the great ukrainian famine of 1932-1933

8/13/2019 The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933

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The Real Stalin Series: Famine of 1932: FAMINE DID NOT OCCUR

For two years farming was dislocated, not, as often claimed, by Moscow's enforcement ofcollectivization but by the fact that local people eager to be first at the promised tractors, organized

collective farms three times as fast as the plan called for, setting up large-scale farming withoutmachines even without bookkeepers. In !"#-"" the whole land went hungry$ all food everywhere wasrigidly rationed. %It has been often called a famine which killed millions of people, but I visited thehungriest parts of the country and while I found a wide-spread suffering, I did not find, either inindividual villages or in the total &oviet census, evidence of the serious depopulation which famineimplies.&trong, (nna ). *he &oviets + pected It. ew ork, ew ork/ *he 0ial press, !1 , p. 2!

(s far back as late (ugust, !"", the ew 3epublic declared/4... the present harvest is undoubtedly the best in many years--some peasants report a heavier yield ofgrain than any of their forefathers had known4since 5"1. 6rain deliveries to the government are

proceeding at a very satisfactory rate and the price of bread has fallen sharply in the industrial towns ofthe 7kraine. In view these facts, the appeal of the 8ardinal (rchbishop 9Innitzer: of ;ienna forassistance for 3ussian famine victims seems to be a political maneuver against the &oviets.4(nd, contrary to wild stories told by 7krainian ationalist e iles about 43ussians4 eating plentifullywhile deliberately starving 4millions4 of 7krainians to death, the ew 3epublic notes that while bread

prices in 7kraine were falling, 4bread prices in Moscow have risen.4...It is a matter of some significance that 8ardinal Innitzer's allegations of famine-genocide were widely

promoted throughout the !"rganized (nti-&emitism in(merica, the !1 book e posing azi groups and activities in the pre-war 7nited &tates, 0onald

&trong notes that (merican fascist leader Father 8oughlin used azi propaganda material e tensively.*his included azi charges of 4atrocities by ?ew 8ommunists4 and verbatim portions of a 6oebbelsspeech referring to Innitzer's 4appeal of ?uly !"1, that millions of people were dying of hungerthroughout the &oviet 7nion.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. 1!-C

...&ir ?ohn Maynard, a former high schoolD official in the Indian government was a renowned e perton famines and relief measures. >n the basis of his e perience in 7kraine, he stated that the idea of " or1 million dead 4has passed into legend. (ny suggestion of a calamity comparable with the famine of!# - !## is, in the opinion of the present writer, who traveled through 7kraine and orth 8aucasus in?une and ?uly !"", unfounded.4 +ven as conservative a scholar as Earren Ealsh wrote in defense ofMaynard, his 4professional competence and personal integrity were beyond reasonable challenge.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C#

8old Ear confrontation, rather than historical truth and understanding, has motivated and characterizedthe famine-genocide campaign. +lements of fraud, anti-semitism, degenerate ationalism, fascism, and

pseudo- scholarship revealed in this critical e amination of certain key evidence presented in thecampaign...and historical background of the campaign's promoters underline this conclusion.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. ""
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7+&*I> / Is it true that during !"#-"" several million people were allowed to starve to death in the7kraine and orth 8aucasus because they were politically hostile to the &ovietsG( &E+3/ ot true. I visited several places in those regions during that period. *here was a seriousgrain shortage in the !"# harvest due chiefly to inefficiencies of the organizational period of the newlarge-scale mechanized farming among peasants unaccustomed to machines. *o this was addedsabotage by dispossessed kulaks, the leaving of the farms by million workers who went to new

industries, the cumulative effect of the world crisis in depressing the value of &oviet farm e ports, anda drought in five basic grain regions in !" . *he harvest of !"# was better than that of !" but wasnot all gathered$ on account of overoptimistic promises from rural districts, Moscow discovered theactual situation only in 0ecember when a considerable amount of grain was under snow.&trong, (nna )ouise. H&earching >ut the &oviets. ew 3epublic/ (ugust B, !"C, p. "C2

>pposing the tendency of many 8ommunists to blame the peasants, &talin said/ 4Ee 8ommunists areto blame4--for not foreseeing and preventing the difficulties. &everal organizational measures were atonce put into action to meet the immediate emergency and prevent its reoccurrence. Firm pressure ondefaulting farms to make good the contracts they had made to sell J1 their crop to the state in returnfor machines the state had given them %the means of production contributed by the state was more thanall the peasants' previous means was combined with appeals to loyal, efficient farms to increase theirdeliveries voluntarily. &aboteurs who destroyed grain or buried it in the earth were punished. *heresultant grain reserves in state hands were rationed to bring the country through the shortage with aminimum loss of productive efficiency. *he whole country went on a decreased diet, which affectedmost seriously those farms that had failed to harvest their grain. +ven these, however, were given statefood and seed loans for sowing.&imultaneously, a nationwide campaign was launched to organize the farms efficiently$ #ut the &oviets. ew 3epublic/ (ugust B, !"C, p. "CB

073( * &++& > F(MI + I !""

Nharkov, &eptember !""--I have Lust completed a #


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&*()I O& ;I+E >F 8(7&+ >F 7N3(I I( 83>@ F(I)73+&

9Footnote: In &talin's view, 7krainian crop failures were caused by enemy resistance and by the poor leadership of 7krainian officials. aumov, )ih, and Nhlevniuk, +ds. &talin's )etters to Molotov, !#C- !"2. ew =aven/ ale

7niversity @ress, c !!C, p. #"< 8>))+8*I;+ =(3;+&*& E+3+ >* 6>>0 @3I>3 *> !""

>ne harvest was not enough to stabilize collectivization. In !"


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inevitable.8huev, Feliks. Molotov 3emembers. 8hicago/ I. 3. 0ee, !!", p. #1"

*his destruction of the productive forces had, of course, disastrous conseKuences/ in !"#, therewas a great famine, caused in part by the sabotage and destruction done by the kulaks. Aut anti-8ommunists blame &talin and the Qforced collectivization' for the deaths caused by the criminal actions

of the kulaks.Martens, )udo. (nother ;iew of &talin. (ntwerp, Aelgium/ +@>, )ange @astoorstraat #C-#B #2


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directly relate to her Kuestion. 4*he !"# =arvest and the &oviet Famine of !"#- !"",4 and the4 atural 0isaster and =uman (ctions in the &oviet Famine of !" - !"".4 *hese two articles showthat the famine resulted directly from a famine harvest, a harvest that was much smaller than officiallyacknowledged, that this small harvest was in turn, the result of a comple of natural disasters that 9withone small e ception: no previous scholars have ever discussed or even mentioned. *he footnotes in the8arl Aeck paper contain e tensive citations from primary sources as well as Eestern and &oviet

secondary sources, among others by @enner, Eheatcroft and 0avies that further substantiate these points, and I urge interested readers to e amine these works as well.7krainian Famine by Mark *auger. +-mail sent on (pril 2, #


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regimes facing famine typically try to contain the disaster geographically. *his is not the same asintending to punish the victims. C. If it was a harvest failure, why was the burden of that failure not simply shared across the &oviet7nionG

It was. o region had a lot of food in !"#-"". Food was short and e pensive everywhere.+verybody was hungry.

Eith the above suggestions, I do not mean to make e cuses or apologies for the &talinists.*heir conduct in this was erratic, incompetent, and cruel and millions of people suffered unimaginablyand died as a result. Aut it is too simple to e plain everything with a 4Aolsheviks were Lust evil

people4 e planation more suitable to children than scholars. It was more comple than that. (lthoughthe situation was aggravated in some ways by Aolshevik mistakes, their attempts to contain the famine,once it started, were not entirely stupid, nor were they necessarily gratuitously cruel. *he &talinists did,

by the way, eventually cut grain e ports and did, by the way, send food relief to 7kraine and otherareas. It was too little too late, but there is no evidence %aside from constantly repeated assertions bysome writers that this was a deliberately inflicted 4terror-famine.4 2. *o deny the ?ewish genocide Kuite rightly brings opprobrium. &urely to deny the terror famine of!"#-"" ought to provoke the same response.

*his is a position that I personally find grotesKue, insulting and at least shallow. obody isdenying the famine or the huge scale of suffering, %as holocaust-deniers do , least of all *auger andother researchers who have spent much of their careers trying to bring this tragedy to light and give usa factual account of it. (dmittedly, what he and other scholars do is different from the work of

Lournalists and polemicists who indiscriminately collect horror stories and layer them betweenrepetitive statements about evil, piling it all up and calling it history. ( factual, careful account ofhorror in no way makes it less horrible. 7krainian Famine by ?. (rch 6etty, +-mail sent on May B, #


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;illage ;oice, ew ork 8ity, ?anuary #, !55

*he severity and geographical e tent of the famine, the sharp decline in e ports in !"#- !"",seed reKuirements, and the chaos in the &oviet 7nion in these years, all lead to the conclusion that evena complete cessation of e ports would not have been enough to prevent famine. *his situation makes itdifficult to accept the interpretation of the famine as the result of the !"# grain procurements and as a

conscious act of genocide. *he harvest of !"# essentially made a famine inevitable. ...*he data presented here provide a more precise measure of the conseKuences ofcollectivization and forced industrialization than has previously been available$ if anything, these datashow that the effects of those policies were worse than has been assumed. *hey also, however, indicatethat the famine was real, the result of failure of economic policy, of the Hrevolution from above, ratherthan of a Hsuccessful nationality policy against the 7krainians or other ethnic groups. *auger, Mark. H*he !"# =arvest and the Famine of !"", &lavic 3eview, ;olume C6@7 forces. *he e periencesdescribed in those accounts instead reflect enforcement of a &eptember !"# secret >6@7 directiveordering confiscations of grain and flour to stop illegal trade. &ince this was applied throughout thecountry, the 7krainian memoir accounts reflect general policy and not a focus on the 7kraine. &everal new studies confirm my point that hundreds of thousands of peasants fled famine notonly in 7kraine and Nuban, but also in &iberia, the 7rals, the ;olga basin, and elsewhere in !"#- !"".


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3egional authorities tried to stop them and in ovember !"# the @olitburo began to prepare the passport system that soon imposed constraints on mobility nationwide. *he ?anuary decree was thusone of several measures taken at this time to control labor mobility, in this case to retain labor in thegrain regions lest the !"" harvest be even worse. Its reference to northern regions suggests that it mayeven have been used to send peasants from those areas south to provide labor. either the decree itselfnor the scale of its enforcement are sufficient to prove that the famine was artificially imposed on

7kraine. ...7krainian eyewitness accounts, on the other hand, are misleading because very few peasantsfrom other regions had the opportunity to escape from the 7&&3 after Eorld Ear II. *he 3ussianhistorian Nondrashin interviewed 2 B famine survivors in the ;olga region and e plicitly refuted8onKuestOs argument regarding the famineOs nationality focus. (ccording to these eyewitnesses, thefamine was most severe in wheat and rye regions, in other words, in part a result of the small harvest. ...Aoth 3ussian and western scholars such as Nondrashin...and (lec ove...now acknowledgethat the !"# harvest was much smaller than assumed and was an important factor in the famine. *auger, Mark. &lavic 3eview, ;olume C", Issue %&pring, !!1 , pp. " 5-"# F(MI + 0+(*=& (3+ (A&730 ( 0 F(3 *>> =I6= 8=7+;/ Aut nearly # million perished of hunger in !""....M>)>*>;/ *he figures have not been substantiated.8=7+;/ ot substantiatedGM>)>*>;/ o, no, not at all. In those years I was out in the country on grain procurement trips.*hose things couldn't have Lust escaped me. *hey simply couldn't. I twice traveled to the 7kraine. Ivisited &ychevo in the 7rals and some places in &iberia. >f course I saw nothing of the kind there.*hose allegations are absurdP (bsurdP *rue, I did not have occasion to visit the ;olga region.... o, these figures are an e aggeration, though such deaths had been reported of course in some

places.8huev, Feliks. Molotov 3emembers. 8hicago/ I. 3. 0ee, !!", p. #1"

Ehat can one say about 8onKuest's affirmation of 2,C


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Martens, )udo. (nother ;iew of &talin. (ntwerp, Aelgium/ +@>, )ange @astoorstraat #C-#B #2


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>ther nationalities who suffered--3ussians, *urkmen, Nazaks, 8aucasus groups-- are usually ignored,or if mentioned at all are done so almost reluctantly in passing.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. !!

0r. =ans Alumenfeld, writing in response to 7krainian ationalist allegations of 7krainiangenocide, draws on personal e perience in describing the people who came to town in search of food/

4*hey came not only from the 7kraine but in eKual numbers from the 3ussian areas to our east.*his disproves the 4fact4 of anti-7krainian genocide parallel to =itler's anti-semitic =olocaust. *oanyone familiar with the &oviet 7nion's desperate manpower shortage in those years, the notion that itsleaders would deliberately reduce that scarce resource is absurd.... 7p to the !Cnly after it had been established that =itler's holocaust hadclaimed 2 million 9?ewish: victims, did anti-&oviet propaganda feel it necessary to top that figure bysubstituting the fantastic figure of B to < million....4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p.


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did not attack. Millions of 3ussian acres were deserted and untilled$ millions of 3ussian peasants were begging for bread or dying. Aut ?apan did not attack. ...*he shortages of food and commodities in 3ussia were attributed, as &talin had intended, tothe tension of the Five- ear @lan, and all that ?apanese spies could learn was that the 3ed (rmyawaited their attack without an iety. *heir spearhead, aimed at >uter Mongolia and )ake Aaikal, wereshifted, and her troops moved southwards into the 8hinese province of ?ehol, which they conKuered

easily and added to 4 Manchukuo.4 &talin had won his game against terrific odds, but 3ussia had paidin lives as heavily as for war. In the light of this and other subseKuent knowledge, it is interesting for me to read my owndispatches from Moscow in the winter of !"#-"". I seem to have known what was going on, withoutin the least knowing why, that is without perceiving that ?apan was the real key to the &oviet problem atthat time, and that the first genuine improvement in the agrarian situation coincided almost to a daywith the ?apanese southward drive against ?ehol.0uranty, Ealter. &tory of &oviet 3ussia. @hiladelphia, . ./ ?A )ippincott 8o. !11, p. !"

It meant, to say it succinctly, that &talin had won his bluff/ ?apan moved south, not north, and3ussia could dare to use its best men....0uranty, Ealter. &tory of &oviet 3ussia. @hiladelphia, . ./ ?A )ippincott 8o. !11, p. !C

E=(* F(MI + *=+3+ E(& I *=+ +(3) "n the other hand, a retired high official of the 6overnment of India, speaking 3ussian, and wellacKuainted with czarist 3ussia, who had himself administered famine districts in India, and who visitedin !"# some of the localities in the 7&&3 in which conditions were reported to be among the worst,informed the present writers at the time that he had found no evidence of there being or having beenanything like what Indian officials would describe as a famine. Footnote/ &kepticism as to statistics of total deaths from starvation, in a territory e tending to


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J2 of the +arth's landmass, would anyhow be Lustified. Aut as to the 7&&3 there seems no limit to thewildness of e aggeration. Ee Kuote the following interesting case related by Mr. &herwood +ddy, ane perienced (merican traveler in 3ussia/ 4>ur party, consisting of about #< persons, while passingthrough the villages heard rumors of the village of 6avrilovka, where all the men but one were said tohave died of starvation. Ee went at once to investigate and track down this rumor. Ee divided intofour parties, with four interpreters of our own choosing, and visited simultaneously the registry office

of births and deaths, the village priest, the local soviet, the Ludge, the schoolmaster and every individual peasant we met. Ee found that out of n the other hand, it has been asserted, by people who have seldom had any opportunity of going to thesuffering districts, that throughout huge provinces there ensued a total absence of foodstuffs, so that %asin 5! and !# literally several millions of people died of starvation. >n the other hand, sovietofficials on the spot, in one district after another, informed the present writers that, whilst there wasshortage and hunger, there was, at no time, a total lack of bread, though its Kuality was impaired byusing other ingredients than wheaten flower$ and that any increase in the death-rate, due to diseasesaccompanying defective nutrition, occurred only in a relatively small number of villages. Ehat maycarry more weight than this official testimony was that of various resident Aritish and (merican

Lournalists, who traveled during !"" and !"1 through the districts reputed to have been the worstsufferers, and who declared to the present writers that they had found no reason to suppose that thetrouble had been more serious than was officially represented. >ur own impression, after consideringall the available evidence, is that the partial failure of crops certainly e tended to only a fraction of the7&&3$ possibly to no more, than J < of the geographical area. Ee think it plain that this partialfailure was not in itself sufficiently serious to cause actual starvation, e cept possibly, in the worstdistricts, relatively small in e tent. (ny estimate of the total number of deaths in e cess of the normalaverage, based on a total population supposed to have been subLected to famine conditions of 2n the other hand, it seems to be proved that a considerable number of peasant households,

both in the spring of !"# and in that of !"", found themselves unprovided with a sufficient store ofcereal food, and specially short of fats. *o these cases we shall return. Aut we are at once remindedthat in countries like India and the 7&&3, in 8hina, and even in the 7nited &tates, in which there is noubiKuitous system of poor relief, a certain number of people--among these huge populations even manythousands--die each year of starvation, or of the diseases endemic under these conditions$ and thatwhenever there is even a partial failure of crops this number will certainly be considerably increased.It cannot be supposed to have been otherwise in parts of the southern 7kraine, the Nuban district and0aghestan in the winters of !" and !"#. Aut before we are warranted in describing this scarcity of food in particular households of

particular districts as a 4famine,4 we must inKuire how the scarcity came to e ist. Ee notice among


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the evidence the fact that the scarcity was 4patchy.4 In one and the same locality, under weatherconditions apparently similar if not identical, there are collective farms which have in these yearsreaped harvests of more than average e cellence, whilst others, adLoining them on the north or on thesouth, have e perienced conditions of distress, and may sometimes have known actual starvation. *hisis not to deny that there were whole districts in which drought or cold seriously reduced the yield. Autthere are clearly other cases, how many we cannot pretend to estimate, in which the harvest failures

were caused, not by something in the sky, but by something in the collective farm itself. (nd we aresoon put on the track of discovery. (s we have already mentioned, we find a leading personage in thedirection of the 7krainian revolt actually claiming that 4the opposition of the 7krainian populationcaused the failure of the green-storing plan of !" , and still more so, that of !"#.4 =e boasts of thesuccess of the 4passive resistance which aimed at a systematic frustration of the Aolshevik plans for thesowing and gathering of the harvest.4 =e tells us plainly that, owing to the efforts of himself and hisfriends, 4whole tracks were left unsown,4 and 4in addition, when the crop was being gathered last year9 !"#:, it happened that, in many areas, especially in the south, #


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they had no stock of seed, and in many cases actually no grain on which to live. *here are many otherinstances in which individual peasants made a practice, out of spite, of surreptitiously 4barbering4 theripening wheat$ that is, rubbing out the grain from the ear, or even cutting off the whole ear, andcarrying off for individual hoarding this shameless theft of community property. 7nfortunately it was not only in such notoriously disaffected areas as the 7kraine and Nubanthat these peculiar 4failures of crops4 occurred.

*o any generally successful cultivation, he 9Naganovich: declared, 4the anti-soviet elements ofthe village are offering fierce opposition. +conomically ruined, but not yet having lost their influenceentirely, the kulaks, former white officers, former priests, their sons, former ruling landlords and sugar-mill owners, former 8ossacks and other anti-soviet elements of the bourgeois-nationalist and also ofthe social-revolutionary and @etlura-supporting intelligentsia settled in the villages, are trying in everyway to corrupt the collective farms, are trying to foil the measures of the @arty and the 6overnment inthe realm of farming, and for these ends are making use of the backwardness of part of the collectivefarm members against the interests of the socialized collective farm, against the interests of thecollective farm peasantry. @enetrating into collective farms as accountants, managers, warehouse keepers, brigadiers andso on, and freKuently as leading workers on the boards of collective farms, the anti-soviet elementsstrive to organize sabotage, spoil machines, sow without the proper measures, steal collective farmgoods, undermine labor discipline, organize the thieving of seed and secret granaries, sabotage graincollections--and sometimes they succeed in disorganizing kolkhosi. =owever much we may discount such highly colored denunciations, we cannot avoid noticinghow e actly the statements as to sabotage of the harvest, made on the one hand by the &oviet6overnment, and on the other by the nationalist leaders of the 7krainian recalcitrants, corroborate eachother. *o Kuote again the 7krainian leader, it was 4the opposition of the 7krainian population4 that4caused the failure of the grain-storing plan of !" , and still more so, that of !"#.4 Ehat on oneside is made a matter for boasting is, on the other side, a ground for denunciation. >ur own inferenceis merely that, whilst both sides probably e aggerate, the sabotage referred to actually took place, to agreater or less e tent, in various parts of the 7&&3, in which collective farms had been establishedunder pressure. *he partial failure of the crops due to climatic conditions, which is to be annuallye pected in one locality or another, was thus aggravated, to a degree that we find no means ofestimating, and rendered far more e tensive in its area, not only by 4barbering4 the growing wheat, andstealing from the common stock, but also by deliberate failure to sow, failure to weed, failure to thresh,and failure to warehouse even all the grain that was threshed. Aut that is not what it is usually called afamine. Ehat the &oviet 6overnment was faced with, from !#! onward, was, in fact, not a famine buta widespread general strike of the peasantry, in resistance to the policy of collectivization, fomentedand encouraged by the disloyal elements of the population, not without incitement from the e iles at@aris and @rague. Aeginning with the calamitous slaughter of live-stock in many areas in !#!- !"


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counted by the hundred thousand--the families were forcibly taken from the holding which they hadfailed to cultivate, and removed to distant places where they could be provided with work by whichthey could earn their substance. *he &oviet 6overnment has been severely blamed for these deportations, which inevitablycaused great hardships. *he irresponsible criticism loses, however, much of its force by the inaccuracywith which the case is stated. It is, for instance, almost invariably taken for granted that the &oviet

6overnment heartlessly refused to afford any relief to the starving districts. ;ery little investigationshows that relief was repeatedly afforded where there was reason to suppose that the shortage was notdue to sabotage or deliberate failure to cultivate. *here were, to begin with, e tensive remissions of

payments in-kind due to the government. Aut there was also a whole series of transfers of grain fromthe government stocks to villages found to be destitute, sometimes actually for consumption, and inother cases to replace the seed funds which had been used for food. Footnote/ *hus/ 4>n February B, !"#, almost si months before the harvesting of the newcrop the 8ouncil of @eopleOs 8ommissars of the 7&&3 and the 8entral 8ommittee of the 8ommunist@arty, directed that the collective farms in the eastern part of the country, which had suffered from thedrought, be loaned over 2 million Kuintals of grain for the establishment of both seed and food funds.4 %48ollectivization of (griculture in the &oviet 7nion,4 by E. )adeLinsky, @olitical &cienceuarterly, ew ork, ?une !"1, page ##! .Eebb, &. &oviet 8ommunism/ ( ew 8ivilisation. )ondon, / )ongmans, 6reen, !1B, p. !!-#30+3& 8(7&+& >F F(MI + A+ +T@>&+0 ( 0 @+>@)+ A+ =+)@+0

9&upplement to minutes of the 7krainian @arty Niev bureau, Feb. ##, !"", instructing that the famine be alleviated and that 4all who have become completely disabled because of emaciation must be put back on their feet4 by March C:

...


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which, it was alleged, had claimed 42 million4 lives the previous year. (ccompanying the stories were photographs portraying the devastation of the famine, for which it was claimed Ealker had smuggledin a camera under the 4most adverse and dangerous possible circumstances.4 In themselves, Ealker's stories in the =earst press were not particularly outstanding e amplesof fraud concerning the &oviet 7nion. or were they the greatest masterpieces of yellow Lournalismever produced by the right-wing corporate press. )ies and distortions had been written about the &oviet

7nion since the days of the >ctober 3evolution in ! B. *he anti-&oviet press campaigns heated up inthe late #ne picture includes trees or shrubs with large leaves. &uch leaves could not have grown by the 'latesprang' of Mr. Ealker's alleged visit. >ther photographs show winter and early fall backgrounds. =ereis the ?ournal of the #Bth. ( starving, bloated boy of C calmly poses naked for Mr. Ealker. *he ne t


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moment, in the same village, Mr. Ealker photographs a man who is obviously suffering from the colddespite his sheepskin overcoat. *he weather that sprang must have been as unreliable as Mr. Ealker toallow nude poses one moment and reKuire furs the ne t. It would be easy to riddle Mr. Ealker's stories. *hey do not deserve the effort. *he truth is thatthe &oviet harvest of !"", including the &oviet 7kraine's harvest, in contrast to that of !"#, wase cellent$ the grain-ta collections were moderate$ and therefore conditions even remotely resembling

those Mr. Ealker portrays could not have arisen in the spring of !"1, and did not arise.4 Fisher challenged the motives of the =earst press in hiring a fraud like Ealker to concoct suchfabrications/ 4...Mr. =earst, naturally does not obLect if his papers spoil &oviet-(merican relations andencourage foreign nations with hostile military designs upon the 7&&3. Aut his real target is the(merican radical movement. *hese Ealker articles are part of =earst's anti-red campaign. =e knowsthat the great economic progress registered by the &oviet 7nion since !#!, when the capitalist worlddropped into depression, provides )eft groups with spiritual encouragement and faith. Mr. =earstwants to deprive them of that encouragement and faith by painting a picture of ruin and death in the7&&3. *he attempt is too transparent, and the hands are too unclean to succeed.4 In a post-script, Fisher added that a )indsay @arrott had visited the 7kraine and had written thatnowhere in any city or town he visited 4did I meet any signs of the effects of the famine of whichforeign correspondents take delight in writing.4 @arrott, says Fisher, wrote of the 4e cellent harvest4 in!""$ the progress, he declared, 4is indisputable.4 Fisher ends/ 4*he =earst organizations and the

azis are beginning to work more and more closely together. Aut I have not noticed that the =earst press printed Mr. @arrott's stories about a prosperous &oviet 7kraine. Mr. @arrott is Mr. =earst'scorrespondent in Moscow.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. B-5 E()N+3 3>7*I +) )I+0 ( 0 E(& ( 83IMI ()

In any event, it will be recalled that Ealker was never in the 7kraine in !"#- !"".*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p.

ot only were the photographs a fraud, the trip to 7kraine a fraud, and =earst's famine-genocide series a fraud, *homas Ealker himself was a fraud. 0eported from +ngland and arrested onhis return to the 7nited &tates Lust a few months after the =earst series, it turned out that *homasEalker was in fact escaped convict 3obert 6reene. *he ew ork *imes reported/ 43obert 6reene, awriter of syndicated articles about conditions in 7kraine, who was indicted last Friday by a Federalgrand Lury on a charge of passport fraud, pleaded guilty yesterday before Federal ?udge Francis 8affey.*he Ludge learned that 6reen was a fugitive from 8olorado &tate @rison, where he escaped after havingserved two years of an 5-year term for forgery.4 3obert 6reene, it was revealed, had run-up an impressive criminal record spanning threedecades. =is trail of crime led through five 7.&. states and four +uropean countries, and includedconvictions on charges of violating the Mann Ehite &lave (ct in *e as, forgery, and 4marriageswindle.4 +vidence at Ealker's trial revealed that he had made a previous visit to the &oviet 7nion in!"< under the name *homas Aurke. =aving worked briefly for an engineering firm in the 7&&3, hewas--by his own admission--e pelled for attempting to smuggle a 4a whiteguard4 out of the country. (reporter covering the trial noted that Ealker 4admitted that the 'famine' pictures published with hisseries in the =earst newspapers were fakes and they were not taken in 7kraine as advertised.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p.


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%(ctually, one must recall, Ealker never set foot in 7kraine, and entered the 3ussian Federationin the fall of !"1.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C!

Mace and his =arvard colleagues have the further audacity to state, in their introduction toEalker's material/ 4(merican newspapermen... *homas Ealker... wrote plainspoken and graphic

accounts of the Famine based on what he had witnessed in 7kraine in !"".4 Ignoring the fraudulentnature of the Ealker series e posed over C< years ago, the =arvard scholars conveniently backdateEalker's stated !"1 trip to !"".... ot only is this 4scholarship4 riddled with inaccuracies, e aggeration, distortion, and fraud, itresorts uncritically to azi sources without informing the reader of the spurious nature of the sources.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. 2 =+33I>* *3(;+)+0 *=+ 7N3(I + ( 0 &(I0 =+ &(E > F(MI +

It was following =earst's trip to azi 6ermany that the =earst press began to promote thetheme of 4famine-genocide in 7kraine.4 @rior to this, his papers had at times reflected a different

perspective. For e ample, the >ctober , !"1 =erald and + aminer, carried an article about theformer French @remier, =erriot, who had recently returned from traveling around 7kraine. =erriotnoted/ 4... the whole campaign on the subLect of famine in the 7kraine is currently being waged. Ehilewandering around the 7kraine, I saw nothing of the sort.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C F(N+ @=>*>& >F +(3) # +(3) "verall, the film's 9=arvest of 0espair: producers, owytsky and )uhovy, have managed toslap together a patchwork of material. Film reviewer )eonard Nlady noted that co-producer )uhovy4admits most of his income comes from editing feature films of dubious Kuality. =e has a reputation asa good 'doctor'--someone who's brought in to salvage a movie which is deemed unreleasable by filme hibitors and distributors.4 In =arvest of 0espair it appears that the doctor delivered one of the greatcinema miscarriages of all time. >bLectivity and scientific presentation are sacrificed on the altar of8old Ear psychological warfare. (ccording to the Einnipeg Free @ress, )uhovy 4personally viewed more than one million feetof historic stock footage to find roughly #< minutes %B#< feet of appropriate material for the film.4*his says less about his research than about the total lack of photographic evidence of famine-genocide. Indeed, not one documented piece of evidence is presented in the film to back up the genocidethesis. Instead, in a montage of undocumented stills, the viewer is subLected to EalkerJ0itloffforgeries$ numerous scenes stolen from the bi-now familiar publications covering the !# - !##3ussian famine, (mmende photos %with all their contradictions noted earlier $ !#


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)aubenheimer's azi propaganda books, as well as to a 7krainian-language publication published inAerlin in !##. >ther scenes both borrow from the past and from the future. For e ample, footage of marchingsoldiers has 3ed (rmy men wearing uniforms from the days of the 3ussian 8ivil Ear. Footage ofimpoverished women cooking is also of 8ivil Ear vintage. >ther scenes display peasant costumesfrom the ;olga 3ussian area of the immediate post-Eorld Ear period, not 7krainians in !"".

Footage of miners pulling coal sledges on their hands and knees is actually of 8zarist-era origins.&cenes of peasants at meetings wearing peculiar tall peaked caps date from earlier periods$ further,their clothing is not consistent with 7krainian costume. Material filched from &oviet films of the!#nyschuk, vice-chairman of the 7krainian Famine3esearch 8ommittee, 8arynnyk was 4let go4 from the film before its completion. In light of the above, one wonders why 8arynnyk waited several years before coming forward

publicly with the truth, and even then only after a public challenge and e posure by this author. In a Kuite incredible admission from an academic, >rest &ubtelny, a history professor at ork7niversity, Lustified the use of frauds. oting that there e ist very few pictures of the !"" famine,&ubtelny defended the actions of the film's producers/ 4ou have to have visual impact. ou want toshow what children dying from a famine look like. &tarving children are starving children.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. B!


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0r. 0itloff, it will be recalled, was 0irector of the 6erman government's agricultural concession

in the orth 8aucasus under an agreement between the 6erman government and the &oviets. Ehen=itler took power in early !"", 0itloff did not resign in protest. =e remained as 0irector for the

proLect's duration, indicating that the azis did not consider him inimical to their interests. Followinghis return to azi 6ermany later that year, 0itloff gathered or fronted for a spurious assortment of

famine photographs. *hese, as has been shown, included photos stolen from !# - !## faminesources. In addition, at least #C of the 0itloff photos can be shown to have been released by the azis,many of which were passed to or picked up by various anti-&oviet and pro-fascist publishers abroad. &ome of 0itloff's photos were published in the azi party organ ;olkischer Aeobachter %(ug.5, !"" . Ehatever the actual mechanics of the distribution of the 0itloff-Ealker photographs, theirfraudulence is well-established. *hose intent on propagating the famine-genocide myth for

politicalJpurposes have not hesitated to use these photographs repeatedly to this day--without adding ashred of authenticating evidence to this Kuestionable material.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. "1-"C

(UI& *3 *> A)(M+ &>;I+* F>3 M(&& +T+87*I> & I *=+ 7N3(I +

Included in ;olume of *he Alack 0eeds of the Nremlin is a special section devoted to ationalist allegations of &oviet mass e ecutions...in ;ynnitsya. 7nearthed in !1" during the azioccupation, the graves were 4e amined4 by a azi-appointed 48ommission4 and were featured in azi

propaganda films.... @ost-war testimony of 6erman soldiers, however, e poses the unearthing of mass graves at;ynnitsya as a azi propaganda deception.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. "B

(ccording to Israel's authoritative ad Eashem &tudies, >berleutnant +rwin Aingel testifiedthat on &ept. ##, !1 , he witnessed the mass e ecution of ?ews by the && and 7krainian militia. *hisincluded a slaughter carried out by 7krainian au iliaries in ;ynnitsya @ark, where Aingel witnessed4layer upon layer4 of corpses buried. 3eturning to ;ynnitsya later in the war, Aingel read of the e perts

brought in by the azis to e amine the e humed graves of 4&oviet4 e ecution victims in the same @ark.7pon personal verification, Aingel concluded that the 4discovery4 had been staged for azi propaganda

purposes and that the number of corpses he saw corresponded to those slaughtered by 7krainianFascists in !1 .*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. 1<

* 8>33+&@> 0+ * 0+ &(& =+ &++& > F(MI + I *=+ 7N3(I +

Ay all credible accounts, the crops of !"" and !"1 were successful. (s a tribute to this fact,very few, if any famine-genocide hustlers today support claims of a !"1 famine. =owever, both(mmende 9(uthor in !"2 of the famine-genocide book entitled =uman )ife in 3ussia:, and followinghim 0alrymple, seemed to have been determined to starve 7kraine to death in !"1 as well. In fact,0alrymple's (mmende source for the list of #< is (mmende's letter to the ew ork *imes publishedon ?uly , !"1 under the heading 4Eide &tarvation in 3ussia Feared.4 In a follow-up letter thefollowing month, (mmende wrote that people were dying on the streets of Niev. Eithin days, ework *imes correspondent =arold 0enny cabled a refutation of (mmende's allegations. 0atelined(ugust #"rd, !"1, 0enny charged/ 4*his statement certainly has no foundation.... our correspondent


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was in Niev for several days last ?uly about the time people were supposed to be dying there, andneither in the city, nor in the surrounding countryside was their hunger.4 &everal weeks later, 0ennyreported/ 4 owhere was famine found. owhere even the fear of it. *here is food, including bread, inthe local open markets. *he peasants were smiling too, and generous with their foodstuffs. In short,there was no air of trouble or of impending trouble.4 >bviously, nobody had informed the peasants that they were supposed to be falling prostrate

with hunger that year.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C<

Aefore departing 0alrymple's list, let it be noted that a significant number of the sources have been shown to be either complete frauds, hearsay based on 4foreign residents4 %an interesting Lournalistic term or hearsay altogether, former azis and 7krainian collaborators, while at least threeof the estimates are cited from the anti-&oviet campaigns of the neo-fascist =earst--&cripps-=owardstyle press and another five from books published in the 8old Ear years of !1!-C", save one whichwas printed in azi 6ermany.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C

In the hands of 0alrymple and others, the dead seem to multiply at a most phenomenal rate.=earsay, gossip, political testimonies, confessions of defectors, yellow Lournalism, azi and 7krainian3ightists, all interconnect in an incestuous embrace throughout the famine-genocide campaigns.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C#

(lmost all the collective farms established in !" and !"# were shockingly mismanaged.Ehat else could be e pected when every village in 3ussia had been the scene of bitter internal strife,when animals had been slaughtered or allowed to die through incompetence, and grain had been buried,and barns and houses burnedG It has been estimated that livestock dropped by C< during those tragicyears and there were large areas, as I saw with my own eyes in the orth 8aucasus in !"", wheremiles of weeds and desolation replaced the former grainfields.... In that summer I drove nearly #


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be dredged up.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. C" 7&I 6 0+M>63(@=I8& *> @3>;+ F(MI + I& A>67&

(nother contribution to the recent revival of the famine-genocide campaign is Ealter

0ushnyck's C< ears (go/ *he Famine =olocaust in 7kraine.*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. 22

(ttempting to shore up his thesis of famine-genocide, 0ushnyck turns to an 4e amination4 ofthe number of famine deaths. 3ather than averaging hearsay estimates a la 0alrymple, 0ushnyck's4method4 consists of proLecting an anticipated population growth rate, based on the !#2 census, ontothe listed population of the !"! census for 7kraine. *he difference between the hypothetical estimateand the !"! census listing is then pronounced to be 4famine victims.4 For e ample, 0ushnyck states/ 4taking the data according to the !#2 census... and the ?anuaryB, !"! census... and the average increase before the collectivization... %#."2 per year , it can becalculated that 7kraine... lost B J#-million people between the two censuses.4*ottle, 0ouglas. Fraud, Famine, and Fascism. *oronto/ @rogress Aooks, !5B, p. 2!

*hough this 4method4 of calculating famine deaths is widely employed by famine-genocidetheorists, the freKuency of its use does not make it any more scientifically valid. 7.&. sociologist(lbert &zymanski, in criticizing an estimate of " million deaths, has noted/ 4*his estimate assumes/ % that even in the conditions of e treme famine, instability and virtual8ivil Ear, peasants would conceive at the same rate as in less precarious periods$ %# that abortion orinfanticide %intentional or not did not significantly increase$ %" that there were as many women ofma imum reproductive age in !"#- !"" as before or after. (ll of these assumptions are erroneous.(ll peasants have traditional techniKues of birth control and are thus able to limit their reproduction toa significant degree$ it is the economic benefit attendant upon having large families which isoperative... %Further legal abortion was so widely practiced in this period that, in !"2, the state

banned it as part of the campaign to increase the population.4

( decline in the birth rate could thus have been e pected, and not only due to the reasonsoutlined by &zymanski. In e amining the demographics of the famine era, Eheatcroft states/ 4(s is well known, the First Eorld Ear, 8ivil Ear and the early years of the !#


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intermarriage, assimilation, migration, etc., all of which have an impact on census figures. Fore ample, Ei man has pointed out that in the late !#ther e aggerated estimates of the number who died during these periods are based on apparentdiscrepancies between the !#2 and !"! %or !C! census figures, and the number of people whoshould have been in the census categories assuming earlier rates of population growth or, alternatively,the actual rate of growth of other populations at the same time. &uch estimates assume that a decline inthe reported population, or its failure to grow at its 'normal' rate, is largely a reflection of deaths fromfamine, abuse, or e ecution. ot only are fewer live births to be e pected during times of famine andtrouble--as well as disproportionately high infant mortality--many people emigrate from areas offamine in search of food, work, or refuge. In the &oviet 7nion in the !"


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For some promoters of 4famine-genocide,4 anything other than man-made causes are ignored ordenied. atural causes, such as drought, are alleged never to have taken place$ claims that drought wasa contributing factor are denounced as &oviet inventions. >ne might then e pect that no non-&ovietsource could be cited to substantiate drought. =owever, ( =istory of 7kraine by Mikhail =rushevsky--described by the ationaliststhemselves as 47kraine's leading historian4--states/ 4(gain a year of drought coincided with chaotic

agricultural conditions$ and during the winter of !"#-"" a great famine, like that of !# - !## sweptacross &oviet 7kraine....4 Indeed, nowhere does =istory of 7kraine claim a deliberate, man-madefamine against 7krainians, and more space is actually devoted to the famine of !# - !##. More recent histories can also be cited on the subLect of drought. icolas 3iasnovsky, formervisiting professor at =arvard 7niversity's 3ussian 3esearch 8enter, notes in his =istory of 3ussia thatdrought occurred in both !" and !"#. Michael Florinsky, immediately following a description ofthe mass destruction wrought by kulak resistance to collectivization, states/ 4&evere droughts in !"rder of 8anada, 0r. =ans Alumenfeld worked as an architect in the 7krainian cityof Makeyevka at the time the famine. =e writes/ 4*here was indeed a famine in !"", not Lust in 7kraine, but also in... the lower ;olga and the

orth 8aucasus$... *here is no doubt that the famine claimed many victims. I have no basis on whichto estimate their number... @robably most deaths in !"" were due to epidemics of typhus, typhoidfever, and dysentery. Eaterborne diseases were freKuent in Makeyevka$ I narrowly survived an attackof typhus fever. 0r. =ans Alumenfeld offers a useful personal summary of the period/ ... 9*he famine was caused by: a conLunction of a number of factors. First, the hot dry summerof !"#, which I had e perienced in northern ;yatka, had resulted in crop failure in the semiaridregions of the south. &econd, the struggle for collectivization had disrupted agriculture.8ollectivization was not an orderly process following bureaucratic rules. It consisted of actions by the

poor peasants, encouraged by the @arty. *he poor peasants were eager to e propriate the 4kulaks,4 butless eager to organize a co-operative economy. Ay !"< the @arty had already sent out cadres to stemand correct e cesses.... (fter having e ercised restraint in !"


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the 7&&3, the )ower ;olga and the orth 8aucasus$ and Makeyevka, located near the Lunction of thesethree regions, felt the full impact of it. Many peasants from there came to the city$ the steelworks triedto employ some of them but most left, finding the work too hard. &ome were already too far gone, withswollen limbs. *here were also many lost children, which were either taken into children's institutionsor, very freKuently, adopted by urban families$ two of my old friends, building workers from ;iennawho at the time worked in Makeyevka, each adopted one such child. >nly once did I see a child with

spindly legs and a swollen belly$ it was in the garden of a nursery school at the hand of a nurse waitingfor the doctor. or did I ever see a corpse lying in a street.... *here is no doubt that the famine claimed many victims. I have no basis on which to estimatethe number, and I doubt if anybody has. Ehat were the reasons and what could have been done toavoid this terrible calamityG *here was a conLunction of a number of factors. First, the hot dry summer of !"#, which I hade perienced in northern ;yatka, had resulted in crop failure in the semiarid regions of the &outh.&econd, the struggle for collectivization had disrupted agriculture. 8ollectivization was not an orderly

process following bureaucratic rules. It consisted of actions by the poor peasants, encouraged by the@arty. *he poor peasants were eager to e propriate the 4kulaks,4 but less eager to organize acooperative economy. Ay !"< the @arty and already sent out cadres to stem and correct e cesses.>ne of the cadres engaged in this work later reported his e perience/ the local 8ommunists had toldhim, 4Ee are building socialism in the village, and you and your &talin are stabbing us in the back.4(fter having e ercised restraint in !"


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*auger, Mark. atural 0isaster and =uman (ctions in the &oviet Famine of !" - !"" @ittsburgh/7niversity of @ittsburgh, # A *=+ N7)(N& ()> 6 EI*= 03>76=* 8(7&+0 *=+I3 >E&*(3;(*I>

+ven in the winter of !" - !"#, with the great scarcity of grain, we somehow managed tosurvive because of our vegetables. Aut the year of !"# had not been normal. *hat sprIng we had amassive famine during which the people consumed even the seeds for planting, so there was nothingleft with which to plant the vegetable gardens. Most gardens remained overgrown with weeds. *hemeager allotment of food received from the collective farm as advance payment was soon consumed.Eith no additional help forthcoming starvation set in.0olot, Miron. + ecution by =unger. ew ork/ E.E. orton, c !5C, p. 21

... the slaughter of cattle and the feasting went on--there was no way of stopping it. (nimalswere killed because no fodder was left or because they had become diseased from neglect$ and even the

bednyaks who, having Loined the kolkhozes, had every interest in preserving their wealth, went ondissipating it and stuffing their own long-starved stomachs. *hen followed the long and dreadful fast/the farms were left without horses and without seed for the sowing$ the kolkhozniki of the 7kraine andof +uropean 3ussia rushed to central (sia to buy horses, and, having returned empty-handed, harnessedthe few remaining cows and o en to the ploughs$ and in !" and !"# vast tracts of land remaineduntilled and the furrows were strewn with the bodies of starved muzhiks. *he smallholder perished ashe had lived, in pathetic helplessness and barbarism$ and his final defeat was moral as well as economicand political.0eutscher, Isaac. *he @rophet >utcast. )ondon, ew ork/ > ford 7niv. @ress, !2", p. ! MI&M( (6+M+ * A &>;I+* >FFI8I()& E(& ( M(?>3 8(7&+ >F *=+ F(MI +

=ow far this famine was 4man-made4 in the sense that &talin and his government deliberately provoked it by wholesale collectivization is another story. +vidence gathered on the spot showed thatthe lack of efficiency of the peasants themselves was partly to blame, that in some regions crop

prospects were bright enough before the harvest but that harvesting was shockingly mismanaged$ vastKuantities of grain were hidden or simply wasted, because collection and distribution of foodstuffsdisintegrated in the prevailing chaos. >n the other hand, it can fairly be argued that the authoritieswere responsible because they had not foreseen the muddle and mess and taken steps beforehand tocorrect it. *he proof of this is that things took a marked turn for the better in the following year, whenthe 8ommunist @arty set its hand, almost literally, to the plow.... et it is interesting to note that &talin did directly and specifically assume responsibility forwhat had occurred. In a speech of ?anuary , !"", to the 8entral 8ommittee of the 8ommunist @arty,he said/ 4.... Ehy blame the peasantsG... For we are at the helm$ we are in command of the instrumentsof the state$ it is our mission to lead the collective farms$ and we must bear the whole of theresponsibility for the work in the rural districts.40uranty, Ealter. &talin S 8o. ew ork/ E. &loane (ssociates, !1!, p. B5-B! F(MI + E(& 8(7&+0 A 03>76=*, I F+&*(*I> &, E+(*=+3 ( 0 F7 67&+&

0espite this, and despite the anecdotal evidence that resistance scholars present, however, clearand substantial evidence shows that harvests varied in the !"


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!"1 and !"5 moderately, and a comple of natural disasters made the !"# harvest the lowest of thedecade and a primary cause of the famine of !"#-"". Ehile peasant resistance did take place in the !"


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32/34

issue of the sources and circumstances of that horrible famine in the 7&&3.

First of all we have to recall something about the 6old, which surprisingly not always is a mean of paymentD

In early !#


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interested in any kind of demand, especially paid by gold, timber, oil and other raw material from the&oviet 7nion. +.g. in !"# 5< of Aritish machinery e port was being supplied to the 7&&3.

evertheless, on (pril B, !"" the Aritish government introduced embargo/ 3ussian 6oods %Import@rohibition (ct !""P Ehat was the logicG It was a politically motivated decision to pressure thetenacious &oviet government powered by the antagonistic ideology and economic structure.

Eas the traded between the Eest and the 7&&3 totally cut downG (bsolutely not. &oviet demand for

Eestern technologies and machinery was even higher than ever/ the industrialization was full-pelt. Autnow the Eest was e pecting only one mean of payment/ the &oviet grainsP %*he curiosity of this claimis emphasized by the fact that by that time the currencies of the most agrarian countries weresignificantly devaluated and the demand for grains on world market was cut C


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The famine of 1932533& )hi-h )as -aref*ll! or%ani6e' /! the $est& 'i' not ha,e the 'esire'effe-t: the olshe,i.s remaine' in 0o)er( *hey continued industrializing. +conomic measures had noeffect V &talin was restoring the country at any price. >nly military measures remained. (nd e actly in!"" (dolf =itler, who had openly written about his e pansionist aims in the vast 3ussian plains, cameto power in 6ermanyD

7RE#IOUS E7ISODES

+pisode !. =ow the Aritish H)iberated 6reece

+pisode 5. *he 6reat >dd Ear

+pisode B. Aritain and France @lanned to (ssault &oviet 7nion in !1

the great ukrainian famine of 1932-1933

Documents