the global experience

Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990–2014

36


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Figure 36.1 During more than three decades of brutal civil conflict, 200,000 Guatemalans

were killed or "disappeared," and more than a million were forced out of their homes. After a peace agreement was signed in 1996, a church

commission headed by Bishop Juan José Gerardi investigated the atrocities committed

during the civil war and issued a scathing report in which he found that 90 percent of the

abuses had been committed by the government. Two days later, the 75-year-old

bishop was bludgeoned to death. Here, throngs of mourners witness his funeral procession.


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Chapter Overview

I. The End of the Cold War

II. The Spread of Democracy

III.The Great Powers and New Disputes

IV.The United States as Sole Superpower


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TIMELINE 1980 C.E. to 2000 C.E.


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The End of the Cold War

• Factors in Soviet Decline

–Disintegration

– Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

• The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s

– Forced industrialization

– Environmental problems

– Infant mortality up

–Disease


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• The Age of Reform

–Mikhail Gorbachev

Reforms, 1985

• Nuclear reduction

• Missiles limited

• Withdraws from Afghanistan

Glasnost


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Figure 36.2 Early in his first administration, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Soviet

Union as the "Evil Empire" and showed little interest in cooperating in any way with Moscow. After the accession of Mikhail

Gorbachev, Reagan changed his attitude, and the two men worked closely to ease tensions

between the two great powers.


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• The Age of Reform

–Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestroika

• Foreign investment encouraged

• Military spending down

New constitution, 1988

Re-elected, 1990


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Figure 36.3 After 14 years of negotiations between McDonald's executives and Soviet government officials, the first McDonald's

restaurant opened in Moscow in 1990. Lines formed around the block to get a first taste of

the famous fast food.


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• Dismantling the Soviet Empire

–Eastern Europe

Soviet troops out

Bulgaria

• Free elections, 1989

Hungary, Poland

• New governments, 1988


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–Eastern Europe

Czechoslovakia

• New government, 1989

East Germany

• Communist leaders out, 1989

Berlin Wall falls, 1991

Bulgaria, Romania

• Communists keep some power


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–Ethnic struggles

–Yugoslavia breaks apart


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Figure 36.4 Breaching the Berlin Wall in 1989: West and East Germany meet.


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Map 40.1 Post–Soviet Union Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia by 1991

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the boundaries of eastern Europe and central Asia

were substantially redrawn.


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• Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s

–Gorbachev

Coup, 1991

Soviet Union dissolved by late 1991

Resigns

– Boris Yeltsin

Succeeds Gorbachev

Succeeded by Vladimir Putin


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Visualizing the PastSymbolism in the Breakdown of the Soviet

BlocAs part of the independence of the Baltic nation

of Latvia, crowds toppled Soviet symbols—in this case, a giant statue of Lenin—in 1991.


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The Spread of Democracy

• Patterns of Change

– Spain, Portugal, Greece

Democracies

– Latin America

All but Cuba by 2000

–Mexico

Non-PRI president

– South Korea, Taiwan

Democracy expanded


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– Philippines

New government

– South Africa

Apartheid ended

– Nigeria

Democratic government, 1999


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– Indonesia

End of authoritarian government

–Georgia, Ukraine

Democratic elections

– Uzbekistan

Democratization suppressed

– Saudi Arabia

Local elections


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– Kuwait

Women vote

– Palestine

Local elections

– Egypt

Opposition repressed


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• Democracy and its Limits

– China, North Korea, parts of Middle East, central Asia

– Beijing

Demonstrations, 1989, suppressed


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The Great Powers and New Disputes

• The Former Soviet Union

– Ethnic conflict

Chechnya

Armenia, Azerbaijan

Czechoslovakia splits

– Yugoslavia

–Orthodox Serbs

– Catholic Croats

– Serbs


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–Muslim Bosnians

– Slovenia, Croatia

Independent, 1991

– Serbs attack Croats, Muslims

NATO intervenes

Bosnia-Herzegovina recognized


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– Kosovo

NATO involvement

– Serbia, Montenegro

Replace Yugoslovia


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Map 40.2 The Implosion of Yugoslavia, 1991–2008

During the decade after 2000 Kosovo became autonomous with ultimate plans for nationhood

and Montenegro became a separate nation.


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• Endemic Conflicts

– Iraq and Iran

First U.S. Iraq War

Saddam Hussein

– Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990

Persian Gulf War, 1991

– Palestine and Israel

– India and Pakistan

Kashmir


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Figure 36.6 In the last decade of the 20th century, the specter of genocide returned to a century that had seen more examples of this

extreme form of violence against whole peoples than any other period in world history.

Genocide infected the Balkans and, as this picture shows, the nation of Rwanda in east

central Africa.


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Figure 36.7 In this cartoon from the Ottawa Citizen, Uncle Sam is portrayed as a vaudeville entertainer entirely absorbed in his act who is about to lose his place in the spotlight. In the

wings, China waits to go on. The "fifteen minutes" is a reference to American artist Andy

Warhol's much-quoted statement, "In the future everyone will be world-famous for fifteen

minutes." What feelings toward the United States does this cartoon express?

(© 2005 Cam Cardow: The Ottawa Citizen and Political Cartoons.com.)


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The United States as Sole Superpower

• The United States and Other Power Centers

– European Union (EU)

–George W. Bush

• Anti-American Terrorism and ResponseSeptember 11, 2001

– "War on Terror"

Afghanistan

Iraq


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Figure 36.8 At 10:05 on the morning of September 11, 2001, the south tower of the

World Trade Center collapsed after having been hit by a hijacked commercial plane. The north tower, shown here in flames, collapsed less

than half an hour later. This terrorist attack and the ensuing "War on Terror" changed the

course of history, not just in the United States, but around the world, as terrorism became the

focus of American foreign policy.


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Terrorism, Then and Now

• Terrorism is not unique to the late 20th century.

–Different motivation in the past

Anarchists

Radical Marxist programs

Struggle to liberate colonized peoples

• As in assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

–Often less lethal than violence from regimes in power


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Terrorism, Then and Now

• Differences

– Previously middle-aged operatives, now mainly young men

– Targets

Individuals in power vs. defenseless public

– Technology

Surveillance

Chemical warfare

• Radicalism

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