Chapter 9: Global Perspectives on Selected Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases

Chapter 10: Global Perspectives on Diabetes and Respiratory and Orthopedic Chronic

Diseases

Chapter 11: Overview of Cancer

The Global Burden on Chronic (Non-communicable) Diseases

• In 2003 there was an estimated 56 million deaths worldwide

• 60% were caused by chronic non-communicable illnesses

• Global Alliance for Chronic Disease http://www.ga-cd.org/

Global Mortality RatesRefer to Table 9-1 page pg 237-240

United Nations World Health Organization Member States Grouped by Geographic Regions

and Mortality Strata(WHO, 2002)

What impacts Child and Adult

mortality?

Bolivia

Poverty• Poverty impacts longevity and subjects people to disease

in a variety of ways:

• Drink unclean water• Live in unsanitary conditions• Breathe air polluted by industrial emissions• Unclean fuels used for home heating and cooking• Contributing factor to mental stress• Family unit disintegration• Substance abuse• Excludes people for the educational process

Risk Factors

Age is a primary irreversible risk factor for chronic disease

developmentThe prevalence of these diseases inevitably increases within any

aging population

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

• Chronological Age• Genetic Predisposition and Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is an excess of fatty substances called lipids, largely cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood.

• Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis (Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening and loss of elasticity)

• Hypertension• Obesity• Diabetes Mellitus• Alcohol and Tobacco Use

Two of the most common chronic conditions affecting adults and children in every country:

• Diabetes• Asthma

What lifestyles and environmental and social risk factors contribute to the development or worsening of these ?

DIABETES•TYPES OF DIABETES: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes•It affects nearly every system of the body•Is a disorder of the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Age of Onset and Prevalence of Type 2 DiabetesA younger population has more recently been identified with type 2 diabetes and is increasing

• Overweight Children• Physical Inactivity

What are some prevention activities for

children?

ASTHMA“When you cannot breathe – nothing else matters”Asthma is a chronic episodic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of: WheezingBreathlessnessChest tightnessCoughing

ASTHMA•Diagnosis•Frequency and complexity of symptoms determines the degree of severity of asthma

• Mucus plug formation• Acute bronchoconstriction• Airway edema

•Asthma Treatment• Triggers

(environmental, exercise, cold….)

• Pharmacologic Treatments for Asthma

• Cost of Asthma Treatment

•Musculoskeletal Disorders

• Musculoskeletal diseases are the major cause of morbidity throughout the world

• Longer life expectancy• Very common

worldwide and include more than 150 different diseases and syndromes

Musculoskeletal DisordersThe main types are:

1. Rheumatoid arthritis

2. Osteoarthritis3. Osteoporosis4. Spinal disorders5. Major limb trauma6. Gout7. Fibromyalgia

In class assignmentResearch these Musculoskeletal Disorders

and share with the rest of the class the definition and impact of morbidity

Key Cancer and Public Health Concepts and DefinitionsCancer: Over 100 different diseases are covered by the term “cancer”

• Each has a unique profile in terms of the population at risk, symptoms and prognosis

• Increasing number of countries developing comprehensive cancer control programs• Increasing interest among international and national leaders and organizations in advocating for comprehensive policies• Increasing access to cancer control knowledge and best practice, which provides a good basis for advocacy

Comprehensive Cancer Control Approach

Cancer Burden refers to the size of a health problem in a

specified area 1. What is the global cancer

burden? Pg 301 & 308

2. What are the risk of getting cancer?

Pg 3023. What are the incidence of major cancers worldwide? Pg 3034. What are some global cancer prevention interventions? Pg 309-3115. What are examples of screenings for cancer? Pg 315-3216. Explain the expanding role of Cancer Registries. Pg 305-307

Cancer Care Considerations

•Goal is cure, prolongation of useful life, or improvement of quality of life

• Cancer Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

•Compilations of Cancer Information•National Comprehensive Cancer Network & Database http://www.health.gov/nhic/nhicscripts/Entry.cfm?HRCode=HR2859