the great war (world war i) ap us history. #1. what were the causes of world war i?

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The Great War (World War I) AP US History

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Page 1: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

The Great War (World War I)

AP US History

Page 2: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD

WAR I?

Page 3: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Causes…

Militarism: the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use of as a tool of diplomacy

Germany and the build up of its navy

Alliance System: Triple Entente (Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia) Triple Alliance (Central Powers of Germany, Austria-

Hungary, Italy)

Page 4: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Causes…

Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

In France, Germany, Balkans (desire for independence)

Imperialism: the building of empires by taking over – either politically or economically – foreign lands

Page 5: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#2. WHAT WAS THE SPARK THAT CAUSED

WORLD WAR I?

Page 6: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

The Spark…

June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist

Page 7: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#3. WHAT WAS AMERICA’S INITIAL REACTION TO THE START OF WORLD WAR I?

Page 8: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

America’s Initial Reaction…

Neutrality and maintenance of US trade

But this was increasingly difficult to keep up Both Allies and Central Powers wanted to stop

supplies from reaching opposing side Britain and Germany started to seize American

ships

Page 9: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#4. WHY DID THE US START TO FAVOR THE

ALLIES?(AKA: US OBJECTIVES)

Page 10: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Move toward the Allies…

German submarine warfare German U-boats meant to neutralize British navy Warned neutrals NOT to smuggle weapons to

Britain Lusitania sunk, May 1915

128 Americans killed; Germany officially apologizes

Economic links with Britain and France US could trade with Germany, Britain, and France

British blockade cut off almost ALL trade with Germany US trade with Britain and France quadruples

US bankers loaned Allies $3 billion

Page 11: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 12: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Move toward the Allies…

Public opinion favored Allies Ethnic divisions

Central Powers: German-Americans, Irish Allies: Italian-Americans, native-born Americans

British war propaganda Germans were the “HUNS”, barbaric

Woodrow Wilson’s idealism (Wilsonian) Wilson saw war as opportunity to make the world “SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” GB and France were democracies; defense of them

was defense of democracy Allied victory would allow democracy to spread

Page 13: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
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Page 16: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#5. WHAT WERE THE ARGUMENTS IN THE WAR

DEBATE AFTER THE LUSITANIA WAS SUNK?

Page 17: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Arguments…

Preparedness Republicans in the East led by Teddy Roosevelt

and National Security League More $ to build armed forces

Spring 1916: Wilson agrees National Defense Act: army to 175,000 and 50 warships

Opposition Populists, progressives, socialists in Midwest and

West, Irish-Americans, and German-Americans Led by William Jennings Bryans, Jane Addams, &

Eugene Debs

Page 18: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#6. WHAT WERE THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE US ENTRANCE INTO

WORLD WAR I?

Page 19: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 20: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

United States Enters the War…

Renewed unrestricted submarine warfare March 1917: Germans sink 5 unarmed US merchant

ships

First Russian Revolution March 1917: Czar overthrown by democrats

Zimmerman Telegram March 1917: Germany makes proposal to Mexico

Mexico should attack the US Germany would make sure Mexico would get Arizona, New

Mexico & Texas

Page 21: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Zimmerman Telegram

Page 22: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Zimmerman Telegram On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our

intention to keep neutral the United States of America.

If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we

shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is

understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details

are left for your settlement.

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as

it is certain there will be an outbreak of war with the United States, and we suggest that the President of

Mexico on his own initiative should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this

plan; at the same time offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.

Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine

warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.

- Zimmerman

Page 23: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#7. WHICH AREAS OF US SOCIETY WERE IMPACTED

BY MOBILIZATION?

Page 24: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization…

Industry LaborFinancePublic opinion and civil libertiesThe Armed Forces

Page 25: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Industry…

War agencies created War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) Set production priorities Controlled raw materials and prices

Page 26: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Industry…

Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) Tripled US food exports to Allies (told Americans to

conserve)

Fuel Administration Saved coal Daylight savings time

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Page 30: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Labor…

High demand, low supply meant 2 things… Higher wages Incorporation of minority groups into workforce

African-Americans 500,000 moved north from 1916-1920 (Great Migration) Black men permitted to join army, but generally not allowed to

fight

Mexicans Many moved to US Southwest

Women 1 million contributed 40,000 in “male” jobs (factories)

Page 31: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Finance…

Raised taxes on wealthy (16th Amendment)

Highest tax bracket: 67% 25% inheritance tax (passed down through

relatives)

Sold Liberty Bonds Americans bought Government guaranteed 3.5% interest per year Most $ for war raised from these

Page 32: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 33: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Public Opinion/Civil Liberties

Committee on Public Information (George Creel)

Ads, posters, celebrities, “Four Minute Men” to raise patriotism Bad side effect: American Protective League

Attacked Beethoven concerts and destroyed sauerkraut

Page 34: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 35: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

http://firstworldwar.com/audio/overthere.htmListen to the song and think about

how thissong was used as a marching song

and whyit spurred people to give money for

thewar effort.

“Over There”

Page 36: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 37: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

COMPARING THE 1798 ALIEN AND SEDITION

ACTS TO 1918 SEDITION ACTS

Page 38: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Directions for Activity…

1.Read The Sedition Acts2.Compare and contrast the Sedition

Acts3.How did the Sedition Acts conflict with

the First Amendment?4.What was the fate of the 1798 Alien

and Sedition Acts and the 1918 Sedition Acts?

Page 39: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Public Opinion/Civil Liberties

Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage Act: outlawed obstruction of draft Sedition Act: outlawed “disloyal” or “abusive”

comments about the US government 2,000 prosecuted Eugene Debs spent 10 years in prison

Schenck v United States (1919) Free speech could be limited when it caused

“clear and present danger” to public safety

Page 40: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Mobilization and Armed Forces…

Conscription (raising an army) 2 million volunteered 3 million drafted

Selective Service Act of 1917: required all men 21-30 to register for draft

African-Americans 400,000 served Segregated units

Page 41: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#8. HOW DID THE US FIGHT THE WAR?

Page 42: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

US Fighting the War…

Naval Operations Massive ship construction Convoy system to protect supply lines

Army (American Expeditionary Force: AEF)

John Pershing: US troops would remain under US command

In full force by spring 1918 112,000 killed in about 6 months

Page 43: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#9. WHAT WAS WOODROW WILSON’S

PLAN FOR PEACE?

Page 44: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Wilson’s Plan for Peace…

Fourteen Points Some specific territorial questions

National “self-determination”

No secret treaties Reduction of arms (disarmament) Freedom of the seas League of Nations (Wilson’s favorite)

Page 45: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#10. WHY COULDN’T WILSON WIN ALLIED

APPROVAL FOR ALL 14 POINTS?

Page 46: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

No Allied Approval…

He was too idealistic; not practical Wilson wanted…

Freedom, Democracy, a just peace for all sides

Britain and France wanted… Reparations ($) Revenge (territory or colonies) Security (against German attacks)

Page 47: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#11. IN GENERAL, WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES?

Page 48: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Treaty of Versailles…

Germany severely punished Lost colonies Army reduced to 100,000 Reparations to Allies ($33 billion) Total responsibility for war

Self-determination for many nationalities

Map of Europe changed

League of Nations formed

Page 49: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?
Page 50: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#12. WHAT TWO GROUPS OPPOSED RATIFYING THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND US MEMBERSHIP IN

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS?

Page 51: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Two Groups Oppose…

“Irreconcilables” Isolationist Senators Disapproved of US involvement in any foreign

affairs

Reservationists Wanted certain reservations in Treaty Henry Cabot Lodge

Page 52: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Text: If any man can show just cause, why they may not lawfully be joined together, let him now speak, -

Page 53: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#13. WHY DID THE US NEVER RATIFY THE TREATY

OR JOIN THE LEAGUE?

Page 54: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

US Never Ratifies Treaty or Joins the League…

Wilson refused to compromise with the Senate

Had stroke in 1919 He never recovered

Page 55: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

#14. WHAT POSTWAR PROBLEMS DID THE US

ENCOUNTER?

Page 56: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

US Postwar Problems…Economic Downturn

Soldiers back in workforce, but fewer jobs

Red Scare (1919-1920) Palmer Raids Mass arrests of socialists & communists in 33 cities 4,000 arrested; 3 pistols found

Race Riots Blacks served for “democracy” Came home to segregation, lynchings, Jim Crow Chicago, 1919 (5 days, 38 dead)

Page 57: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun Facts Fun Facts Germans were first to use

flamethrowers – some could fire as far as 130 feet

More than 65 million men from 30 countries fought in WWI – nearly 10 million died (6m Allies, 4m Central)

Spanish flu caused about 1/3 of military deaths

Page 58: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsIn August 1914, German troops shot

and killed 150 civilians at Aerschot. The killing was part of a war policy known as Schrecklichkeit (“frightfulness”). Its purpose was to terrify civilians in occupied areas so that they would not rebel.

“Little Willie” was the first prototype tank in WWI. Built in 1915, it carried a crew of three and could travel as fast as 3 mph

Page 59: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsDuring WWI, dogs were used as

messengers and carried orders to the front lines in capsules attached to their bodies.

In 1917, explosives blowing up beneath the German lines on Messines Ridge at Ypres in Belgium could be heard in London 140 miles away.

Page 60: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsBig Bertha was a 48-ton howitzer

used by the Germans in WWI. It was named after the wife of its designer Gustav Krupp. It could fire a 2,050-lb shell a distance of 9.3 miles.

Tanks were initially called “landships.” However, in an attempt to disguise them as water storage tanks rather than as weapons, the British decided to code name them “tanks.

Page 61: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsWoodrow Wilson’s campaign

slogan for his second term was “He kept us out of war.“ About a month after he took office, the United States declared war on Germany on April 6th 1917.

The total cost of WWI for the U.S. was more than $30 billion.

WWI is the sixth deadliest conflict in world history

Page 62: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsThe trench network of World War

I stretched approximately 25,000 miles from the English Channel to Switzerland. The area was known as the Western Front. British poet Siegfried Sassoon wrote, “When all is done and said, the war was mainly a matter of holes and ditches.

Page 63: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsFor the span of WWI, from 1914-

1918, 274 German U-boats sank 6,596 ships.

German trenches were in stark contrast to British trenches. German trenches were built to last and included bunk beds, furniture, cupboards, water tanks with faucets, electric lights, and doorbells

Page 64: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsFrance, not Germany, was the

first country to use gas against enemy troops in WWI.

Approximately 30 different poisonous gases were used during WWI. Soldiers were told to hold a urine-soaked cloth over their faces in an emergency.

Page 65: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsDuring the war, the U.S. shipped

about 7.5 million tons of supplies to France to support the Allied effort. That included 70,000 horses or mules as well as nearly 50,000 trucks, 27,000 freight cars, and 1,800 locomotives.

Page 66: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactFun Fact“Hello Girls,” as American soldiers

called them, were American women who served as telephone operators for Pershing’s forces in Europe. The women were fluent in French and English and were specially trained by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. In 1979, the U.S. Army finally gave war medals and veteran benefits to the few Hello Girls who were still alive.

Page 67: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactFun FactDuring WWI, American hamburgers

(named after the German city of Hamburg) were renamed Salisbury steak. Frankfurters, which were named after Frankfurt, Germany, were called “liberty sausages," and dachshunds became “liberty dogs.” Schools stopped teaching German, and German-language books were burned.

Page 68: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsMore than 500,000 pigeons carried

messages between headquarters and the front lines.

On Christmas Eve in 1914, soldiers on both sides of the Western Front sung carols to each other. On Christmas Day troops along 2/3 of the Front declared a truce. In some places the truce lasted a week. A year later, sentries on both sides were ordered to shoot anyone who attempted a repeat performance

Page 69: The Great War (World War I) AP US History. #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I?

Fun FactsFun FactsWWI transformed the United

Stated into the largest military power in the world.

WWI helped hasten medical advances. Physicians learned better wound management and the setting of bones. Harold Gillies, an English doctor, pioneered skin graft surgery.