the geography of regional development and competitiveness across europe. a framework analysis

23
The Geography of Regional Development and Compe��veness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis Vi�orio Amato Department of Poli�cal Sciences University of Napoli Federico II

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Page 1: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

The  Geography  of  Regional  Development  and  Compe��veness  Across  Europe.    

A  Framework  Analysis    

Vi�orio  Amato  Department  of  Poli�cal  Sciences  University  of  Napoli  Federico  II  

Page 2: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Economic  development  and  GDP  

  Economic  development  is  commonly  expressed  in  terms  of  GDP,  which  in  the  regional  context  may  be  used  to  measure  macroeconomic  ac�vity  and  growth,  as  well  as  providing  the  basis  for  comparisons  between  regions.  

  Up  un�l  the  onset  of  the  financial  and  economic  crisis,  the  economic  differences  between  European  regions  were  being  reduced,  as  ‘poorer’  regions  generally  moved  closer  to  “richer”  regions  through  a  process  of  convergence.    

  However,  the  financial  and  economic  crisis  had  a  widespread  effect  on  many  regions  and  the  post-­‐crisis  period  shows  evidence  of  growing  dispari�es,  especially  in  some  areas  most  severely  affected  by  the  crisis.  

Page 3: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Purchasing  Power  Standard  (PPS)  

  GDP  is  ini�ally  calculated  by  EUROSTAT  in  na�onal  currencies,  and  then  converted  by  purchasing  power  pari�es  (PPPs)  which  take  account  of  different  price  levels  between  EU  Member  States,  allowing  for  a  more  meaningful  comparison.    

  By  using  PPPs  (rather  than  market  exchange  rates)  these  indicators  are  converted  into  an  ar�ficial  common  currency  called  a  Purchasing  Power  Standard  (PPS).    

  The  use  of  a  PPS  makes  it  possible  to  compare  purchasing  power  across  the  regions  of  EU  Member  States  that  use  different  currencies  and  where  price  levels  are  different.  

Page 4: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Value  of  EU-­‐28  GDP  

 GDP  in  the  EU-­‐28  was  valued  at  EUR  12.712  billion  in  2011,  which  equated  to  an  average  level  of  25.100  PPS  per  inhabitant.      

Page 5: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

     

Map  1:  Gross  domes�c  product  (GDP)  per  inhabitant,  in  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2011    (%  of  the  EU-­‐28  average,  EU-­‐28  =  100)  

 

Inner  London  321%  of  average  

Nord-­‐Est  29%  of  average  

Page 6: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Ranking  of  NUTS  2  regions  by  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS)  2011      (%  of  the  EU-­‐28  average,  EU-­‐28  =  100)  

   

0,00  

50,00  

100,00  

150,00  

200,00  

250,00  

300,00  

350,00  

Inne

r  Lon

don  

Bra�

slavský  kraj  

Obe

rbayern  

Switz

erland

 Salzb

urg  

Berkshire

,  Bucking

hamshire

 and

 Dü

sseldo

rf  

Lomba

rdia  

Obe

rpfalz  

Övre  Norrla

nd  

Schw

aben

 Prov

incia  Au

tono

ma  di  Trento  

Prov

.  Braba

nt  W

allon  

Kassel  

Obe

rfrank

en  

Cataluña

 Gieß

en  

Smålan

d  med

 öarna

 Nordjylland

 La  Rioja  

Koblen

z  Ligu

ria  

Prov

ence-­‐Alpes-­‐Côte  d'Az

ur  

Marche  

Região

 Autón

oma  da

 Mad

eira  

Haute-­‐Norman

die  

Leipzig

 West  Y

orkshire  

Centre  

Grea

ter  M

anchester  

Bretagne

 Bran

denb

urg  

West  M

idland

s  Bo

rder,  M

idland

 and

 Western  

Derbyshire  and

 No�

ngha

mshire

 Do

rset  and

 Som

erset  

Cumbria  

Prov

.  Lux

embo

urg  (BE)  

İstanb

ul  

Northern  Ire

land

 Sh

ropshire  and

 Staffo

rdshire

 Ciud

ad  Autón

oma  de

 Melilla  

Jihov

ýcho

d  Sterea

 Ellada

 Vz

hodn

a  Slov

enija  

Tekirdağ,  E

dirne,  Kırk

lareli  

Wielkop

olskie  

İzmir  

Calabria  

Campa

nia  

Łódzkie  

Jadran

ska  Hr

vatska  

Ipeiros  

Guyane

 Zo

ngulda

k,  Karab

ük,  B

ar�n

 Ce

ntru  

Észak-­‐Alföld  

Sud  -­‐  M

untenia  

Trab

zon,  Ordu,  Gire

sun,  Rize

,  Artvin,  

Form

er  Yug

oslav  Re

public  of  M

aced

onia  

Severen  tsen

tralen

 Şanlıurfa,  Diyarba

kır  

38  regions  (12,3%)  below  50%  of  average    

120  regions  (38,5%)  over  average  

150  regions  (48,2%)  between  100%  and  

50%  

Page 7: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  2:  Gross  domes�c  product  (GDP)  per  inhabitant,  in  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS),  by  NUTS  3  regions,  2011  (%  of  the  EU-­‐28  average,  EU-­‐28  =  100)  

Inner  London  -­‐  West  612%  of  average  

Vaslui  21%  of  average  

Page 8: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Ranking  of  NUTS  3  regions  by  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS)  2011      (%  of  the  EU-­‐28  average,  EU-­‐28  =  100)  

0,00  

50,00  

100,00  

150,00  

200,00  

250,00  

300,00  

350,00  

400,00  

450,00  

Wolfsbu

rg,  K

reisfreie  Stadt  

Ding

olfin

g-­‐Land

au  

Heidelbe

rg,  Stadtkreis  

Wien  

Osnab

rück,  K

reisfreie  Stadt  

Auße

rfern  

Zuidoo

st-­‐Noo

rd-­‐Braba

nt  

Schw

äbisc

h  Ha

ll  Sieg

en-­‐W

i�ge

nstein  

Firenze  

Man

tova  

Ravenn

a  Po

rden

one  

Schw

ando

rf  

Gö�ng

en  

Bochum

,  Kreisfreie  Stadt  

Arr.  Sint-­‐Niklaas  

Västman

land

s  län

 Rh

ön-­‐Grabfeld  

Hampshire  CC  

Savo

na  

Erlang

en-­‐Höchstadt  

Vercelli  

Portsm

outh  

Kymen

laakso  

Noo

rd-­‐Drenthe

 En

zkreis  

Grosseto  

Rhein-­‐Sieg

-­‐Kreis  

Fuerteventura  

Osnab

rück,  Lan

dkreis  

Neu

stad

t  a.  d

.  Aisc

h-­‐Ba

d  Windshe

im  

Neu

stad

t  a.  d

.  Waldn

aab  

Essex  CC

 Ge

ra,  K

reisfreie  Stadt  

Oise

 Schm

alkalden

-­‐Meining

en  

Jura  

Zamora  

Somerset  

Orne  

Baixo  Mon

dego

 Uecker-­‐Ra

ndow

 Ca

lderda

le  and

 Kirk

lees  

Staff

ordshire  CC  

Spod

njep

osavska  

South  Te

essid

e  Be

ira  In

terio

r  Sul  

Réun

ion  

Arr.  Ath  

South  No�

ngha

mshire

 Du

dley  

Fthio�

da  

Laris

a  Av

e  Częstochow

ski  

Bansko

bystric

ký  kraj  

Pane

vėžio

 apskri�s  

Pilsk

i  Ta

rnob

rzeski  

Barany

a  Ka

rditsa  

Krap

insko-­‐zago

rska  žu

panija  

Hatay,  Kah

raman

maraş,  O

sman

iye  

Targov

ishte  

Vidin  

165  regions  (12%)  below  

50%  

493  regions  (36%)  over  average    

712  regions  (52%)  between  100%  and  50%  

Page 9: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

GDP  per  inhabitant  during  the  financial  and  economic  crisis    

   During  the  financial  and  economic  crisis,  GDP  per  inhabitant  in  the  EU-­‐28  dropped  from  a  high  of  25.000  PPS  in  2008  to  23.500  PPS  in  2009  before  par�ally  recovering  to  24.400  PPS  in  2010  and  then  moving  on  to  a  level  that  was  slightly  above  its  pre-­‐crisis  peak,  with  an  average  of  25.100  PPS  in  2011.    

Page 10: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  3:  Change  of  gross  domes�c  product  (GDP)  per  inhabitant,  in  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  (percentage  points  difference  between  

2011  and  2008;  in  rela�on  to  the  EU-­‐28  average)  

Winners  and  loosers  during  the  crisis  

Page 11: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  3  bis:  Change  of  gross  domes�c  product  (GDP)  per  inhabitant,  in  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  (percentage  points  difference  

between  2011  and  2008;  in  rela�on  to  the  EU-­‐28  average)  

Capital  region  of  Poland    +  17,3  

Capital  region  of  Slovakia  

+18,9  Inner  London  -­‐  23,5  

Page 12: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Gains  and  losses  in  GDP  per  inhabitant,  in  purchasing  power  standard  (PPS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  (percentage  points  difference  between  2011  

and  2008;  in  rela�on  to  the  EU-­‐28  average)    

-­‐30,0  

-­‐25,0  

-­‐20,0  

-­‐15,0  

-­‐10,0  

-­‐5,0  

0,0  

5,0  

10,0  

15,0  

20,0  

25,0  

Bra�

slavský  kraj  

Tekirdağ,  E

dirne,  Kırk

lareli  

İzmir  

Bursa,  Eskişe

hir,  Bilecik  

Schw

aben

 Unterfran

ken  

Pomorskie  

Łódzkie  

Kassel  

Adan

a,  M

ersin

 Leipzig

 Salzb

urg  

Detm

old  

Kayseri,  Sivas,  Yozgat  

Erzurum,  E

rzincan,  Baybu

rt  

Vorarlb

erg  

Prov

.  Vlaam

s-­‐Brab

ant  

Warmińsko-­‐Mazurskie  

Prov

.  Oost-­‐Vlaa

nderen

 Prov

ence-­‐Alpes-­‐Côte  d'Az

ur  

Tirol  

Ağrı,  Kars,  Iğdır,  Arda

han  

Prov

.  Nam

ur  

Dresde

n  Schleswig-­‐Holstein  

Prov

.  Antwerpe

n  Lüne

burg  

Guad

elou

pe  

Prov

incia  Au

tono

ma  di  Bolzano

/Bozen

 Ha

ute-­‐Norman

die  

Luxembo

urg  

Aquitaine  

Östra  M

ellansverig

e  Yu

zhen

 tsen

tralen

 Prov

.  Braba

nt  W

allon  

Dél-­‐A

lföld  

Auvergne

 Dé

l-­‐Dun

ántúl  

Hedm

ark  og

 Opp

land

 Ce

ntre  

Fran

che-­‐Co

mté  

Severoizt

oche

n  Vý

chod

né  Slovensko

 Oslo

 og  Ak

ershus  

Centro  (P

T)  

Västsverige  

Puglia  

Valle  d'Aosta/Vallée  d'Ao

ste  

Toscan

a  Friesla

nd  (N

L)  

Středn

í  Čechy

 Overijssel  

Lincolnshire  

Friuli-­‐Ve

nezia

 Giulia  

Lomba

rdia  

Região

 Autón

oma  da

 Mad

eira  

Gelderland

 West  W

ales  and

 The

 Valleys  

Emilia-­‐Ro

magna

 Vz

hodn

a  Slov

enija  

Kýpros  

La  Rioja  

Lancashire  

Berkshire

,  Bucking

hamshire

 and

 Oxfordshire  

Cana

rias  

Anda

lucía  

High

land

s  and

 Island

s  Glou

cestershire

,  Wiltshire

 and

 Bris

tol/B

ath  area

 West  M

idland

s  Zaho

dna  Slov

enija  

Hampshire  and

 Isle  of  W

ight  

Comun

idad

 Valen

cian

a  Illes  Balea

rs  

Northern  Ire

land

 Sterea

 Ellada

 Th

essalia  

Bedfordshire  and

 Her�o

rdshire

 

170  regions  (55%)  over  average.    84  regions  5  ore  more  %  points  over.  

138  regions  (45%)  under  average.    69  regions  5  or  more  %  points  under.  

Page 13: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Disposable  incomes  of  private  households  

  Disposable  incomes  of  private  households  is  in  other  words,  “in-­‐pocket”  income  that  people  can  spend  or  save  (once  they  have  paid  their  taxes  and  social  security  contribu�ons  and  a�er  they  have  received  their  social  benefits).  

  The  highest  disposable  income  per  inhabitant  in  2011  was  recorded  in  Luxembourg  (a  single  region  at  this  level  of  analysis),  at  23.800  PPCS.  This  was  just  above  the  levels  recorded  in  Oberbayern  (Germany)  and  Inner  London  (the  United  Kingdom);  these  three  regions  were  the  only  ones  across  the  EU  to  record  disposable  income  per  inhabitant  in  excess  of  23.000  PPCS  in  2011.    

  The  highest  level  of  disposable  income  per  inhabitant  in  Luxembourg  was  5.5  �mes  as  high  as  that  in  the  Nord-­‐Est  region  of  Romania  (4.300  PPCS).  

   

Page 14: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  4:  Change  of  disposable  income  of  private  households,  in  purchasing  power  consump�on  standard  (PPCS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  (difference  between  

2011  and  2008  in  PPCS  per  inhabitant)    

158  regions  gaining  income  

113  regions  loosing  income  

Page 15: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Gains  and  losses  in  disposable  income  of  private  households,  in  purchasing  power  consump�on  standard  (PPCS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  

(difference  between  2011  and  2008  in  PPCS  per  inhabitant)    

-­‐4.000  

-­‐3.000  

-­‐2.000  

-­‐1.000  

0  

1.000  

2.000  

3.000  

Mazow

ieckie  

Obe

rfrank

en  

Lüne

burg  

Obe

rpfalz  

Düsseldo

rf  

Obe

rbayern  

Karls

ruhe

 Trøn

delag  

Opo

lskie  

Nordjylland

 Warmińsko-­‐Mazurskie  

Sydd

anmark  

Mecklen

burg-­‐Vorpo

mmern  

Stredn

é  Slov

ensko  

Podk

arpa

ckie  

Övre  Norrla

nd  

Östra  M

ellansverig

e  Alsace  

Pays  de  la  Loire  

Salzb

urg  

Közép-­‐Du

nántúl  

Corse  

Severovýchod

 Picardie  

Prov

.  Antwerpe

n  Limbu

rg  (N

L)  

Vzho

dna  Slov

enija  

Sud  -­‐  M

untenia  

No�

o  Aigaio  

Marche  

Utrecht  

Devo

n  Ba

silicata  

Noo

rd-­‐Holland

 Ze

elan

d  An

dalucía  

Shropshire  and

 Staffo

rdshire

 He

refordshire

,  Worcestershire

 and

 Warwickshire  

South  Yo

rkshire

 So

uth  Western  Scotla

nd  

Cheshire  

Essex  

Outer  Lon

don  

Bucureş�  -­‐  Ilfov

 Inne

r  Lon

don  

Thessalia  

113  regions  loosing.  Among  these  30  loosing  more  than  1.000  PPCS  

158  regions  gaining.  Among  these  78  gaining  more  than  1.000  PPCS  

Page 16: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Disposable  income  of  private  households,  in  purchasing  power  consump�on  standard  (PPCS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2011  

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000 Lu

xem

bour

g

Aus

tria

Ger

man

y

Fran

ce

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Italy

Finl

and

Irela

nd

Net

herla

nds

Spa

in

Den

mar

k

Gre

ece

Slo

veni

a

Por

tuga

l

Slo

vaki

a

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Lith

uani

a

Pol

and

Hun

gary

Est

onia

Bul

garia

Rom

ania

Latv

ia

Nor

way

Capital region

National average

Other NUTS regions

Page 17: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  4  bis:  Change  of  disposable  income  of  private  households,  in  purchasing  power  consump�on  standard  (PPCS),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2008–11  (difference  between  2011  

and  2008  in  PPCS  per  inhabitant)  

Page 18: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Regional  compe��veness    

  The  regional  compe��veness  index  (RCI)  (Annoni  and  Diijkstra,  2013)  is  based  on  NUTS2  regions.  It  extends  the  tradi�onal  analysis  of  compe��veness  as  a  purely  economic  measure  to  incorporate  social  elements  too.  In  this  way,  the  defini�on  of  compe��veness  moves  beyond  the  perspec�ve  of  businesses  to  also  integrate  the  perspec�ves  of  residents/consumers.    

  RCI  may  therefore  be  summarised  as:  “the  ability  to  offer  an  a�rac�ve  and  sustainable  environment  for  firms  and  residents  to  live  and  work  “.  

  Data  seem  to  demonstrate  that  territorial  compe��veness  in  several  EU  Member  States  has  a  strong  regional  dimension  which  cannot  be  observed  from  an  analysis  at  the  na�onal  level.  

Page 19: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

A  possible  scenario  could  be  this:      

In  many  cases  economic  and  social  differences  between  neighbouring  regions  have  grown  to  the  point  where  there  are  considerable  flows  of  people  from  one  region  to  another;  this  could  lead  to:    a  deteriora�on  in  the  quality  or  cost  of  services  both  in  rela�on  to  the  stress  on  the  overburdened  region  and  the  inefficiency  in  the  depopulated  area,  

  a  deteriora�on  in  social  cohesion,      even  abandonment  of  land  and  /  or  property  in  the  depopulated  area.    

Page 20: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  5:  Regional  compe��veness  index,  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2013  

Page 21: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Top  10  most  and  least  compe��ve  regions  in  the  EU-­‐28,    by  NUTS  2  regions,  2013  

Page 22: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

Map  5  bis:  Regional  compe��veness  index,  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2013  _4  classes    

Page 23: The Geography of Regional Development and Competitiveness Across Europe. A Framework Analysis

GDP  per  inhabitant  compared  with  the  regional  compe��veness    index  (RCI),  by  NUTS  2  regions,  2011  and  2013  

-2,00

-1,50

-1,00

-0,50

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Reg

iona

l com

petit

iven

ess

inde

x, 2

013

(EU

-28

= 0)

GDP per inhabitant, 2011 (EU-28 =100)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

Worst:  High  GDP  low  RCI  

Normal:  High  GDP  High  RCI  

Normal:  Low  GDP  low  RCI  

Utrecht    Inner  London  

Severozapaden  

Best:  Low  GDP  high  RCI  

Provincia  Autonoma  di  Bolzano/Bozen  

Essex