Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015

59

The Geological and Chemical Characteristic Relating to The Qualityof Hampang Coal in Tanjung Formation, South Kalimantan,

Indonesia

Gany, M.U. 1, Sulaksana, N.2, Rosana M.F.2and Mursito, A.T3

1Post Graduate Program of Geosciences, Universitas Padjadjaran BandungJl. Dipati Ukur No. 35, 40132, Bandung , Indonesia

Email : ulumgany@yahoo.com2 Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran,

Jl. Dipati Ukur No. 35, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia3 Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Jl. Sangkuriang, 40135, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

To optimizethe utilization of Indonesiancoal, the research had been carried out to Hampang coal in Tanjung FormationSouth Kalimantan Indonesia for identifying its quality by methodology consisting of geological observation and toperform some analysis in laboratory. The observation of geological environment in the field research is bytaking somesamples both rock and coal as well as to identify the geological and sedimentation environment.While the laboratoryresearch was carried of by analysing with some methods consisting of petrologycal , petrographycal, proximate, XRay Diffraction (XRD), FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR), and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS) analysis.

Based on the geological observation that the Tanjung Formation on Barito Basin relating to the deposition of Tertiarysediment (Paleogene-Neogene) due to the collision process of tectonic plate of Indo Australia, Eurasia and Pacific onCretaceous period . The deposition of coal in Tanjung Formation is classified as Paleogene Post-Rift Transgressiondeposited in Late Eocene until Early Miocene. While based on the result of some analysis in the laboratory relating tothe standard of coal classification (JIS) that the rank of this Hampang coal consisted of i Lignite F1Subbituminous E, Dand bituminoous C rank.

Keywords : coal, quality, analysis, methodology, rank.

IntroductionIndonesia has a great potency of coal resources

and spread out trough of Indonesia and based on thedata from Indonesian geological survey (2008), thatthe Indonesian coal resources are 103 billion tons.The most of Indonesian coal resources are inKalimantan island (53%), Sumatera island (47%)and the others are in Jawa island, Sulawesi islandand Papua island. Unfortunately that the most ofIndonesian coal resources are dominated by lowrank consisted lignite (56,41%) and subbituminous (29,75%), while the high rank ofcoalconsisted of bituminous (13,49%) and anthracite(0,35%).

To optimize the utilization of these coalresources, the research had been conducted toHampang coal in Tanjung Formation South

Kalimantan Indonesia for identifying itscharacteristic and quality by methodologyconsisting of geological observation and toperform some analysis in laboratory.

The observation of geological environment inthe field by taking some samples both rock and coalas well as. While the laboratory research wascarried out by analysing with some methodsconsisting petrology, petrography, proximate, X RayDiffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red(FTIR), and Atomic Absorption Spectrograph(AAS) analysis.

The data both from the field work as well asfrom laboratory analysis were evaluated foridentifying the geological and sedimentationenvironment as well as to determine the quality ofthese coal deposit.

Gany, M.U., /ICG 2015

60

Methodology

Regional Geology

Tectonic Setting of Research Area.

The research had been carried out in Hampang,South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This coaldeposit was occurred in the lower part of TanjungFormation in Barito Basin which is located alongthe bounder of southeast Schwaner Shield in SouthKalimantan. (Figure 1) and it was formed in theEarly Cenocoic(Witts D, dkk, 2014; HallandMourly, 2004, Hamilton, 1979 ; ; Hutchison,1989; Doustand Sumner, 2007. Based on Darmanand Sidi 2000, that this basin was separated fromAsem-Asem basin to the East by Meratus Mountainand from Kutai Basin to northby the flexure whichrelated toAdang Fault. The Barito basin has anarrow opening to the south towards the Java Seaand this basin has asymmetric basin, forming aforedeep in the eastern part as well as a platformapproaching the West Kalimantan Shield towardsthe west The older part of this basin is TanjungFormation (SiregarandSunaryo, 1980).

In the Late Cretaceous , the Barito Basincommenced its developmentdue to themicrocontinental collision between the Paternosterand South West Borneo microcontinents (Metcalfe,1996; Satyana, 1996). The extensional deformationformed in the Early-Tertiary as a tectonicconsequence of the oblique convergence produce aseries of North West-SE trending rifts. These riftsas accommodation space for alluvial fan andlacustrine deposit in the lower part of TanjungFormation which is derived from horst area. As theresult of sea transgression , the sediments riftbecame more fluviodeltaic in the early of MiddleEocene and eventually marine

Subsequently the marine transgressionsubmerged the rifts in the Late Eocene-earliestOligocene time , resulting the deposition of marineshale of the Upper Tanjung Formation.

In the Late Oligocene is characterized by thedeposition platform carbonate of Berai Formation(Figure 2) and continue to Early Miocene The sea

level was relatively dropped during the Mioceneasa consequence the uplift of the Schwaner Core andthe Meratus Mountain. The Meratus mountain re-emerged in the late Miocene, followed by theisostatic subsidence of the basin located in aforeland position relating to the uplift of themountain

Figure 1 The Setting Tectonic of Kalimantan(Modified from DarmandanSidi , 2000)

The rising of the MeratusMountain continuedinto the Pleistocene and the occurrence of thedeposition ofmollasic-deltaic sediments of thePliocene Dahor Formation.

Stratigraphy

Regionally the location of research area is apart into Barito Basin (Figure1) and based onGeological Map issued by Reserach andDevelopment Center for Geology (P3G) , that this

Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015

61

research area fall into Sampanahan sheet 18130(Figure. 3)

Figure 2 Stratigraphy of Barito Basin

(Satyana, A.H, 1994)

The basement rock of Barito basin is Pra-Tertiary rock consisted the interbedded of igneousrock , andesite rock as well as metamorphic rockconsisted the interbedded of shale, with finesandstone until coarse sandstone inserted withconglomerate and breccia. On the top of this PraTertiary rock was deposited Tertiarysedimentaryrock consisted of older to younger rock.Contactbetween Pra-Tertiary rock and Tertiary sedimentaryrock is unconformity contact of age , but in someplaces was found unconformity contact of tectonic.The age of this Tertiary sis Eocene until Pleistocene

The formation in Barito Basin consisted of :

1. Tanjung Formation, this Tanjung Formationwas located unconformity on the top ofbasement rock which is consisted of Pra-Tertiary .igneous rock and metamorphicrock and overlain with Berai FormationThis formation consisted of quartzsandstone which is interbedded withclaystone inserted with coal . Theenvironmental deposition from land toshallow marine and the age of this TanjungFormation is expected as Eocene.

2. Berai Formation,, thisBerai Formationconsisted of limestone, ricch of coral,foraminefera and algae and inserted ofmassive naphal as well as claystone, BeraiFormation was deposited conformity aboceTanjung Formation in the Oligocene untilLate Miocene.

Figure 3 Geological Map of Barito Basin(Modified from Heryanto, R.,et. al 19940)

3. Warukin Formation consisted of quartsandstone, claystone, shale, andconglomerate in the lower part as well asinserted coal and . The age of WarukinFormation is Middle-Miocene until Late-Miocene. Warukin Formation was depositedconformity in the upper part of BeraiFormation in the Middle –Miocene until inthe Early-Miocene . This WarukinFormation was deposited in paralicenvironment until delta in the regressionphase. Warukin Formation consisted ofquart sandstone, claystone, shale, andconglomerate in the lower part as well asinserted coal and . The age of WarukinFormation is Middle-Miocene until Late-Miocene. Warukin Formation was depositedconformity in the upper part of Berai

Gany, M.U., /ICG 2015

62

Formation in the Middle –Miocene until inthe Early-Miocene . This WarukinFormation was deposited in paralicenvironment until delta in the regressionphase.

4. Dahor Formation, this formation consistedof quartz sandstone and conglomeratecontaining quarsite fragment and basaltinterbeded with moderate-coarse, sandstone, locally with cross bedding structureinserted by claystone . Dagor Formationwas deposited un conformity in the upperpart of Warukin Formation in the Mio-Pliocene. This formation was deposited inthe paralic-laguna environment.

5. Alluvium Formation (QA) or QuarterSediment , this formation consisted ofAlluvium Formation (QA), quartersediment; this formation consisted of theresult of degradation of the older rock suchas material with gravel-clay particle sizewhich overlay unconformity in the upperpart of Dahor Formation. Alluviummaterial, generally, had been compacted orloose and contain a lot of organic materialand the depth until 25 meters.

Geological Structure of The Research AreaBased on the result of observation and the

measurement of strike and dip of the rock layerthat the geological structure obtained in this researcharea can be classifying into three types namely :fold, joint and fault structure

Coal Deposit

Coal deposit was obtained in the lower part ofTanjung Formation . The coal outcrop , generallyexposed in the bank of the river with interbeddedwith claystone and sandstone.

Sampling

Sampling were carried out in TanjungFormation in Barito Basin, South Kalimantan, inBarito basin which is consisted of Rock samplingand coal sampling.

Rock sampling

The purpose of this rock sampling is to supportgeological observation-data in the research area

relating to the distribution of rock in Tanjungformation. Rock sampling was carried out by takingsample in this research area with the total rocksampling are 13 rock samples. (Table 1 ).

Coal Sampling

The purpose of coal sampling is toidentify thecharacteristic and the qualityof coal samples. Coalsampling wascarried out in Central block andnorthblock of the research area. Coal sampling wastaken by channel method by making test pit andtook the samples by making channel in side of thetest pit and sampling coal was carried out in thechannel from the upper to the bottom of channel.

The total coal samples were taken in theresearch area consisted of 12 samples (Table 2).

Characterization of Rock and Coal Samples

To identify the characteristic of rock and coalsamples taken from research area, the preparationof rock and coal samples had been carried out beforeanalysing these samples in the laboratory.

The rock samples had been analysedin thelaboratory by petrographic and proximate analysiswhile the coal samples had been analysed with someanalysis consisted of proximate, FTIR, XRD,petrographic and AAS analysis

Table 1 Rock Sampling

No Samplingcode

Visually Discription

1 V Yellow colour2 IX C Dirty white colour3 XI Green white colour4 X2 Brown colour

5 IX E Gray green colour6 VI A1 Gray colour, bedded layer7 VIII D Dirty brown colour8 2 D Gray colour9 X3 Brown white colour

10 VIII B Gray white colour11 IV B Brown white colour12 XII A Dirty brown colour13 IX D Gray green colour

Result and discussion

Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015

63

The research area was carried out in Barito basin of

Tanjung Formation of, Hampang, Batulicin,

Kalimantan Province. The Barito basin is one of

Tertiary basin in Kalimantan which overlay

unconformity of basement rock and was overlain

unconformity by Berai Formation. This Tanjung

Formation consisted of interbedded with sandstone,

claystone, shale and limestone

Tabel 2 Coal Sampling

Geological SettingGenerally, the coal deposit in Tanjung

Formation relating to the deformation of Tertiarysedimentary basin (Paleogen-Neogenn) due to thecollision plate tectonic Eurasia, Hindia-Australiaand Pacific in the Cretacious time (Darman, H andSidi, F.H, 2000).

Based on the development of Tertiary tectonicSudarmono (1997, in Koesoemadinata, 2000) thatthe coal deposit in Indonesia can be classified into: EndapanbatubaraPaleogen (Eosen – Oligosen),danNeogen coal deposit (Late Oligosen – Miosen);

The coal deposit in Tanjung Formation can beclassified as Paleogen coal deposit or Late Eoceneuntil Early-Miocene. While in the tectonic-Stratigraphy setting , that the deposition inTanjung Formation (Koesomadinata, 2000) can beclassified as Paleogene Post–Rift Transgression

coal deposit deposited in stable platform in LateEocene until Early Miocene. The coal deposit inthis environment was deposited laterally

Based on the result of petrologic analysis tothe rock samples taken from research area (Table1) in Tanjung Formation indicated that rocksample of XA1 , XB1, IXC1, IX2, VIII B2, VIIID3, IXE, VA, 2D, and XII A are quartz sandstoneserpentinite, quartz wakce, quartz sandstone,carboneous shale, clay stone carrbooneus, quartzsandstone,carboneousclaystone,claystonerespectively. These rock samples were dominatedby sandstone, claystone and shale as the rocks ofTanjung Formation (IX D, XA1, IX 2 , VIII B2,VIII D3, IX E , 2 D, and XII A ). A part of theserock samples were inserted by carbon material(R1XE, RVIII B2, RVIIIB1 and RIX D) based onproximate analysis (Table 3). This phenomena waseffected by transgression process (Witt, 2013).

Characteristic of Coal Samples

Based on proximate analysis to the coalsamples (Table 7) consisted of moisture content,volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon can bedetermined the quality of coal samples both lowrank or high rank by calculating caloric value.

Table 3 Proximate Analysis of Rock Samples

To determine the caloric value of these samplescan be calculate based on Cmelin Formula (Katoh,K, 2007) :

Caloric value (Kcal /kg-ad) =

80 (100-(Ash+IM)-6 x K x IM

Gany, M.U., /ICG 2015

64

Remarks :

Ash (%-ad),IM (Inherent Moisture-% ad)K – Coefficient (Table 4)

To determine the quality of coal is to use theclassification of coal rank based on JISClassification (M—1002-1979) after havingconverted caloric value-adb to caloric value-daf byusing formula (Table 5)

100

=

100- (IM-ad +Ash-ad)

Table4Coefficient Value for Caloric value Calculation

No. Inherent Moisture

(%-ad)

Coefficient

1 <3 -4

2 3-4.5 6

3 4.5-8.5 12

4 8.5-12 10

5 12-20 8

6 20-28 6

7 >28 4

Based on the calculation of caloric valueconversion from air dry (ad) to dry ash free (daf) ,that the caloric value of the coal samples can bedetermined ranging from 7.155,77 kcal/kg to8.121,013 kcal/kg(daf) and can be determined thequality (rank) of coal by using JIS coalclassification. The rank of coal samples based on theJIS coal classification ranging from Lignite, SubBituminous D, Sub-Bituminous E and Bituminous C(Table 6, 7).

Based on the FTIR analysis indicated that thehigher rank of coal (ABH II E) the lowerabsorption of OH compound (3841,9 - 3369,4 cm-

1), and the higher the absorption value of aromaticC-H compound (700, 1-912,3 cm-1) (Table 8, 9 andFigure 4). In the other hand the lower rank of(BMA) the higher absorption value of OH

Compound coal (3369,4; 3841,9 cm-1) and thelower of absorption value of aromatic C-Hcompound (794,6-752,2 cm-1) , (Table 8,9 andFigure 5).

Table 5. Report Basic of Coal Analysis

Table 6 Coal Classification Based on JIS Standard

Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015

65

Based on the analysis of XRD to the coalsamples indicated that higher coal rank (ABH II E)the less of mineral content (Figure 6,7) , in the otherhand the lower coal rank (ABH BMA), the higher ofmineral content in the coal. It means that the highercoal rank the less ash content in the coal and thelower rank of coal the higher content of ash content(Tsai, 1982, Nuroniah, 1997).Mineral content in the coal is a source ash contentdue to mineral content in the coal will become ashas son as the coal is burnt. (Tsai, SC, 1980).

Tabel7 The coal quality and rank in TanjungFormation

Table 8 The Absorption Value of OH Compound of CoalByFTIR Analysis

No Coal sample Absorption value(Cm-1)

Intensity

1 BMA 3406.1 Strong2 X 3620.1-3691.5 Strrong3 II E 3841.9 Weak4 I A 3618.2 Weak5 II Cek 3618.2-3691.5 Weak6 VA 3620.1-3691.5 Weak7 VIA 3620.1-3691.5 Weak8 VII 3620.1-3691.5 Weak9 IXA 3622.1-3691.5 Weak

10 IV 3620.1-3691.5 Weak11 XIA 3618.2-3691.5 Strong12 III 3620.1-3691.5 Moderate

Table 9 The Absorption Value of aromatic C-H compound ofCoal By FTIR Analysis

No Coal sample Absorption value(Cm-1)

Intensity

1 BMA 694.3-796.5 Weak2 X 692.4-794.6 Weak3 II E 700.1-8.15.8 strong4 I A 750.3-815.8 Strong5 II Cek 752.2-914.2 Moderate6 VA 692.4-875.6 Strong7 VIA 690.0-815.6 Moderate8 VII 694.3-815.8 Moderate9 IXA 694.3-796.5 Weak

10 IV 692.4-794.6 Weak11 XIA 692.4-817.8 Moderate12 III 692.4-815.8 Moderate

Figure 4 Curve FTIR analysis of CoalSample ABH II E

Gany, M.U., /ICG 2015

66

Figure5 Curve FTIR analysis of Coal Sample ABH BMA

Figure 6Diffractogram of coal Sample (ABH II E) by XRDAnalysis

Figure 7 Diffractogram of coal Sample (ABH BMA II E) byXRD Analysis

Conclusion

Based on previously discussion, someconclussion can be drawn

1. The research area in TanjungFormation) located in Barito basinwhich is one of Tertiary basin inKalimantan which overlayunconformity of basement rock andwas overlain unconformity by BeraiFormation. This Tanjung Formationconsisted of interbedded withsandstone, clay stone, shale andlimestone.

2. The coal deposit in Tanjung Formationcan be classified as Paleogen coaldeposit or Late Eocene until Early-Miocene. While in the tectonic-Stratigraphy setting , that the depositionin Tanjung Formation can be classifiedas Paleogene Post–Rift Transgressioncoal deposit deposited in stableplatform in Late Eocene until Early.

3. Based on the result of petrologicalanalysis to the rock samples taken fromresearch area in Tanjung weredominated by sandstone, claystone andshale as the rocks of TanjungFormation (IX D, XA1, IX 2 , VIII B2,VIII D3, IX E , 2 D, and XII A ). Apart of these rock samples wereinserted by carbon material (R1XE,RVIII B2, RVIIIB1 and RIX D) basedon proximate analysis which waseffected by transgression process.

4. Based on the coal classification by JISstandard, that coal classification inTanjung Formation consisted ofLignite, Sub Bituminous E and D andBituminous Rank C.

5. Based on FTIR analysis that thehigher rank of coal the lowerabsorption value of OH compound andthe higher absorption value ofAromatic CH compound and in theother hand the lower rank of coal thehigher absorption value of OHcompound and the lower absorptionvalue of aromatic CH compound.

6. Based on XRD analysis that the higherthe quality of coal the less mineralcontent in the coal and in the otherhand the lower rank of coal the highercontent of mineral due to mineralcontent is a source of ash content whichis effected the quality of coal.

AcknowledgmentsWe convey the best thank to my colleague who

help me during we carried out the research both inthe laboratory and the field especially to Sri IndartoJaka , Atet, Nita, Eki (the official of ResearchCenter for Geotechnology)-Indonesian Institute ofSciences LIPI Bandung.

Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015

67

RefrencesAnnual Book of ASTM Standards, 1977., Annual Book of

ASTM Standards, 1977. Gaseous Fuels Coal, andCoke Atmospheric Analysis. American Society forTesting Materials, Philadelphia.

Darman H., Sidi, F.H., 2000. An Outline of The Geology ofIndoonesia. Indonesian Association of Geologists(Ikatan Ahli Geoloogi Indonesia-IAGI), Jakarta.

Hamilton W., 1974. Tectonic of The Indonesian Region.Geological Survey, Provesional Paper, 1078,Washinton.

Katoh, K., 2007. Guide Book of Thermal Coal. IndonesianCoal Mining Assosiation (APBI-ICMA).

Leonard, J.W., 1988. Coal preparation .The American Instituteof Mining, Metallurgical and Petrolium Engineers,Inc, New York.

Metcalfe, 1996. Pre-Cretaceous Evolution of Southeast AsiaTerrane in Hall, R & Blundell, J.P (EAS) TectonicEvolution of Southeast Asia. Geological SocietySpecial Publication No.106.

Muchjidin., 2006. PengendalianMutudalamIndustriBatubara.PenerbitInstitutTeknologi Bandung (ITB).Bandung.

Nuroniah, N., Komarudin., Kosasih., E., Hernawati, T.,1993. PengkajianPenurunan Kadar AbudanBlerangdalam Batubara SulawesiSelatan.PusatPenelitiandanPengembanganTeknologiMinral Batubara Bandug.

Painter, P.C., Synder, R.W., Starsinic, M., Coleman, M.M., andDavis, A., 1981 Concernig the Application of FTIR tothe Study of Coal : a Critical Assessment of BandAssignment and the Application of Spectral AnalysisPrograms, Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 35,Number 5, 1981.

PusatSumberdaya Geologi, 2008. Potensi Sumberdaya BatubaraIndonesia, Kementerian Energi dan SumberdayaMineral.

Satyana, A.H., 1996. Adang-Lupar Fault, Kalimantan :Controversies and New Observation on The Trans-Kalimantan Megashear. In : Proceeding of IndonesianAssociation of Geologist, 25th Annual Convention,PetroleumAssociation, 24th Annual Convention

Silverstein, 2002.Identification of Organic Compound. 3ndEdition, New York: Jhon Wiley & Sons LTD.

Siregar, M.S., Sunaryo, R., 1980. Depositional Environmentand Hydrocarbon Prospect, Tanjung Formation,Barito Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia.IndonesianPetrolium Association.In : Proceedings 9th AnnualConvention.pp 379-400. Depositional Environmentand Hydrocarbon

Tsai, S.C., 1982 Foundamentals of Coal Beneficiation andUtilization. Oxford, Elsevier, Scientific PublishingCompany, Ansterdam, New York.

Witts, D. , Hall, R., Gary Nichols., G., Morle, R., 2012. ANew Depositional and Provenance Model forTanjungFormation, Barrito Basin Southeast Kalimantan,Indonesia. Journal of A Earth Sciences (56 (2012)-77-104. ELSEVIER.