
• High- and low-pressure EGR
Volkswagen Tiguan 2.0l R4
• Max. power 140 kW
• Exhaust gas treatment DOC und SDPF
• High- and low-pressure EGR
Emission regulation / RDE certification
Compact, highly
integrated and EAT
close to the motor
Quelle: Daimler AG, 2017
19 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Vehicle emissions NOx in real driving (RDE)
On the road, NOx emissions are notably below the limits. (Acceptable values
are 168mg/km for RDE EURO 6dtemp and 120mg/km for EURO 6dfinal)
Drive/ Vehicle 1
Drive/ Vehicle 2
Drive/ Vehicle 3
Drive/ Vehicle 4
Media drives IFKM
drives
3
Emission regulation / RDE certification
20 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Pollutant emissions
Exemplary composition of Diesel engine exhaust
Nach AGN: Angabe in Masse-%
Unwanted immissions
Carbon monoxide CO
Unburned hydrocarbons HC
Sulfur oxide SOx
Particulates PM
Nitrogen oxide NOx
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Today not critical anymore
Particulate matter
Nitrogen oxide (mainly NO+NO2)
?
?
21 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
The future of the Diesel engine
Immission situation
Emission regulation / RDE certification
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Agenda
22 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
GHG reduction: Temperature increase <2°C
Agreement of the UN Climate Summit 2009 in Kopenhagen
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Requires drastic reduction of CO2
emissions in all sectors
23 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
CO2-emissions transportation Germany
Increased efficiency and 100% passenger car BEV not sufficient for
Copenhagen CO2-Target
1
Quelle: R. Leonhard, KIT-E-Fuels Workshop 2017, Daten basierend auf Tremod 5.3 1960-2030, IFEU
CO2-target according
to Copenhagen 2009
„CO2-gap“
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
24 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Fuel-cell Hydrogen H2 H2-Tank
Energy Pathways for Mobility Applications
1
Bio-Fuels
Oil& Gas
Coal
Biomass
Solar Wind Hydro
Nuclear
Energy Resources Energy Storage Powertrain Veh.
Energy Carriers & Fuels
Synthetic Hydrocarbons
Combus-tion
Engine
Gasoline, Diesel, Gas
Fuel Tank
Batt. Electr. Veh.
Battery
Elec
tric
ity
eFuels from renewable energy resources
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
25 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Additional issues
e.g. infrastructure
e.g. tank / battery size / mass
1
Quelle: R. Leonhard, KIT-E-Fuels Workshop 2017
Quelle: MWV; Energie Informationsdienst; Tank & Rast ID 2621
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
Electric powertrain efficiency considered with 95%
Diesel fuel
67,2kg / 80l
504kg / 600l
1.092kg/ 1.300l
25.200kg / 30.000l
Battery Li-ion
350Wh/kg
723kg
7.876kg
17.066kg
393.834kg
Future battery?
1.100Wh/kg
230kg
2.506kg
5.430kg
125.311kg
# of petrol stations
26 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
Advantages of O2-containing Fuels in Combustion
Example OME (Oxymethylenether): comparable properties like Diesel fuel,
miscibility, significantly reduced soot formation
1
Quelle: Homepage Profilregion Mobilitätssysteme Karlsruhe
Quelle: Lumpp et al., „OXYMETHYLENETHER ALS DIESELKRAFTSTOFFZUSÄTZE DER ZUKUNFT “, MTZ 03I2011
CO2-challenge and e-fuels
27 Institut für Kolbenmaschinen
Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
05.04.2019 The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts
Dr. Uwe Wagner
The future of the Diesel engine
Emission issues from combustion engines are solved
Fleet penetration has to take place
engine exhaust related immission issues are solved
With EURO6d and RDE strongly needed regulations
are in power
Contribution of combustion engines for climate protection
possible and necessary (not all applications
purely e-driven possible)
Summary and Conclusions
www.kit.edu
INSTITUT FÜR KOLBENMASCHINEN Leiter Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Thomas Koch
KIT – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
The future of the Diesel engine – public perception vs. physical facts Dr.-Ing. Uwe Wagner, KIT
EUROFORGE General Assembly Stuttgart, 05.04.2019
Thank you for your attention.