the greatness of grammar phrases. why study phrases?

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The Greatness The Greatness of Grammar of Grammar Phrases Phrases

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Page 1: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

The Greatness of The Greatness of GrammarGrammar

PhrasesPhrases

Page 2: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Why study phrases?Why study phrases?Sentence Variation

• Vary the sentence length

• Vary the beginnings of the sentence

• Vary the arrangement

• Vary the types of sentences

Results of Sentence Variation

• Increases interest

• Aids paragraph development

Page 3: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

What is a phrase?What is a phrase?

It is a group of related words that It is a group of related words that does not contain both a subject does not contain both a subject and its verb—there is no subject and its verb—there is no subject verb relationship.verb relationship.

They can act as verbs, adjectives, They can act as verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns.adverbs, and nouns.

Ultimately, this group of words is Ultimately, this group of words is functioning as one part of speech functioning as one part of speech in a sentence.in a sentence.

Page 4: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Verb PhraseVerb Phrase

A verb phrase is A verb phrase is made up of an made up of an auxiliary verb auxiliary verb (verb helper) plus (verb helper) plus the past or the past or present participle present participle form of a verb.form of a verb.

will have gonewill have gone am goingam going

Note—the verb Note—the verb phrase can be phrase can be interrupted by interrupted by modifiers.modifiers.

will have soon gonewill have soon gone am surely goingam surely going

Page 5: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Noun PhraseNoun Phrase

““A noun phrase can function as a A noun phrase can function as a subject, object, or an appositive phrase subject, object, or an appositive phrase defining or renaming a preceding noun defining or renaming a preceding noun or pronoun” (Raimes 326).or pronoun” (Raimes 326).

An extremely grateful girlAn extremely grateful girl hugged her hugged her parents. (noun phrase as subject)parents. (noun phrase as subject)

The woman gave The woman gave a hearty round of a hearty round of applauseapplause. (noun phrase as direct object). (noun phrase as direct object)

Page 6: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

What is a prepositional What is a prepositional phrase?phrase?

It is a phrase beginning with a It is a phrase beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun called its object.or pronoun called its object.

The phrase’s job is to connect its The phrase’s job is to connect its object to another word in the object to another word in the sentence.sentence.

This word is ultimately the word This word is ultimately the word the prep. phrase modifies.the prep. phrase modifies.

Page 7: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Adverb PhraseAdverb Phrase An adverb phrase is a prepositional An adverb phrase is a prepositional

phrase that acts as an adverb (it modifies phrase that acts as an adverb (it modifies a verb, adverb, adjective, or verbals)a verb, adverb, adjective, or verbals)

It can answer the questions It can answer the questions where?,where?, when?,when?, how?,how?, how much?,how much?, to whatto what extent?extent? and sometimes and sometimes why?why?

Use a comma after two consecutive adv. Use a comma after two consecutive adv. phrases that begin a sentence.phrases that begin a sentence.

Adv. phrases can be located anywhere Adv. phrases can be located anywhere within a sentence.within a sentence.

Page 8: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Adjective phraseAdjective phrase

An adjective phrase is a prepositional An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun, pronoun, phrase that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verbals that act as nouns.or verbals that act as nouns.

They answer They answer what kind? which one? what kind? which one? or or how many?how many?

An adjective phrase An adjective phrase must must follow the follow the word it modifies unless after another word it modifies unless after another phrase/clause that modifies the same phrase/clause that modifies the same word.word.

Page 9: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

The adv phrase The adv phrase with some with some

modifies the modifies the verbal verbal roaming roaming and answers and answers the question the question howhow

of your buddies of your buddies is modifying is modifying some, answers some, answers the question the question what kind?what kind? = = adj. phraseadj. phrase

Page 10: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

For the gifted modifies school—What kind of school?

Adj. phrase

For a horse’s rear end modifies expression. What kind of expression?

Adj phrase

Page 11: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

To dogs modifies the verb say and answers the question where?.

It is an adverb phrase.

Of the garbage modifies the adverb out. It answers the question where.

It is an adverb phrase.

Page 12: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

To him modifies the verb phrase do listen. It answers the question how? and is therefore an adv phrase.

Into a tree modifies the verb ran and answers where?

It is an adv. phrase.

…but what is the phrase TO MISS HIM?

Page 13: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Verbals: The “Posers”Verbals: The “Posers”

Verbals are verb forms used as Verbals are verb forms used as other parts of speech: infinitives, other parts of speech: infinitives, gerunds, and participles.gerunds, and participles.

Page 14: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

In this comic to miss him is called an infinitive phrase.

An infinitive is made up of the word “to” plus a verb.

An infinitive phrase is made up of any objects or modifiers to the infinitive.

Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

DO NOT SPLIT INFINITIVES IN YOUR WRITING.

Page 15: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

I will work to carefully write my paper.

No! Help me Bilbo!!!! William Strunk is coming to get me!

I will work to write my paper carefully.

Phew, much better! Gandolf would be proud.

The infinitive in the above sentence is acting as an adv.

Page 16: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

The infinitive phrase to kill him is a direct object to am going and is therefore a noun.

Him is part of the infinitive phrase because it is a direct object to the infinitive.

Page 17: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

GerundGerund

A gerund is a verb form ending in –A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing but functions as a noun within ing but functions as a noun within a sentence.a sentence.

Gerunds act as subjects, direct Gerunds act as subjects, direct objects, objects of prepositions, objects, objects of prepositions, indirect objects and predicate indirect objects and predicate nominatives.nominatives.

Page 18: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Writing essaysWriting essays is a skill you will is a skill you will utilize throughout the rest of your utilize throughout the rest of your educational careers. (subject)educational careers. (subject)

Honors Comp. is the perfect class Honors Comp. is the perfect class for for learning to write effective learning to write effective essays. essays.

(object of a preposition)(object of a preposition)

Page 19: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

                                                                                        

  

Scamming innocent people out of their money is a gerund phrase (scamming is the object of the preposition for)

To cancel guilt is an infinitive phrase acting as an adverb.

Page 20: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Participles are verb forms Participles are verb forms acting as adjectives.acting as adjectives.

Present Participles Present Participles are made up of a are made up of a verb form + -ing. verb form + -ing.

Past ParticiplesPast Participles are made up of a are made up of a verb form + a –d or –ed ending.verb form + a –d or –ed ending.

Note: There are some irregular verbs Note: There are some irregular verbs that have different forms of past that have different forms of past participles. participles. Brought, bought, goneBrought, bought, gone

Page 21: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Some notes about Some notes about participial phrasesparticipial phrases

Although participles and participial Although participles and participial phrases can be located anywhere in phrases can be located anywhere in sentence, they should be placed well.sentence, they should be placed well.

A participial phrase that begins a A participial phrase that begins a sentence must modify the sentence must modify the grammatical subject.grammatical subject.

Other part. phrases should be as near Other part. phrases should be as near as possible to the word they modify.as possible to the word they modify.

Page 22: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

                                                                                        

  Astonishing modifies the noun incompetence

To jump is an infinitive acting as a noun (direct object)

Page 23: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Note: an

–ing word is only a verb when accompanied by a verb helper like am going.

What types of verbals or phrases are in the comic?

for lunch of course are getting to cost

have done cost of the house

Page 24: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

The AppositiveThe Appositive

An appositive is a noun or pronoun that An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun.renames another noun or pronoun.

The appositive usually comes after the The appositive usually comes after the word it renames but not always.word it renames but not always.

It should be set off in commas unless is It should be set off in commas unless is is a one word appositive or an essential is a one word appositive or an essential to the meaning of the sentence.to the meaning of the sentence.

Page 25: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

An appositive is a noun or pronoun -- often with modifiers -- set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. Here are some examples of appositives.

Page 26: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it.

Page 27: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

Punctuation of appositives“In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive” (Purdue).

Page 28: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

The Absolute PhraseThe Absolute Phrase

““An absolute phrase begins with a noun An absolute phrase begins with a noun phrase followed by a verbal or phrase followed by a verbal or prepositional phrase. It contains no prepositional phrase. It contains no verb form that indicates tense” (Raimes verb form that indicates tense” (Raimes 328).328).

““An absolute phrase modifies a whole An absolute phrase modifies a whole sentence and is set off from the rest of sentence and is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma” (Raimes the sentence by a comma” (Raimes 328).328).

Page 29: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

•Their reputation as winners secured by victory, the New York Liberty charged into the semifinals.

•The season nearly finished, Rebecca Lobo and Sophie Witherspoon emerged as true leaders.

•The two superstars signed autographs into the night, their faces beaming happily.

Page 30: The Greatness of Grammar Phrases. Why study phrases?

ResourcesResourcesAdams, Scott. Adams, Scott. Dilbert.comDilbert.com. 2004. 24 Jan. 2005. . 2004. 24 Jan. 2005.

<http://www.dilbert.com>.<http://www.dilbert.com>.““Farside Comics.” Farside Comics.” Angelfire. 24 Jan. 2005.Angelfire. 24 Jan. 2005.

<http://www.angelfire.com/nd2/rickspage/farside.<http://www.angelfire.com/nd2/rickspage/farside.html>.html>.

Jennings, Mark. Jennings, Mark. Skylar’s DenSkylar’s Den. 15 Jul. 2004. 24 Jan. . 15 Jul. 2004. 24 Jan. 2005. <http://www2.symet.net/TeamSky/index.2005. <http://www2.symet.net/TeamSky/index.htm>.htm>.

Purdue University. Purdue University. Online Writing LabOnline Writing Lab. . 2004. 24 Jan.2005.<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/2004. 24 Jan.2005.<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/lab/fairuse.html>.lab/fairuse.html>.

Raimes, Ann. Raimes, Ann. Universal Keys for WritersUniversal Keys for Writers. Boston: . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.Houghton Mifflin, 2004.