the greek voter according to helpmevote 2015 … greek voter according to helpmevote 2015 and elnes...

The Greek Voter according to HelpMeVote 2015 and ELNES 2015

Ioannis Andreadis

Introduction to datasets This paper aims at providing a description of the Greek political space after the 2015 elections in Greece. The analysis is based on two datasets: HelpMeVote 2015 (Andreadis & Chadjipadelis 2015) and ELNES 2015 (the Hellenic National Election Voter Study) for the Greek Parliamentary elections of 2015. The former dataset is already available and (the latter will be available as soon as data preparation is complete) on the website of the Hellenic National Election Studies http://www.elnes.gr1 The 2015 Hellenic (Greek) National Election Voter Study is conducted as a mixed-mode survey. The sample was selected randomly by area proportional to total electorate. The majority of the sample was designed to be collected online. The selected respondents were called on the phone and they were asked to provide their email address if they wanted to participate in a web survey conducted by the Laboratory of Applied Political Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. These email addresses have been used into the epolls.gr web survey system. In the group of Greek citizens of age 65+ Internet penetration is very low and use of email is rare. Of course it is impossible to use our method (telephone push to web) for someone who does not have an email address. Thus, respondents who have answered that they do not have an email address, they were asked if they belong to the 65+ age group and if their answer was positive they were offered the opportunity to answer the questionnaire via a telephone interview. ELNES questionnaire include a common module of survey questions provided by the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems2 (CSES), a collaborative program of research among election study teams from around the world that aims to understand the nature of political and social cleavages and alignments. The questionnaire also includes questions from the Comparative National Election Project3 (CNEP), a partnership among scholars who conduct election surveys across the democratic world (Gunther, Puhle & Montero 2007). HelpMeVote 2015 is a Greek Voting Advice Application that was completed more than 570000 times in the period from its official beginning (07/01/2015) until the Election Day (25/01/2015). Following the cleaning techniques provided by Andreadis (2012, 2014) the cleaned dataset includes 543870 cases. The number of citizens who have participated in the Greek Parliamentary Elections of January 2015 is 6330786. Thus, if we suppose that all HelpMeVote users have used it only once and that almost all of them have participated in the elections, then we can estimate that HelpMeVote

1 Follow @elnesgr or @johnandsci to be notified about the release of new available datasets. 2 http://www.cses.org 3 http://u.osu.edu/cnep

users are circa 8.6% of those who participated in the Greek Parliamentary Elections of January 2015. HelpMeVote 2015 includes 31 statements that reflect the major dimensions of electoral competition. 20 statements have been used in HelpMeVote 2012 (Andreadis, 2013), 6 statements have been translated from the Core Questionnaire of the Comparative Candidate Survey4 (CCS) Module II (2013-2018) (CCS, April 2013), 3 statements have been developed within Team Populism5 (Hawkins, Riding, & Mudde, 2012; Akkerman, Mudde & Zaslove, 2013) and the Populismus project6 (Andreadis, Stavrakakis & Katsambekis 2015), and 2 statements are totally new and reflect two new issues of the political debate during the period before the elections of 25 January 2015. The 20 statements used in HelpMeVote 2015 out of about 40 that have been used in the two versions of HelpMeVote 2012 (May and June) have been selected on the basis of two criteria: i) old issues which have lost their importance on the electoral agenda have been excluded, ii) the discrimination power of each issue was re-examined against the data which have been collected by the users of HelpMeVote 2012, i.e. it was checked whether voters of different parties have significantly different positions; issues that failed to pass this test for most pairs of parties were deleted. It should be noted that many of the statements that have been used in the previous versions of HelpMeVote were based on items included in major international political and social surveys and in the literature related with party positions, party mapping and the dimensions of political competition (Benoit and Laver, 2006; Evans, Heath and Lalljee, 1996; Heath, Evans and Martin, 1994, Andreadis, Teperoglou and Tsatsanis, 2011). In HelpMeVote 2012 we also included issues which were asked in Greek public opinion polls and which are related with the views regarding the management of the debt, and attitudes towards the memoranda and the Troika, because the polls had revealed that these issues would play an important role in shaping the behavior of Greek voters for the 2012 elections.

The political Map of HelpMeVote 2015 For the political map of HelpMeVote 2015, the results are presented in a two-axes X-Y plot. The horizontal axis depicts the position of parties in the GAL: (Green, Alternative, Libertarian) vs TAN: (Traditional, Authoritarian, Nationalist) dimension (Hooghe, Marks, & Wilson, 2002). The axis is based on socio-cultural issues. The second (vertical) axis captures the juxtaposition of the parties regarding the management of the debt, country's commitments to its lenders and the attitudes towards the European Union. At the top of the axis we can find parties that support that staying in the Eurozone should be a top priority for Greece (pro-European); at the bottom of the axis we can find the opposite view (anti-Troika), i.e. that we should cancel the austerity measure immediately even if this means that we would risk getting out of the Eurozone (see Diagram 1).

4 http://www.comparativecandidates.org/ 5 http://populism.byu.edu/ 6 http://www.populismus.gr/

Most of the statements used in HelpMeVote have been classified as follows: if a statement expresses a GAL position, it is classified as GAL-oriented. With the same method, other statements have been classified as TAN-oriented. For the statements that are more related to the vertical axis we have used the labels "pro-European" (used for statements expressing ideas that would be supported by parties that appear near the top of the diagram) and "anti-Troika" for statements expressing opposite ideas. However, the vertical axis also includes the statements that refer to i) economic left/right and ii) populism. The inclusion of economic left/right issues in the vertical axis was done because the analysis of HelpMeVote 2012 data has shown that the economic left/right dimension has been aligned with the pro-European/anti-Troika dimension. For similar results based on ELNES 2012 (Andreadis, Chadjipadelis, Teperoglou, 2014) see (Freire et al, 2014; Tsatsanis, Freire & Tsirbas, 2014).

The position of the parties on the diagram is determined by the following procedure: The answers are coded as follows: -1: Strongly disagree, -0.5: Disagree, 0: Neither agree nor disagree, 0.5: Agree and 1: Strongly agree. Then, to determine the position of the voter on the GAL - TAN axis, the sum of all the answers to GAL-oriented questions is subtracted by the sum of all responses to TAN-oriented questions. The result is divided by the number of all GAL or TAN oriented questions. The result is a number with values ranging from -1 (extreme GAL) to +1 (extreme TAN) and it is used as the abscissa of the point. The ordinate of the point is calculated in a similar way (using the questions related to the vertical axis).

Diagram 1. HelpMeVote 2015 political map

The political map displayed in Diagram 1 reflect the position of the political parties. Their position comes from their position in each of the political statements included in HelpMeVote 2015. The map helps to get a general idea of what each party stand for

with regard to the two most significant dimensions of the electoral competition in Greece at the beginning of 2015. But in order to understand the Greek voter, we need to study what the voters of each party have answered to the questions of both HelpMeVote and ELNES 2015. This is the target of the next section.

Findings based on voter data

The government coalition: common ground and differences

Diagram 2. Populist attitudes by political party (HelpMeVote 2015) Table 1. Populist attitudes by political party (ELNES 2015) Disagree Neither/nor Agree POTAMI 58,7% 19,6% 21,7% ND 49,3% 21,7% 29,0% PASOK 47,4% 18,4% 34,2% GD 16,7% 25,0% 58,3% SYRIZA 10,8% 25,5% 63,6% ANEL 6,5% 25,8% 67,7% KKE 6,3% 25,0% 68,8%

Diagram 2 and Table 1 show very clearly that the majority of SYRIZA and ANEL voters agree with the populist statement: ‘The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions’. The same applies to voters of KKE and Golden Dawn. On the other hand, the majority of ND, PASOK and POTAMI voters either disagree or hold a neutral position. It seems that after the election (ELNES 2015 data) the percentage of voters who agree with this statement has dropped for all parties. For ND, PASOK and POTAMI voters this was translated to a larger

percentage for those who disagree, while for the rest of the voters (GD, SYRIZA, ANEL, KKE) it increased the percentage of the neutral (Neither agree nor disagree) position. A possible explanation of the differences observed between HelpMeVote and ELNES data is that HelpMeVote data are collected before the elections while ELNES is a post-election study.

Diagram 3. Public control of the economy by political party (HelpMeVote 2015) Table 2. Public control of the economy by political party (ELNES 2015) Disagree Neither/nor Agree POTAMI 75,8% 15,4% 8,8% ND 71,2% 15,1% 13,7% PASOK 60,5% 18,4% 21,1% GD 41,7% 25,0% 33,3% KKE 18,8% 25,0% 56,3% ANEL 19,4% 22,6% 58,1% SYRIZA 15,5% 19,4% 65,1%

Diagram 3 and Table 2 show a difference between voters of populist and mainstream parties and a similarity of populist parties: The majority of SYRIZA and ANEL voters agree with the statement: ‘Banks and utilities must be under public control’. The same applies to voters of KKE. On the other hand, the majority of ND, PASOK and POTAMI voters disagree with this statement. An interesting point here is that there is no difference between left-wing and right-wing populism. The voters of the right-wing populist parties in Greece do not support liberal economic policies. On the contrary, they express strong opinions in favour of public control of the economy and against privatizations. Golden Dawn voters do not appear to have a very clear opinion on this issue. While HelpMeVote 2015 data show that their majority agree with this issue, according to ELNES 2015 data they appear divided into three almost equal groups.

Diagram 4. Attitudes towards immigrants by political party (HelpMeVote 2015) Table 3. Attitudes towards immigrants by political party (ELNES 2015) Disagree Neither/nor Agree

KKE 33,3% 60,0% 6,7% POTAMI 41,1% 33,3% 25,6% SYRIZA 49,5% 24,9% 25,6% PASOK 42,1% 28,9% 28,9% ND 32,9% 30,7% 36,4% GD 33,3% 25,0% 41,7% ANEL 26,7% 16,7% 56,7%

Diagram 4 and Table 2 show a significant difference between voters of two parties of the coalition government: The majority of ANEL voters support that immigrants who come to Greece should be required to adopt Greek customs. On the other hand, the majority of SYRIZA voters disagree with this idea. There are two important differences observed on the table (based on ELNES data): i) the majority of KKE voters avoid selecting one of the sides and they seem to prefer the middle (neither/nor) position and ii) Golden Dawn voters appear much more tolerant towards immigrants in ELNES 2015 than in HelpMeVote 2015. This may be justified by a difference between HelpMeVote and ELNES. HelpMeVote users are sure that their answers are totally anonymous: they find HelpMeVote on the web and they can use any device they wish (e.g. a PC in a public library). On the other hand, ELNES 2015 respondents are called on the telephone via Random Digit Dialling (RDD) and they either provide their email address in order to receive an invitation for the web survey or they give their responses via a telephone interview. Thus, although we keep the responses totally anonymous and we never associate the

responses with any information that could lead to the personal identification of any of the respondents (and we assure respondents about it), it is possible that ELNES respondents may not feel the same level of security about their anonymity as HelpMeVote respondents do. As a result, ELNES responses may be affected by social desirability bias.

Diagram 5. Attitudes towards same-sex marriages by political party Table 4. Attitudes towards same-sex marriages by political party (ELNES 2015) Disagree Neither/nor Agree

SYRIZA 59,1% 22,7% 18,2% POTAMI 54,9% 26,4% 18,7% PASOK 55,3% 23,7% 21,1% KKE 50,0% 25,0% 25,0% ND 42,1% 25,0% 32,9% GD 16,7% 25,0% 58,3% ANEL 19,4% 19,4% 61,3%

Diagram 5 and Table 4 show a significant difference between voters of SYRIZA and ANEL: The majority of ANEL (as well as Golden Dawn) voters support that same-sex marriages should be prohibited by law. On the other hand, the majority of SYRIZA voters disagree with this statement. The Diagram displays POTAMI voters at the top of the list. This can be explained by the fact that POTAMI has run a rather liberal campaign on such issues, while one of its founding members is openly gay and strongly supported the right of same sex couples to marriage and child adoption.

It is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside

5,9%

6,0%

6,6%

16,3%

19,2%

30,2%

52,4%

26,0%

23,1%

22,2%

17,5%

91,7%

91,4%

89,6%

57,7%

57,7%

47,6%

30,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

KKE

Disagree Neither/nor Agree Diagram 6. Attitudes towards EU by political party (HelpMeVote 2015) Table 5. Attitudes towards EU by political party (ELNES 2015) Disagree Neither/nor Agree

KKE 37,5% 31,3% 31,3%ANEL 25,8% 32,3% 41,9%GD 9,1% 45,5% 45,5%SYRIZA 20,2% 24,5% 55,3%POTAMI 5,6% 2,2% 92,2%PASOK 0,0% 5,3% 94,7%ND 2,9% 1,4% 95,7%

Diagram 6 shows that both SYRIZA and ANEL voters appear to follow almost the same distribution with regard to the statement "It is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside". In both groups 57.7% agree with this statement. KKE is the only party in which the majority of voters disagree with this statement.

Golden dawn voters According to the literature, citizens who vote for extremist parties tend to be men and have lower educational levels (Givens 2004; Goodwin, 2011). Previous studies of GD voters (Georgiadou, 2013; Ellinas 2013; Ellinas 2014) have found a similar distribution. Ellinas (2013) explains the gender gap in the GD electorate as a result of the militant style and extremist ideology of the party. Both Georgiadou (2013) and Ellinas (2013) find that voters with intermediate levels of education (e.g. people who have completed secondary education) are more likely to vote for GD and the support declines both in the higher and lower levels of education. Regarding the lower support for GD in the groups of the lower level of education, I argue that this a spurious finding of the correlation between age and education levels in Greece (older people are less educated). According to HelpMeVote 2015 (its huge

sample offers the opportunity to create detailed cross-tabulations without the danger of having cell with small expected frequencies) it seems that in almost each age group, support for GD decreases while education level increases (Table 6). Table 6. GD support by age and education (HelpMeVote 2015) 18-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 >64 Total Primary 27,6% 16,7% 8,3% 5,0% 3,6% 5,8% Lower Secondary 11,4% 9,9% 8,7% 4,8% 4,5% 6,2% Higher Secondary 4,1% 7,3% 5,1% 3,4% 2,9% 4,9% Tertiary 3,1% 2,9% 2,9% 2,2% 2,5% 2,8% Postgraduate 3,6% 1,5% 1,9% 1,9% 3,4% 1,9% Public opinion polls have shown that a lot of Golden Dawn voters self-position themselves on the left/right ideological scale as center-left or centrists. In addition, as Georgiadou (2013) argues, half of the assembled electoral base of Golden Dawn consists of people who do not belong to the right of the political spectrum. And she comments: "It is remarkable that such a highly ideological party was able to draw votes from almost every position on the left-right axis". The paradoxical phenomenon of some Golden Dawn voters self-positioning themselves on the left side of the left/right scale is verified by ELNES 2015 data. But, more careful observation of the tables and the diagrams in this paper (and its Appendix) can provide evidence that this finding is a result of Golden Dawn voters self-positioning themselves on the left/right scale using only the economic dimension and not on the socio-cultural (GAL/TAN) dimension of the left/right scale. As Diagram 5 has shown, GD voters have the more hostile attitudes towards same-sex marriages. Many of the diagrams presented in the appendix, verify that GD voters are not tolerant to different behaviours and they appear against the rights of various minority groups (including immigrants) For instance, the interested reader can see: Appendix Diagram 6. "Immigrants are good for Greek economy", Appendix Diagram 14. "The requirements for asylum and citizenship must be tightened" and Appendix Diagram 15. The existence of multiculturalism in Greece is a positive phenomenon. The aforementioned diagrams of the Appendix show that most of the GD voters are hostile towards immigrants. In addition, Appendix Diagram 19 "Women should be free to decide on matters of abortion" and Appendix Diagram 24 "The church and the state should be completely separated" show that GD voters are not supporters of various personal freedom rights. With regard to citizen rights they also support that "There should be legislation to limit protests" (Appendix Diagram 30). On the other hand, as I have shown with Diagram 3 on issues related to the control of the economy they hold moderate positions. This is also verified by the following diagrams: Appendix Diagram 22 "It must be possible to operate non-governmental, non-profit institutions of higher education" and Appendix Diagram 23 "The national health system can become more efficient through partial privatization". Thus, GD voters despite how they position themselves on the left/right scale, they are definitely neither centrists, nor leftists as far as the socio-cultural (GAL/TAN) dimension is concerned. In fact, according to the following tables, it seems that some of them have developed authoritarian and anti-democratic attitudes. In Table 7, I present how the voters of each party have responded to a question asking about the

ability of democracy. Three out of four of GD voters appear as believing that Parliamentary democracy is not able to face the contemporary issues of the Hellenic society. Table 7. Parliamentary democracy is not able to face the contemporary issues of the Hellenic society (ELNES 2015) Agree Neither/nor DisagreePASOK 21,1% 10,5% 68,4% SYRIZA 22,4% 11,5% 66,1% ND 23,9% 11,3% 64,8% POTAMI 25,0% 9,8% 65,2% ANEL 38,7% 29,0% 32,3% KKE 53,3% 13,3% 33,3% GD 75,0% 0,0% 25,0% In addition, two out of three of GD voters believe that under some circumstances, an authoritarian regime, a dictatorship, is preferable to a democratic system, thus they express positive feelings towards a dictatorship (Table 8). Table 8. Democracy or an authoritarian regime? (ELNES 2015) Which of the following phrases most closely reflects your own opinion? For people like

me, one regime is the same as

another.

Under some circumstances, an authoritarian regime, a dictatorship, is preferable to a democratic system

Democracy is preferable to any other

form of government

SYRIZA 2,1% 5,2% 92,7% ND 1,4% 7,0% 91,5% GD 66,7% 33,3% POTAMI 2,2% 8,7% 89,1% KKE 6,3% 93,8% ANEL 6,7% 93,3% PASOK 2,7% 97,3% As table 9 shows one out of four GD voters goes even a step further and supports that the army should govern Greece (without any references to certain circumstances – this means that these people would prefer to have a military Greek government today). Table 9. The army should govern the country (ELNES 2015) Agree Neither/nor DisagreeSYRIZA 0,3% 1,7% 97,9%ND 3,6% 2,1% 94,3%GD 25,0% 25,0% 50,0%POTAMI 1,1% 1,1% 97,8%KKE 0,0% 0,0% 100,0%ANEL 3,3% 6,7% 90,0%PASOK 0,0% 0,0% 100,0%

The presented tables show that some of the GD voters are not just members of social groups that are economically insecure, who have suffered by the financial crisis due to their socio-economic status (e.g. self-employed, private sector employees and the unemployed) that is exposed to market conditions. They are not just lower educated people who have associated illegal immigration with high unemployment. Of course, the literature has provided evidence that higher rates of unemployment correlate with higher levels of support for radical right parties especially when unemployment coincides with high levels of immigration (Lubbers, Gijsberts & Scheepers 2002). It seems that some of the GD supporters have gone a step further from the mere dissatisfaction towards the political institutions and the way democracy functions in Greece. It us possible that they have been convinced by the GD leadership that accuses the Greek democracy as a ‘pseudo-democracy’ and the Greek democratic elected government as junta (Ellinas 2015) and they have developed hostile attitudes towards democracy. This finding is compatible with an extreme right-wing party because according to Mudde (2007) the main difference between right-wing extremists and radical right-wing populists is that right-wing radicals are democratic, while right-wing extremists are antidemocratic, and they are opposing the fundamental principle of sovereignty of the people.

Some conclusions and what is next? Some general conclusions about the Greek voters after the election of 25 January 2015

• Both SYRIZA and ANEL voters seem to agree on: i) Euroscepticism, ii) Statism and iii) populism

• SYRIZA and ANEL voters are completely different on the GAL/TAN dimension

• The majority of KKE voters believe that it would be better for Greece to leave EU

• ND, PASOK and POTAMI voters are pro-EU and they have very limited differences. In fact POTAMI and PASOK voters are almost identical. Some differences can be found between POTAMI and ND but they are minimal and on issues that are not at the center of the political debate: see appendix Diagram 17. Same-sex marriages should be prohibited by law and appendix Diagram 24. The church and the state should be completely separated.

• Many GD voters seem to have a hostile attitude towards democracy and one out of four want a government by the army.

Finally, a comment about the current situation, after the agreement of the SYRIZA – ANEL government for a third memorandum and the new party "Popular Unity" of previous SYRIZA members: Popular Unity is in favour of Greece leaving Eurozone and eventually EU. What does this mean for their electoral performance and the part of previous SYRIZA voters that they can gain in the forthcoming elections? As Diagram 6 shows, 57.7% of SYRIZA believe that it is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside, 16.3% disagree and 26% have a neutral position. This means that Popular Unity will have a relatively easy task to gain those who disagree with the EU membership (16.3%) and the maximum they could get (in the highly improbable case they will convince all neutral SYRIZA voters) is 42.3% of SYRIZA voters.

References Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. (2013). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies Andreadis, I. (2012) To Clean or not to Clean? Improving the Quality of VAA Data XXII World Congress of Political Science (IPSA), Madrid Andreadis, I. (2013) Voting Advice Applications: a successful nexus between informatics and political science. BCI '13, September 19 - 21 2013, Thessaloniki, Greece http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2490257.2490263 Andreadis, I. (2014) Data Quality and Data Cleaning in Garzia, D. Marschall, S. (eds) Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates. Voting Advice Applications in Comparative Perspective, ECPR Press Andreadis, I. Chadjipadelis, T. (2015) HelpMeVote Hellenic Parliamentary Election 2015. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2015-02-19. http://doi.org/10.3886/E26659V4 Andreadis, I., Chadjipadelis, T. & Teperoglou, E. (2014) Hellenic Voter Study 2012, Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [distributor]: http://doi.org/10.3886/E10762V5. Andreadis, I., Stavrakakis, Y., & Katsambekis, G. (2015) Using Surveys to Measure the Populist Attitudes of Political Elites and Voters: A Greek Pilot Study of Supply and Demand. Team Populism Conference Solving the Puzzles of Populism. Andreadis, I., Teperoglou, E., Tsatsanis. E. (2011) Η δομή του ιδεολογικού χώρου στην Ελλάδα: χαρτογράφηση των προτιμήσεων πολιτικής κομμάτων και ψηφοφόρων, The structure of ideological space in Greece: mapping parties’ and voters’ policy preferences], Hellenic Political Science Review 38 p. 5-32 Benoit, K. and Laver, M. (2006) Party policy in modern democracies. New York: Routledge. CCS (2013) Core Questionnaire of the Comparative Candidate Survey (CCS) Module II (2013-2018), http://www.comparativecandidates.org Ellinas, A. A. (2013). The rise of Golden Dawn: the new face of the far right in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 18(4), 543-565. Ellinas, A. A. (2015). Neo-Nazism in an Established Democracy: The Persistence of Golden Dawn in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 20(1), 1-20. Evans, G., Heath, A. and Lalljee, M. (1996). Measuring left-right and libertarian-authoritarian values in the Βritish electorate. British Journal of Sociology 47 (1): 93-112. Freire, A., Lisi, M., Andreadis, I., & Leite Viegas, J. M. (2014). Political representation in bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal compared. South European Society and Politics, 1-21. http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.984381 Georgiadou, V. (2013). Right-wing populism and extremism: The rapid rise of “golden dawn” in crisis-ridden Greece. in Right-wing Extremism in Europe, eds R. Melzer & S. Sebastian, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Berlin. Givens, T. (2004) The radical right gender gap, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 30–54. Goodwin, M. (2011) Right Response. Understanding and Countering Populist Extremism in Europe. A Chatham House Report. Gunther, R., Puhle H.J and Montero, J.R. (eds.) (2007). Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents. Oxford: Oxford University Press Hawkins, K., Riding, S. and Mudde, C. (2012), Measuring Populist Attitudes. Political Concepts, Committee on Concepts and Methods, Working Paper Series, 55

Heath, A., Evans, G. and Martin, J. (1994). The measurement of core beliefs and values: The development of balanced Socialist/Laissez faire and Libertarian / Authoritarian scales. British Journal of Political Science 24 (1): 115-32. Hooghe, L., Marks, G., & Wilson, C. J. (2002). Does left/right structure party positions on European integration?. Comparative Political Studies, 35(8), 965-989 Lubbers, M., Gijsberts, M. & Scheepers, P. (2002) ‘Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 345–378. Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Tsatsanis, E., Freire, A., & Tsirbas, Y. (2014). The impact of the economic crisis on the ideological space in Portugal and Greece: a comparison of elites and voters. http://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.983317 Vasilopoulou, S., & Halikiopoulou, D. (2015). The Golden Dawn's' Nationalist Solution': Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece. Palgrave Macmillan.

Appendix (HelpMeVote distributions)

The right for temporary leaves from prison is more important than the risk of escape This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015. It is GAL-oriented and it reflects an intense public debate that took place a few weeks before the elections. The statement 'The right for temporary leaves from prison is more important than the risk of escape' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 53% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 50% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 70% disagree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 70% disagree with it). Diagram 2. The right for temporary leaves from prison is more important than the risk of escape. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

27,0%

29,4%

52,2%

52,4%

55,0%

69,6%

69,8%

20,1%

21,0%

17,1%

21,9%

19,8%

9,8%

12,6%

53,0%

49,6%

30,8%

25,6%

25,2%

20,6%

17,6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

SYRIZA

PASOK

Potami

ANEL

GD

ND

Disagree Neither/nor Agree

The Memorandum has not caused the economic crisis; the economic crisis has resulted in the Memorandum This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015. It is pro-European oriented and it was often used by the government parties of ND and PASOK. The statement 'The Memorandum has not caused the economic crisis; the economic crisis has resulted in the Memorandum' is supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 86% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 80% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of ANEL (circa 51% disagree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 49% disagree with it). Diagram 3. 'The Memorandum has not caused the economic crisis; the economic crisis has resulted in the Memorandum. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

9,2%

11,1%

12,5%

34,8%

44,3%

48,8%

50,6%

5,0%

9,2%

8,0%

12,5%

14,7%

10,6%

12,4%

85,8%

79,7%

79,5%

52,7%

41,1%

40,6%

37,0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

PASOK

Potami

ND

KKE

SYRIZA

GD

ANEL


People who break the law should be given stiffer sentences This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was copied by the CCS II core questionnaire. It was used as a TAN oriented statement, but it seems that it is supported by the voters of all parties. The statement 'People who break the law should be given stiffer sentences.' is supported more by the voters of GD (circa 85% agree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 77% agree with it), and it is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 51% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 56% agree with it). Diagram 4. People who break the law should be given stiffer sentences. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

5,8%

6,6%

10,8%

13,1%

13,5%

21,8%

24,4%

9,2%

16,0%

18,8%

16,8%

22,3%

21,9%

24,4%

85,0%

77,4%

70,4%

70,2%

64,3%

56,3%

51,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GD

ND

ANEL

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

KKE


Popular demands are today ignored in favour of what benefits the establishment This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was developed in co-operation with the populismus project led by professor Stavrakakis. It was used as an anti-Troika oriented statement, but it seems that it is supported by the voters of almost all parties. The statement 'Popular demands are today ignored in favour of what benefits the establishment' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 97% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 96% agree with it). This statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 49% agree with it) and the voters of PASOK (circa 63% agree with it). Diagram 5. Popular demands are today ignored in favour of what benefits the establishment. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

1,6%

1,9%

2,8%

6,5%

13,8%

18,3%

26,0%

1,7%

2,4%

4,4%

6,2%

19,0%

19,0%

24,6%

96,7%

95,8%

92,8%

87,3%

67,3%

62,6%

49,4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

Potami

PASOK

ND


Immigrants are good for Greek economy This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was copied by CCS II core questionnaire. It was used as a GAL oriented statement, but it does not reach the absolute majority among the voters of any of the Greek parliamentary parties. The statement 'Immigrants are good for [country’s] economy.' is supported more by the voters of KKE (circa 45% agree with it) the voters of PASOK (circa 43% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 40% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of GD (circa 90% disagree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 69% disagree with it). It is interesting that although SYRIZA is the most pro-immigrant parliamentary party in Greece, the voters of SYRIZA are split into 3 almost equal groups (31% disagree, 31% neither agree nor disagree and 38% agree with the aforementioned statement). Diagram 6. Immigrants are good for Greek economy. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

24,2%

29,2%

31,0%

32,5%

57,2%

68,8%

89,6%

30,8%

30,8%

30,6%

24,5%

22,3%

19,9%

6,0%

45,1%

40,0%

38,3%

42,9%

20,5%

11,3%

4,4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

Potami

SYRIZA

PASOK

ND

ANEL

GD


The police should use stricter enforcement measures to protect the property of citizens This is a TAN oriented statement that was used again in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The police should use stricter enforcement measures to protect the property of citizens.' is supported by the voters of GD (circa 91% agree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 84% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 52% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 43% disagree with it). Diagram 7. The police should use stricter enforcement measures to protect the property of citizens. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

4,3%

6,5%

14,5%

17,1%

20,8%

43,2%

51,7%

4,8%

9,1%

14,2%

13,7%

18,6%

15,6%

15,7%

90,8%

84,4%

71,3%

69,2%

60,6%

41,2%

32,7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GD

ND

ANEL

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

KKE


We should have more flexible forms of work in order to combat unemployment This is a right-oriented statement that was used again in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'We should have more flexible forms of work in order to combat unemployment.' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 72% agree with it) and the voters of Potami and PASOK (circa 63% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 69% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 54% disagree with it). Diagram 8. We should have more flexible forms of work in order to combat unemployment. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

17,4%

25,1%

27,2%

34,0%

47,0%

53,6%

68,9%

10,9%

12,0%

9,8%

11,7%

9,1%

7,7%

5,0%

71,8%

63,0%

63,0%

54,3%

43,9%

38,7%

26,1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

Potami

PASOK

GD

ANEL

SYRIZA

KKE


The government should take measures to reduce income inequalities This is a new statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was copied by the CCS II core questionnaire. It was used as a left-oriented statement, but it seems that it is supported by the voters of all parties. The statement 'The government should take measures to reduce income inequalities' is supported by the voters of SYRIZA (circa 93% agree with it) and the voters of KKE (circa 92% agree with it). This statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 74% agree with it). Diagram 9. The government should take measures to reduce income inequalities. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

5,7%

6,1%

7,8%

9,0%

13,5%

7,4%

6,0%

9,3%

8,9%

12,8%

93,1%

92,0%

86,9%

87,9%

82,9%

82,1%

73,7%

3,1%

3,6%

3,8%

4,3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

SYRIZA

KKE

ANEL

PASOK

Potami

GD

ND


Defense spending should not be reduced to avoid becoming a vulnerable country This is a TAN-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'Defense spending should not be reduced to avoid becoming a vulnerable country.' is supported by the voters of GD (circa 81% agree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 67% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 61% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 54% disagree with it). Diagram 10. Defense spending should not be reduced to avoid becoming a vulnerable country. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

13,0%

19,4%

22,4%

34,6%

46,9%

54,3%

60,9%

6,5%

13,3%

15,6%

17,4%

20,7%

17,4%

15,9%

80,5%

67,3%

62,0%

48,0%

32,5%

28,3%

23,3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GD

ANEL

ND

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

KKE


The reduction of corporate taxes would have a positive impact on the development of the economy This is a statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The reduction of corporate taxes would have a positive impact on the development of the economy.' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 84% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 80% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 46% disagree with it). Diagram 11. The reduction of corporate taxes would have a positive impact on the development of the economy. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

7,9%

8,9%

10,8%

12,5%

13,8%

23,3%

45,5%

8,5%

11,2%

9,6%

11,9%

9,9%

14,2%

12,3%

83,6%

79,9%

79,7%

75,6%

76,2%

62,5%

42,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

Potami

ANEL

PASOK

GD

SYRIZA

KKE


With the Memoranda we accumulate debts without any visible benefits This is an anti-Troika statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'With the Memoranda we accumulate debts without any visible benefits.' is supported by the voters of SYRIZA (circa 94% agree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 93% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of PASOK and the voters of ND (circa 38% of both parties disagree with it). Diagram 12. With the Memoranda we accumulate debts without any visible benefits. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

5,2%

30,4%

38,1%

38,4%

5,4%

6,3%

23,0%

25,2%

20,7%

93,6%

92,9%

91,4%

88,5%

46,6%

36,7%

40,9%

3,2%

4,8%

4,4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

SYRIZA

ANEL

KKE

GD

Potami

ND

PASOK


It is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside This is a pro-European statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'It is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside.' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 92% agree with it) and the voters of PASOK (circa 91% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 52% disagree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 30% disagree with it). Diagram 13. It is better for Greece to be in the European Union rather than outside. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

5,9%

6,0%

6,6%

16,3%

19,2%

30,2%

52,4%

26,0%

23,1%

22,2%

17,5%

91,7%

91,4%

89,6%

57,7%

57,7%

47,6%

30,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

KKE


The requirements for asylum and citizenship must be tightened This is a TAN-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The requirements for asylum and citizenship must be tightened.' is supported by the voters of GD (circa 95% agree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 88% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 43% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 34% disagree with it). Diagram 14. The requirements for asylum and citizenship must be tightened. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

5,1%

6,5%

19,1%

24,0%

33,9%

43,0%

6,7%

8,5%

13,6%

17,2%

16,4%

16,7%

95,3%

88,2%

85,0%

67,2%

58,8%

49,7%

40,3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GD

ANEL

ND

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

KKE


The existence of multiculturalism in Greece is a positive phenomenon. This is a GAL-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The existence of multiculturalism in Greece is a positive phenomenon.' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 57% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 55% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of GD (circa 85% disagree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 64% disagree with it). Diagram 15. The existence of multiculturalism in Greece is a positive phenomenon. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions. This is populism statement that has been developed within the Team Populism project (Hawkins, Riding, & Mudde, 2012) to measure populist attitudes. The statement 'The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions.' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 88% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 82% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 39% disagree with it) and the voters of PASOK (circa 36% disagree with it). Diagram 16. The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

Same-sex marriages should be prohibited by law. This is a new GAL-oriented statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was copied by the CCS II core questionnaire. The statement 'Same-sex marriages should be prohibited by law.' is supported by the voters of GD (circa 80% agree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 62% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of Potami (circa 65% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 61% disagree with it).. Diagram 17. Same-sex marriages should be prohibited by law. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

People can be better represented by a citizen than by an experienced politician. This is populism statement that has been developed within the Team Populism project to measure populist attitudes. The statement 'People can be better represented by a citizen than by an experienced politician' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 51% agree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 53% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 68% disagree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 63% disagree with it). Diagram 18. People can be better represented by a citizen than by an experienced politician. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

Women should be free to decide on matters of abortion. This is a new GAL-oriented statement in HelpMeVote 2015 and it was copied by the CCS II core questionnaire. The statement 'Women should be free to decide on matters of abortion.' is supported by the voters of Potami (circa 89% agree with it) and the voters of KKE (circa 87% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of GD (circa 33% disagree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 20% disagree with it). Diagram 19. Women should be free to decide on matters of abortion.. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

We should not apply any law that we feel is unfair. This is an anti-Troika statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (June) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'We should not apply any law that we feel is unfair.' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 59% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 50% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 66% disagree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 65% disagree with it). Diagram 20. We should not apply any law that we feel is unfair. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

25,2%

32,4%

35,0%

37,4%

63,7%

65,1%

66,4%

15,7%

17,8%

18,5%

16,5%

12,0%

12,5%

9,8%

59,1%

49,8%

46,5%

46,1%

24,3%

22,4%

23,8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

ND

Potami

PASOK


We ought to have done many of the changes provisioned in the Memoranda on our own long ago This is a pro-European statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'We ought to have done many of the changes provisioned in the Memoranda on our own long ago.' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 92% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 91% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 50% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 31% disagree with it). Diagram 21. We ought to have done many of the changes provisioned in the Memoranda on our own long ago. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

22,3%

24,5%

30,8%

50,0%

14,7%

13,2%

16,7%

12,3%

92,2%

91,4%

92,4%

63,0%

62,3%

52,6%

37,7%

3,2%

3,4%

3,6%

5,3%

4,6%

4,0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

Potami

PASOK

ANEL

GD

SYRIZA

KKE


It must be possible to operate non-governmental, non-profit institutions of higher education This is a right-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'It must be possible to operate non-governmental, non-profit institutions of higher education.' is supported by the voters of Potami (circa 83% agree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 80% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 55% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 34% disagree with it). Diagram 22. It must be possible to operate non-governmental, non-profit institutions of higher education. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

23,6%

24,3%

33,8%

54,6%

14,6%

14,2%

13,5%

9,7%

82,9%

80,4%

72,2%

61,8%

61,6%

52,6%

35,7%

8,3%

10,0%

17,4%

9,7%

8,8%

10,4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Potami

ND

PASOK

ANEL

GD

SYRIZA

KKE


The national health system can become more efficient through partial privatization. This is a right-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The national health system can become more efficient through partial privatization.' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 67% agree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 54% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 82% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 69% disagree with it).. Diagram 23. The national health system can become more efficient through partial privatization. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

50,3%

56,2%

69,4%

81,8%

13,7%

13,5%

10,3%

6,2%

66,7%

54,2%

47,3%

36,0%

30,3%

20,3%

12,0%

20,2%

28,4%

38,2%

17,4%

13,2%

14,5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

Potami

PASOK

GD

ANEL

SYRIZA

KKE


The church and the state should be completely separated. This is a GAL-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The church and the state should be completely separated.' is supported by the voters of Potami (circa 83% agree with it) and the voters of KKE (circa 84% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of GD (circa 48% disagree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 41% disagree with it). Diagram 24. The church and the state should be completely separated. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

14,2%

29,7%

41,4%

47,9%

10,4%

15,6%

15,3%

12,0%

82,8%

83,6%

80,1%

75,4%

54,7%

43,3%

40,1%

8,6%

9,6%

11,7%

6,8%

8,6%

8,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Potami

KKE

SYRIZA

PASOK

ND

ANEL

GD


The economy of Greece would have been better if we had our own currency instead of Euro. This is an anti-Troika oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The economy of Greece would have been better if we had our own currency instead of Euro.' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 55% agree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 61% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 81% disagree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 77% disagree with it). Diagram 25. The economy of Greece would have been better if we had our own currency instead of Euro. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

27,7%

74,7%

77,5%

80,6%

29,3%

15,5%

11,6%

9,9%

55,3%

61,3%

54,4%

43,0%

9,7%

10,9%

9,5%

16,9%

21,9%

23,5%

16,8%

27,7%

22,2%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

GD

ANEL

SYRIZA

Potami

ND

PASOK


The decision power of the European Parliament should be increased on all matters of internal and foreign policy. This is a pro-European statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The decision power of the European Parliament should be increased on all matters of internal and foreign policy.' is supported by the voters of Potami (circa 52% agree with it) and the voters of PASOK (circa 55% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 65% disagree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 53% disagree with it). Diagram 26. The decision power of the European Parliament should be increased on all matters of internal and foreign policy. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

48,6%

51,9%

53,3%

65,2%

18,5%

16,6%

16,5%

14,7%

51,8%

55,3%

46,9%

32,9%

31,5%

30,3%

20,1%

27,5%

29,0%

31,1%

15,7%

20,7%

22,0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Potami

PASOK

ND

SYRIZA

GD

ANEL

KKE


Memoranda of Understanding with the Troika were necessary to avoid the bankruptcy of Greece. This is a pro-European statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (May) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'Memoranda of Understanding with the Troika were necessary to avoid the bankruptcy of Greece.' is supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 68% agree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 62% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 86% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 84% disagree with it). Diagram 27. Memoranda of Understanding with the Troika were necessary to avoid the bankruptcy of Greece. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

77,7%

83,3%

83,6%

85,8%

9,9%

9,7%

10,1%

8,1%

68,1%

62,4%

52,8%

12,4%

7,0%

6,2%

6,1%

15,4%

18,8%

23,8%

18,8%

16,4%

23,4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

PASOK

ND

Potami

GD

ANEL

SYRIZA

KKE


Banks and utilities must be under public control. This is a left-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (June) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'Banks and utilities must be under public control.' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 81% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 72% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 66% disagree with it) and the voters of Potami (circa 62% disagree with it). Diagram 28. Banks and utilities must be under public control. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

24,6%

56,0%

62,1%

65,8%

11,5%

15,5%

16,5%

12,2%

80,8%

72,3%

65,1%

63,9%

28,6%

21,3%

22,0%

10,4%

14,0%

19,1%

13,7%

8,9%

15,8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

PASOK

Potami

ND


We have every right to cancel the debt without consulting anyone else. This is a left-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (June) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'We have every right to cancel the debt without consulting anyone else' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 60% agree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 50% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of PASOK (circa 88% disagree with it) and the voters of ND (circa 88% disagree with it).. Diagram 29. We have every right to cancel the debt without consulting anyone else. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

37,4%

86,0%

87,7%

88,2%

27,6%

8,6%

7,0%

6,1%

60,1%

49,6%

35,8%

35,0%

5,4%

5,4%

5,7%

23,5%

32,8%

36,4%

17,6%

16,4%

27,8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

GD

SYRIZA

ANEL

Potami

ND

PASOK


There should be legislation to limit protests. This is a TAN-oriented statement that was used in HelpMeVote 2012 (June) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'There should be legislation to limit protests' is supported by the voters of ND (circa 57% agree with it) and the voters of GD (circa 47% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 89% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 83% disagree with it). Diagram 30. There should be legislation to limit protests. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

44,4%

64,8%

83,4%

89,5%

17,6%

14,9%

7,4%

4,5%

56,6%

47,0%

44,0%

38,0%

20,4%

9,2%

6,1%

27,2%

37,8%

40,5%

15,2%

16,2%

15,5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

ND

GD

PASOK

Potami

ANEL

SYRIZA

KKE


The probability of GRexit should not be considered as a disaster. This is an anti-Troika statement that was used almost the same in HelpMeVote 2012 (June) and it was found to have significant discriminating power. The statement 'The probability of GRexit should not be considered as a disaster' is supported by the voters of KKE (circa 79% agree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 73% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of ND (circa 78% disagree with it) and the voters of PASOK (circa 73% disagree with it). Diagram 31. The probability of GRexit should not be considered as a disaster. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

21,9%

65,9%

72,7%

78,2%

10,9%

15,2%

10,3%

9,1%

78,5%

72,5%

69,1%

67,2%

18,9%

17,0%

12,7%

11,2%

13,8%

17,1%

13,7%

10,3%

13,8%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

KKE

SYRIZA

ANEL

GD

Potami

PASOK

ND


Immigrants should be required to adapt to the customs of Greece. This is an TAN-oriented statement that was copied by the CCS II common core questionnaire. The statement 'Immigrants should be required to adapt to the customs of Greece' is supported by the voters of GD (circa 73% agree with it) and the voters of ANEL (circa 59% agree with it). On the other hand, this statement is less supported by the voters of KKE (circa 59% disagree with it) and the voters of SYRIZA (circa 52% disagree with it). Diagram 32. Immigrants should be required to adapt to the customs of Greece. Distribution of voters' attitudes by political party

42,8%

44,4%

52,2%

58,7%

19,1%

21,2%

19,2%

18,8%

73,4%

58,5%

48,8%

38,1%

34,4%

28,6%

22,5%

16,6%

24,1%

31,7%

17,3%

10,0%

19,5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GD

ANEL

ND

PASOK

Potami

SYRIZA

KKE


the greek voter according to helpmevote 2015 … greek voter according to helpmevote 2015 and elnes...

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