THE

GEORGE WASHINGTONLAW REVIEW

NOVEMBER 2013

LAW AND DEMOCRACY: A SYMPOSIUM ON THE LAWGOVERNING OUR DEMOCRATIC PROCESS

FOREWORD

Political Law 1783

ESSAYS

Gender Unbound?

Voting Rules and Constitutional Law

The 2012 Voting Wars, Judicial Backstops,and the Resurrection of Bush v. Gore

The Year of the Super PAC

ARTICLES

Unfinished Business: Protecting VotingRights in the Twenty-First Century

Election Law Pleading

Separation of Campaign and State

Proposition 8 and the Mormon Church:A Case Study in Donor Disclosure

1799

1836

1865

Spencer Overton

Kareem Crayton

Edward B. Foley

Richard L. Hasen

1902 Michael S. Kang

1928 Gilda R. Daniels

1966

2038

2108

Joshua A. Douglas

Bradley A. Smith

Monica Youn

Copyright @ 2013 by THE GEORGE WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW

VOLUME 81 NUMBER 6

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THE

GEORGE WASHINGTONLAW REVIEW

BOARD OF EDITORS2012-2013

CHARLES H. DAVISEditor-in-Chief

NICOLE DURKINSenior Managing Editor

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ELIZABETH HAGERTYSenior Notes Editor

Z. LILY RUDYProduction Editor

CORY BILTONSARAH A. FREUDENHAYLEY HOFFMAN

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Scorr RICHARDSONArticles Editors

RACHEL ADAMSELIZABETH CAMERON

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JESSICA L. BAYLESJULIA JARRETTTIMOTHY Q. Li

PAUL SWAINManaging Editors

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DEREK A. WOODMANANDREW ZuTz

The George Washington UniversityLaw School

2012-2013Officers of AdministrationSteven Knapp, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., President of the UniversityGregory E. Maggs, A.B., J.D., Interim Dean of the Law SchoolChristopher Bracey, B.S., J.D., Senior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsRende Y. DeVigne, B.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Academic DevelopmentPhyllis Goldfarb, B.A., Ed.M., J.D., LL.M., Associate Dean for Clinical AffairsDaniel I. Gordon, B.A., M. Phil., J.D., Associate Dean for Government Procurement Law

StudiesSusan L. Karamanian, B.S., B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for International and Comparative

Legal StudiesHank R. Molinengo, B.A., J.D., LL.M, Associate Dean for Administrative AffairsMonica E. Monroe, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean of StudentsCarole Montgomery, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Career DevelopmentAlan B. Morrison, B.A., LL.B., Lerner Family Associate Dean for Public Interest/Public

Service LawLeRoy C. (Lee) Paddock, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Environmental Law StudiesScott B. Pagel, B.A., M.A. in L.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Information Services; Director of

the Law LibraryAbraham Pollack, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Professional Development and Career

StrategyAlfreda Robinson, B.A., M.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Trial AdvocacyLisa M. Schenck, B.A., M.P.A., J.D., LL.M., J.S.D., Associate Dean for Academic AffairsSophia Sim, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Admissions and Financial AidPeter J. Smith, B.A., J.D., Associate Dean for Research and Faculty DevelopmentJohn M. Whealan, B.S., M.S., J.D., Associate Dean for Intellectual Property Law StudiesDavid M. Johnson, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean for Public Interest and Public Service LawRobin L. Juni, B.A., J.D., Assistant Dean for Student AffairsJessica Tillipman, B.S., J.D., Assistant Dean for Field PlacementMike Briggs, Director of Information SystemsRichard Collins, B.S., Executive Director of Law AdvancementElizabeth H. Field, B.A., M.B.A., Director of Strategic Communications and MarketingFred R. Hahndorf, B.S., M.S., Director of Finance, Personnel, and LogisticsNancy B. LaMotta, B.A., M.A., Director of Financial AidRosanne L. O'Hara, B.A., M.S.Ed., Director of Academic Support ServicesMichael P. Ryan, M.A., Ph.D., Director of the Creative and Innovative Economy CenterJoSie Shelby-Wilson, B.A., Director of Admissions

Jacob Burns Law LibraryJennie C. Meade, B.A., M.A., M.S.L.S., J.D., Director of Special CollectionsVirginia M. Bryant, B.A., M.L.S., Assistant Director for Technical ServicesLeslie A. Lee, B.A., J.D., M.L.S., Assistant Director for AdministrationDeborah Norwood, B.A., J.D., M. Law Libr., Assistant Director for Public ServicesChristopher C. Reed, B.A., J.D., M.S.L.S., Assistant Director for Information ServicesSusan E. Chinoransky, B.A., M.L.S., Head of Serials and ProcessingNicole Evans Harris, B.A., J.D., M.L.I.S., Assistant Director for Information ServicesLesliediana Jones, B.A., J.D., M.L.S., Head of Document ServicesGermaine L. Leahy, B.A., M.L.S., Head of Reference/Environmental LibrarianIris Lee, B.A., M.L.S., J.D., Head of Collection ServicesTrina R. Robinson, B.A., J.D., M.L.I.S., Head of AcquisitionsLawrence Ross, B.A., M.S.L.I.S., J.D., Head of Instructional and Media ServicesGordon Van Pielt, B.B.A., M.L.I.S., Senior Cataloging LibrarianRobert Bratton, B.A., M.L.S., Cataloging LibrarianLori Fossum, B.S., M.A., M.A., M.A., J.D., Reference/National Security & U.S. Foreign

Relations LibrarianJennifer Fritz, B.M.M.E., M.L.I.S., Systems LibrarianMary Kate Hunter, A.B., J.D.IB.C.L., M.S.L.I.S., Reference/Government Contracts LibrarianKenneth J. Rodriguez, B.A., M.A., M.S.L.I.S., J.D., Reference/Intellectual Property Law

LibrarianNicholas Stark, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.S., Reference LibrarianHerb Somers, B.A., J.D., M.S.L.I.S., Reference/International & Foreign Law Librarian

Robert 0. Steele, B.S., B.A., M.A., Ph.D., M.L.S., Cataloging LibrarianKaren M. Wahl, B.A., M.L.S., J.D., Reference and Legal History & Rare Books Librarian

Emeriti FacultyJames Phillip Chandler, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor Emeritus of LawLynn E. Cunningham, B.A., B.D., J.D., Professor Emeritus of Clinical LawCharles Thomas Dienes, B.S., J.D., Ph.D., Lyle T. Alverson Professor Emeritus of LawAnita Kessler Head, Lic.iur., M.S. in L.S., Professor Emeritus of LawCarol L. Izumi, B.A., J.D., Professor Emeritus of Clinical LawJohn Jenkins, B.A., J.D., M.A., Senior Associate Dean Emeritus of LawGerald P. Johnston, B.A., LL.B., Professor Emeritus of LawFrederick J. Lees, B.A., J.D., E.K. Gubin Professor Emeritus of Government Contracts LawIra C. Lupu, B.A., J.D., F. Elwood and Eleanor Davis Professor Emeritus of LawRalph Clarke Nash, Jr., A.B., J.D., Professor Emeritus of LawWilliam H. Painter, B.A., J.D., Theodore Rinehart Professor Emeritus of Business LawRobert E. Park, B.S., B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor Emeritus of LawMaximilian Pock, J.D., S.J.D., Professor Emeritus of LawArnold W. Reitze Jr., B.A., J.D., M.P.H., J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor Emeritus of

Environmental LawDavid Robinson, Jr., B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor Emeritus of LawLewis Aaron Schiller, B.A., LL.B., M.A., Professor Emeritus of LawTeresa Moran Schwartz, B.A., J.D., J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor Emeritus of Public

Interest LawDavid James Sharpe, B.A., LL.B., S.J.D., Professor Emeritus of LawEric Scott Sirulnik, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor Emeritus of LawLewis D. Solomon, B.A., J.D., Theodore Rinehart Professor Emeritus of Business LawJames E. Starts, B.A., LL.B., LL.M., Professor of Law and of Forensic Sciences; David B.

Weaver Research Professor of LawJoan H. Strand, B.A., J.D., Professor Emeritus in Residence of Clinical LawDavid Benson Weaver, B.A., J.D., Professor Emeritus of LawGlen Earl Weston, B.S., J.D., Oppenheim Professor Emeritus of Antitrust and Trade

Regulation LawLuize E. Zubrow, B.A., J.D., Professor Emeritus of Law

Full-Time and Visiting Faculty and AdministratorsMichael B. Abramowicz, B.A., J.D., Professor of LawMartin J. Adelman, B.A., M.S., J.D., Theodore and James Pedas Family Professor of

Intellectual Property and Technology Law; Co-Director of the Intellectual Property LawProgram; Co-Director of the Dean Dinwoodey Center for Intellectual Property Studies

John F. Banzhaf III, B.S.E.E., J.D., Professor of LawJerome A. Barron, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Harold H. Greene Professor of LawAlberto M. Benitez, B.A., J.D., Professor of Clinical LawPaul Schiff Berman, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law; Manatt/Ahn Professor of LawFrancesca Bignami, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., Professor of LawCarl Thomas Bogus, A.B., J.D., Visiting Professor of LawChristopher Bracey, B.S., J.D., Professor of Law, Senior Associate Dean for Academic AffairsDonald Braman, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., Associate Professor of LawRobert Brauneis, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law; Co-Director of the Intellectual Property Law

Program; Co-Director of the Dean Dinwoodey Center for Intellectual Property Studies;Member, Managing Board, Munich Intellectual Property Law Center

Eleanor Marie Brown, B.S., M.Phil., J.D., Associate Professor of LawKaren B. Brown, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Donald Phillip Rothschild Research Professor of LawNeil H. Buchanan, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., Professor of LawThomas Buergenthal, B.A., J.D., LL.M., S.J.D., Lobingier Professor of Comparative Law and

JurisprudenceJay Alexander Hilton Butler, B.A., B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of LawNaomi R. Cahn, A.B., J.D., LL.M., Harold H. Greene Professor of LawArturo Carrillo, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Clinical LawW. Burlette Carter, B.A., J.D., Professor of LawSteve Charnovitz, B.A., J.D., M.P.P., Associate Professor of LawMary M. Cheb, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professor of Law; Elyce Zenoff Research Professor of LawBradford R. Clark, B.A., J.D., William Cranch Research Professor of LawJessica L. Clark, B.A., M.S., J.D., Associate Professor of Legal Research and Writing;

Associate Director of the Legal Research and Writing Program; Co-Director of the ScholarlyWriting Program

Donald C. Clarke, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., David Weaver Research Professor of LawThomas Colby, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law

Robert J. Cottrol, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., Professor of Law, of History, and of Sociology; HaroldPaul Green Research Professor of Law

Nancy J. Craig, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Clinical Law and Friedman FellowCharles B. Craver, B.S., M.I.L.R., J.D., Freda H. Alverson Professor of LawLawrence A. Cunningham, B.A., J.D., Henry St. George Tucker III Research Professor of

Law; Director, C-LEAF in New YorkChristy Hallam DeSanctis, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professor of Legal Research and Writing;

Director of the Legal Research and Writing ProgramRende Y. DeVigne, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Associate Dean for Academic

AffairsLaura A. Dickinson, A.B., J.D., Oswald Symister Colclough Research Professor of LawLisa M. Fairfax, B.A., J.D., Leroy Sorenson Merrifeld Research Professor of Law; Director of

Conference Programs, C-LEAFRoger Anthony Fairfax, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professor of LawWyatt A. Feeler, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Law and Friedman FellowDavid Fontana, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of LawJack Harlan Friedenthal, B.A., J.D., Howrey Professor of Trial Advocacy, Litigation, and

Professional ResponsibilityTheresa A. Gabaldon, B.S., J.D., Lyle T. Alverson Professor of Law; Director of Academic

Programs and Administration, C-LEAFMiriam Galston, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., Associate Professor of LawIselin Magdelene Gambert, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Legal Research and WritingKristelia A. Garcfa, B.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of LawRobert L. Glicksman, B.A., M.A., J.D., J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of

Environmental LawPhyllis Goldfarb, B.A., Ed.M., J.D., LL.M., Jacob Burns Foundation Professor of Clinical

Law; Associate Dean for Clinical AffairsDaniel I. Gordon, B.A., M. Phil., J.D., Associate Dean for Government Procurement Law

StudiesJeffrey S. Gutman, B.A., J.D., Professor of Clinical LawSuzanne H. Jackson, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Law; Director of Health Rights

Law ClinicDavid M. Johnson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Assistant Dean for Public

Interest/Public Service Law; Director of Advocacy ProgramsSusan R. Jones, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professor of Clinical LawRobin L. Juni, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Assistant Dean for Student AffairsSusan L. Karamanian, B.S., B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Associate Dean for

International and Comparative Legal StudiesOrin S. Kerr, B.S.E., M.S., J.D., Fred C. Stevenson Research Professor of LawF. Scott Kieff, B.S., J.D., Fred C. Stevenson Research Professor of Law; Director of Planning

and Publications, C-LEAFLaird Kirkpatrick, B.A., J.D., Louis Harkey Mayo Research Professor of LawLaurie S. Kohn, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Associate Professor of Clinical LawWilliam E. Kovacic, B.A., J.D., Global Competition Professor of Law and Policy; Professor of

Law; Director, Competition Law CenterJacqueline Lainez, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Visiting Professor of Clinical Law and Friedman FellowJennifer M. Leer, B.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of Legal Research and WritingCynthia Lee, B.A., J.D., Charles Kennedy Poe Research Professor of LawRen6e Lettow Lerner, B.A., M.Litt., J.D., Associate Professor of LawGregory E. Maggs, A.B., J.D., Professor of Law; Co-Director, National Security and U.S.

Foreign Relations Law Program; Interim Dean of the Law SchoolJeffrey Manns, B.A., D.Phil., J.D., Associate Professor of LawMaeva Marcus, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Research Professor of Law; Director of the Institute for

Constitutional HistoryJoan S. Meier, B.A., J.D., Professor of Clinical LawPeter H. Meyers, B.A., J.D., Professor of Clinical LawDalia Tsuk Mitchell, LL.B., M. Phil., LL.M., S.J.D., Professor of Law and of HistoryMonica E. Monroe, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Associate Dean for Student

AffairsThomas D. Morgan, B.A., J.D., Oppenheim Professor of Antitrust and Trade Regulation LawAlan B. Morrison, B.A., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Lerner Family Associate Dean

for Public Interest and Public Service LawSean D. Murphy, B.A., J.D., LL.M., S.J.D., Patricia Roberts Harris Research Professor of LawKriston D. Neely, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Clinical Law and Public Interest

FellowDawn C. Nunziato, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professor of LawSean Martin O'Connor, B.A., M.A., J.D., Visiting Professor of LawAnne K. Olesen, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professor of Clinical LawSpencer A. Overton, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law

LeRoy C. (Lee) Paddock, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer of Law; Associate Dean forEnvironmental Studies

Scott B. Pagel, B.A., M.A.L.S., J.D., Professor of Law; Director of the Law Library; AssociateDean for Information Services

Todd D. Peterson, B.A., J.D., Professor of LawRichard J. Pierce, Jr., B.S., J.D., Lyle T Alverson Professor of LawPeter Raven-Hansen, B.A., J.D., Glen Earl Weston Research Professor of Law; Co-Director,

National Security and U.S. Foreign Relations Law ProgramAlfreda Robinson, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Associate Dean for Trial

Advocacy; Co-Director of the Litigation and Dispute Resolution ProgramCaroline Rogus, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Clinical Law and Friedman FellowJeffrey Rosen, B.A., B.A., J.D., Professor of LawCatherine J. Ross, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., Professor of LawStephen A. Saltzburg, B.A., J.D., Wallace and Beverley Woodbury University Professor of

Law; Co-Director of the Litigation and Dispute Resolution ProgramJoan E. Schaffner, B.S., M.S., J.D., Associate Professor of LawRoger E. Schechter, B.A., J.D., Professor of LawLisa M. Schenck, B.A., M.P.A., J.D., LL.M., LL.M., J.S.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law;

Associate Dean for Academic AffairsNaomi Schoenbaum, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of LawThomas J. Schoenbaum, B.A., J.D., Research Professor of LawSteven L. Schooner, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Nash and Cibinic Professor of Government

Procurement Law; Co-Director of the Government Procurement Law ProgramJoshua I. Schwartz, B.A., J.D., M.R.P., E.K. Gubin Professor of Government Contracts Law;

Co-Director of the Government Procurement Law Program; Faculty Chair of thePresidential Merit Scholars Program

Michael Selmi, B.A., J.D., Samuel Tyler Research ProfessorErin L. Sheley, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate ProfessorDinah L. Shelton, B.A., J.D., Manatt/Ahn Professor of International LawJonathan R. Siegel, B.A., J.D., F Elwood and Eleanor Davis Research Professor of LawAnne M. Smetak, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Law and Friedman FellowPeter J. Smith, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law; Associate Dean for Research and Faculty

DevelopmentDaniel Justin Solove, B.A., J.D., John Marshall Harlan Research Professor of LawJohn A. Spanogle, Jr., B.S.E., J.D., William Wallace Kirkpatrick Research Professor of LawJessica K. Steinberg, B.A., J.D., Associate Professor of Clinical LawRalph G. Steinhardt, B.A., J.D., Professor of Law and International Affairs; Arthur Selwyn

Miller Research Professor of LawSonia M. Suter, B.A., M.S., J.D., Professor of LawEdward T. Swaine, B.A., J.D., Professor of LawKaren Da Ponte Thornton, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Associate Professor of Legal Research and

Writing; Coordinator of the Scholarly Writing ProgramJessica Tillipman, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law; Assistant Dean for Field PlacementRoger H. Trangsrud, B.A., J.D., James F. Humphreys Professor of Complex Litigation and

Civil ProcedureJonathan Turley, B.A., J.D., J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of Public Interest Law;

Director of the Environmental Law Advocacy Center; Executive Director, Project for OlderPrisoners

Robert W. Tuttle, B.A., M.A., J.D., Ph.D., Professor of Law; David R. and Sherry KirschnerBerz Research Professor of Law and Religion

Jessica A. Wentz, B.A., J.D., Visiting Associate Professor of Law and Environmental ProgramFellow

John M. Whealan, B.S., M.S., J.D., Member, Intellectual Property Advisory Board; AssociateDean for Intellectual Property Law Studies; Director of the Intellectual Property LawProgram

Arthur E. Wilmarth, Jr., B.A., J.D., Professor of Law; Executive Director, C-LEAFChristopher R. Yukins, B.A., J.D., Professor of Government Contracts Law; Co-Director of

the Government Procurement Law Program

Part-Time FacultyErnest B. Abbott, B.A., J.D., M.P.P., Professorial Lecturer in LawHdeel Abdelhady, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAva J. Abramowitz, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawS. Craig Alexander, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStanimir A. Alexandrov, J.D., LL.M., S.J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawFathalla Al-Meswari, LL.B., M.C.J., LL.M., S.J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEric Steven Angel, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGeoffrey Aronow, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRoy Leslie Austin, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

Jeffrey Axeirad, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDonald I. Baker, B.A., B.A., M.A., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in LawJack S. Barufka, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael St. Patrick Baxter, LL.B., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Ronna Lee Beck, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Benowitz, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoseph Berl, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Hal Bernstein, B.A., M.Sc., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStephen Best, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawWayne Blackmon, B.S., M.D., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawNathaniel Blain Bolin, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawNoah David Bookbinder, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEzio Eugenio Borchini, B.S., M.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawRonald Joseph Borro, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Nicholas Bowen, B.S., J.D., LL.M., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawSamuel B. Boxerman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoshua E. Braunstein, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPatricia A. Broderick, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKenneth W. Brothers, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLarry Brown, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLeslie Brown, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid E. Brunori, B.A., M.A., J.D., Research Professor of Public Policy; Professorial Lecturer

in LawScott A. Bryant, J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn A. Buchman, B.S.F.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLori Eden Burgess, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJustyna Beckwith Burr, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Calabrese, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCharles Henry Camp, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable John McLaughlin Campbell, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBurrus M. Carnahan, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawScott Castle, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawRosa Celorio, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid K. Cohen, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawWayne R. Cohen, B.B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMelissa Fay Colangelo, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJudith Conti, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas F. Cooney III, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCathy A. Costantino, B.A., M.S.W., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPolly Craighill, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoyce Craig-Rient, B.S., M.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn R. Crook, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawHoward Crystal, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRichard J. Cummins, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Edward Damich, B.A., J.D., LL.M., S.J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawHarold J. Datz, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawWilliam Davis, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDanya Ariel Dayson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas J. DePaso, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKeith William Diener, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawKris Dighe, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCharles E. DiLeva, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDonna M. Downing, B.A., M.P.P., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawMegan Brady Doyle, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGeoff Drucker, B.A., J.D., M.S., Professorial Lecturer in LawKaitlin Rose Dunne, Professorial Lecturer in LawDonald Robert Dunner, B.S.Ch.E., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael Dzwonczyk, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEthan Carson Eddy, B.A., J.D., M.P.H., Professorial Lecturer in LawJane Moretz Edmisten, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAndrew Effron, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRandall D. Eliason, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawTim English, B.A., M.Ed., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPaul Enzinna, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Theodore R. Essex, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawShamita D. Etienne-Cummings, B.S.E.E., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawNorman L. Eule, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLesley Fair, A.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJames H. Falk, Sr., B.S., B.A., LL.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawWilliam J. Farah, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

Deborah W. Feinstein, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPhil T. Feola, B.A., M.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGeorge Ferko, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBrian Edward Finch, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAnne Finken, B.A., M.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSpencer Fisher, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Freestone, LL.B., LL.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawLeon Fresco, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoshua Edward Gardner, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAram A. Gavoor, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawSharon Wilson Geno, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawAndrew George, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBart A. Gerstenblith, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawFaris Edmund Ghareeb, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawFrancis A. Gilligan, B.A., J.D., LL.M., S.J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStuart M. Ginsberg, B.A., D.M.D., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAitan D. Goelman, B.A., J.D., Lecturer in LawJanel Gongola, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCarl Frederick Goodman, B.B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawTimothy Goodman, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLarry Andrew Gordon, B.S., M.C.P., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAmy Hawkins Granger, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRichard Gray, B.A., B.S.E.E., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSusan Green, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJonathan L. Greenblatt, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Henry F. Greene, B.A., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable William P. Greene, Jr., B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGarry S. Grossman, A.B., M.Sc., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRoss M. Guberman, B.A., M.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMohammed Zakir Hafez, LL.M., S.J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawR. Tamar Hagler, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable James S. Halpern, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Adjunct Professor of LawJohn K. Han, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJeanne M. Hauch, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMatthew Alan Haynie, B.A., M.Litt., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawHenry Hertzfeld, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn Hinton, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawTheodore Charles Hirt, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAdam S. Hoffinger, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEileen Barkas Hoffman, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn Beadle Holt, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJonathan Hooks, A.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJames E. Hopenfeld, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Marian Blank Horn, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawM. Robb Hyde, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoseph A. Hynds, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Craig S. Iscoe, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawGerald F. Ivey, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKetanji Jackson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDebra Jacobson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawHugh Scott Johnson, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid S. Jonas, B.A., J.D., LL.M., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawDaniel C. Jordan, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawErin Josendale, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Brian Kacedon, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEdward Kang, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJill Kasle, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKristine Bridget Kassekert, M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawNathan Kelley, B.S.E.E., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawScott Kenney, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMeaghan Kent, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMaria C. Kersten, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAyman Khaleq, LL.B., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawHamid Khan, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPrashant Khetan, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Warren King, B.A.E., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawStephen D. Knight, B.A., J.D., Herman Professorial Lecturer in Government Contracts LawDiana Michelle Krevor, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKenneth J. Kryvoruka, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawMelissa A. Kucinski, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

Kathryn Leighann Lannon, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas D. Lasich, B.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawNancy M. Lawrence, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawIris Lee, B.A., M.L.S., J.D., Head of Collection ServicesKirby W. Lee, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSabatino Leo, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Richard J. Leon, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawDouglas N. Letter, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael S. Levine, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawFrederic M. Levy, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLawrence R. Liebesman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawWilma Liebman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Denise R. Lind, B.A., J.D., LL.M., LL.M., M.S., Professorial Lecturer in LawHenry M. Lloyd, B.A., B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMarguerite Lloyd, B.A., M.A., J.D., M.P.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn H. Longwell, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAlan J. LoRe, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSusan Carney Lynch, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.P.H., Professorial Lecturer in LawLeslie Machado, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEdward R. Mackiewicz, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobin M. Maher, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert Mahini, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn J. Mahon, B.S.B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJennifer Lee Mascott, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael J. Matheson, B.A., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in LawEric J. Maurer, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMarc S. Mayerson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKenneth McCracken, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJames Peyton McCrary, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBrooke McDonough, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawTimothy McIlmail, B.S.F.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRoderick R. McKelvie, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael J. McKeon, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDouglas McNamara, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawEric S. Medoff, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawDeneen Melander, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKenneth E. Melson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPatrick S. Menasco, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRonald V. Minionis, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichelle Morales, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJim Morgulec, B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawFrank C. Morris, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Gerald J. Mossinghoff, B.S.E.E., J.D., Armand and Irene Cifelli Professorial

Lecturer in LawThe Honorable John M. Mott, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas R. Mounteer, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawMark J. Nackman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawAnjali Nagpaul, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn F. Naughton, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawWilliam A. Nelson, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawCaroline Amy Newman, B.S., M.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLawrence M. Noble, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDeborah Norwood, B.A., J.D., M. Law Libr., Assistant Director for Public ServicesBarry M. Nudelman, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoseph Ronald Oliveri, A.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRalph Oman, B.A., J.D., Pravel, Hewitt, Kimball and Kreiger Professorial Lecturer in

Intellectual Property and Patent LawArielle Michelle Pacer, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert L. Palmer, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawPatrick Pearsall, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn Pendergrass, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLissa Marie Percopo, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawNancy Perry, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStephen Pershing, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKevin R. Peska, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAnnie Petsonk, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawTheodore L. Press, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBrian Michael Privor, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Randall R. Rader, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLisa Reid Ragen, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

Richard L. Rainey, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawZol Damon Rainey, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Michael Lee Rankin, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLarry E. Ray, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMark Redmiles, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJulie Reiley, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert T. Rhoad, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawKaren A. Rich, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDaniel Richard, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStephanie Ridder, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Henry duPont Ridgely, B.S., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJames D. Ridgway, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSusan M. Ringler, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLaurie Ann Ristino, B.A., J.D., M.P.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawAlexander Robbins, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStewart C. Robinson, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKenneth J. Robinson, B.A., M.A., M.S.L.I.S., J.D., Reference/Intellectual Property Librarian;

Professorial Lecturer in LawNatalie Gabrielle Roisman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMark E. Rosen, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawDaniel Joseph Rosenthal, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSara Rosenbaum, B.A., J.D., Harold and Jane Hirsh Professor of Health Law and Policy;Professorial Lecturer in LawJay Rosenthal, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawPaul Rosenzweig, B.A., M.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobin Rachel Runge, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawChristopher Michael Ryan, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMargaret A. Ryan, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKate Patricia Ryzoc, Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael Sanders, B.S., LL.B., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawTodd F. Sanders, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawChad T. Sarchio, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJames P. Schaller, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael N. Schlesinger, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCharles D. Schmitz, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Elliot Schreiber, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert A. Schwed, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMark L. Shaffer, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSue D. Sheridan, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawClifford John Shoemaker, J.D., M.B.A., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawAlan D. Sibarium, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRami Sibay, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJuliana Siconolfi, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawStacy Plotkin Silber, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas Joseph Simeone, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn Andrew Singer, B.A., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAnita Singh, B.A., B.S., M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawBrian D. Smith, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCorey J. Smith, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawDana Swartz Smith, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJack D. Smith, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Robert Smith, A.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJack Willard Snyder, B.S., M.D., J.D., M.F.S., M.P.H., Ph.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGary D. Solis, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Ph.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMatthew Charles Solomon, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKaren Stauss, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAndrew A. Steinberg, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawWilliam Steinman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRichard H. Stern, A.B., B.S.E.E., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in LawAndrew M. Stewart, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJoseph J.R. Straus, J.D., LL.B., Professorial Lecturer in Law and Marshall Coyne Visiting

Scholar in International LawSandra Lee Strokoff, B.A., J.D., M.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawD. Michael Stroud, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawCharles F. Stuart, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDwight H. Sullivan, B.A., M.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael J. Surgalla, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawLynn Sylvester, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawAlessandro Nicola Terenzoni, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael A. Terry, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

Brian M. Thavarajah, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Justice Clarence Thomas, A.B., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKathryn Todd, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRick Alyn Toering, B.S., M.Eng., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawSandy Ellingson Trimble, B.A., M.Ed., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn Cwong Truong, M.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawKimberley Turner, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMichael Underhill, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Ricardo M. Urbina, B.A., J.D., David E. Seidelson Professorial Lecturer in

Trial AdvocacyDaniel Waldman, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRyan Gabriel Wallach, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThomas F. Walls, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMarc Warren, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.S., Professorial Lecturer in LawCharles Wayne, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMax A. Webb, B.A., Ph.D., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Weinberg, A.B., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert L. Weinberg, B.A., LL.B., Ph.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawGreg Bradley Weinsheimer, B.A., J.D. Professorial Lecturer in LawDiana Wick, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawJenifer Wicks, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Rhonda Reid Winston, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawJohn P. Wintrol, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawLance D. Wood, B.A., J.D., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawThe Honorable Melvin R. Wright, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRaymond J. Wyrsch, B.A., J.D., LL.M., M.B.A., Professorial Lecturer in LawDavid Phillip Yaffe, B.A., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawRobert A. Youmans, B.A., J.D., M.P.A., LL.M., Professorial Lecturer in LawSteven Yu, B.A., M.D., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in LawMartin M. Zoltick, B.S., J.D., Professorial Lecturer in Law

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