The Habsburg The Habsburg DynastyDynasty

The HabsburgsThe Habsburgs Ruled Austria since Ruled Austria since

the 1400'sthe 1400's Controlled many Controlled many

different ethnic and different ethnic and religious groupsreligious groups

Would be able to Would be able to control all of the control all of the people within people within Austria because of Austria because of the constant the constant dynastic rule of the dynastic rule of the HapsburgsHapsburgs

Charles VI Charles VI Presided over Austria Presided over Austria

during the War of during the War of Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession

Was able to acquire Was able to acquire new territories in new territories in Belgium which led to Belgium which led to the division of Austria the division of Austria into three different into three different territories:territories: AustriaAustria BohemiaBohemia HungaryHungary

Charles VI and the Charles VI and the HabsburgsHabsburgs

With his health failing, Charles sought to With his health failing, Charles sought to ensure that the Habsburg dynasty would ensure that the Habsburg dynasty would continue its rule in Austriacontinue its rule in Austria

His only heir was Maria Theresa, many His only heir was Maria Theresa, many countries refused her rule and countries refused her rule and threatened to secede from the empire.threatened to secede from the empire.

He forced them to sign the Pragmatic He forced them to sign the Pragmatic SanctionSanction Legally gave Maria Theresa control over all Legally gave Maria Theresa control over all

Habsburg landholdings stated her as queen Habsburg landholdings stated her as queen of the Austrian kingdom.of the Austrian kingdom.

PrussiaPrussia Built by the Built by the

Hohenzollern dynastyHohenzollern dynasty Greatest landholding Greatest landholding

was Brandenburgwas Brandenburg Ruling prince of Prussia Ruling prince of Prussia

was one of seven was one of seven electors who selected electors who selected the Holy Roman the Holy Roman EmperorEmperor

Prussia would be built Prussia would be built on the backs of its on the backs of its strong rulers and would strong rulers and would become future Germanybecome future Germany

Frederick I (1701-1713)Frederick I (1701-1713) Would be the first king Would be the first king

of the Kingdom of of the Kingdom of PrussiaPrussia

Was responsible for Was responsible for building up Prussia's building up Prussia's infrastructureinfrastructure

Would have E. Prussia Would have E. Prussia recognized as a recognized as a kingdomkingdom Would consolidate Would consolidate

all other Prussian all other Prussian landholdings under landholdings under the name Prussiathe name Prussia

Frederick William I Frederick William I (1713-1740)(1713-1740)

Known as the soldier-kingKnown as the soldier-king Believed that the military Believed that the military

was the most important was the most important aspect of Prussia that aspect of Prussia that needed to be built upneeded to be built up

Would form alliances with Would form alliances with other countries to other countries to prevent using his own prevent using his own troopstroops

Managed to avoid being Managed to avoid being involved in any wars and involved in any wars and left a surplus of money in left a surplus of money in the treasury upon his the treasury upon his death.death.

Frederick II “the Great” Frederick II “the Great” (1740-1786)(1740-1786)

Was considered an Was considered an enlightened despotenlightened despot

Oversaw the largest Oversaw the largest growth of power in growth of power in PrussiaPrussia

Was responsible for Was responsible for acquiring Silesia from acquiring Silesia from Austria and Maria Austria and Maria TheresaTheresa

Oversaw the First Oversaw the First Partition of Poland along Partition of Poland along with Maria Theresa and with Maria Theresa and Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Maria Theresa, (1745-Maria Theresa, (1745-1780)1780)

Held numerous titles Held numerous titles after the death of her after the death of her father Charles VI up to father Charles VI up to and including Holy and including Holy Roman Empress, Roman Empress, Archduchess of Austria, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia, Queen of Bohemia, Croatia, Saxony and Croatia, Saxony and other countriesother countries

Her reign was repudiated Her reign was repudiated by other countries by other countries including France which including France which led to the War of Austrian led to the War of Austrian SuccessionSuccession

Had sixteen children Had sixteen children including Marie including Marie AntoinetteAntoinette

The Austrian InvasionThe Austrian Invasion

Upon acceding to the throne, Maria Theresa Upon acceding to the throne, Maria Theresa would be attacked by Frederick the Greatwould be attacked by Frederick the Great

Frederick would be joined by other Frederick would be joined by other countries, including France, in his attempt to countries, including France, in his attempt to remove Maria Theresa from power and claim remove Maria Theresa from power and claim portions of Austriaportions of Austria

Maria Theresa would ask Hungary for Maria Theresa would ask Hungary for assistance and would manage to only lose assistance and would manage to only lose Silesia to Prussia via the Treaty of Aix-La Silesia to Prussia via the Treaty of Aix-La ChapelleChapelle

The Seven Years' WarThe Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War would begin and The Seven Years' War would begin and involve practically all of the major powers in involve practically all of the major powers in the world.the world.

It would be known as the French and Indian It would be known as the French and Indian War as well over in North AmericaWar as well over in North America

The war would begin due to issues between The war would begin due to issues between Britain and France over colonial landholdings Britain and France over colonial landholdings and Prussia and Austria over the Prussian and Prussia and Austria over the Prussian invasion and attempts to acquire Silesiainvasion and attempts to acquire Silesia

The British would ally with Prussia, while the The British would ally with Prussia, while the Austrians would ally with the FrenchAustrians would ally with the French

Results of the Seven Results of the Seven Years' WarYears' War

The Treaty of Paris would end the The Treaty of Paris would end the fighting between France and fighting between France and BritainBritain Britain acquires New France Britain acquires New France

and takes away portions of and takes away portions of France's overseas empire in AsiaFrance's overseas empire in Asia

The Treaty of Hubertusburg ended The Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the fighting between Austria and the fighting between Austria and PrussiaPrussia Prussia retains SilesiaPrussia retains Silesia

BOURBON DYNASTY

BOURBON DYNASTY BOURBON DYNASTY HENRY IVHENRY IV

Begun by Henry IV (1589-1610): Le bon roi Henri'' (good King Henry Emblem of the Bourbons - fleurs-de-lis; married Marie d'Medici (2nd wife)

.

BOURBON DYNASTY BOURBON DYNASTY HENRY IVHENRY IV

Duc de Sully: Chief Minister to Henry IV; lowered taxes on the peasants, revived the paulette - an annual tax on people who had purchased judicial and financial offices, reduced the royal debt and built up the treasury, promoted overseas trade by giving subsidies to trading companies; colonization begun in Canada

BOURBON DYNASTY BOURBON DYNASTY HENRY IVHENRY IV

Henry IV: murdered by Francois Ravaillac, a Catholic fanatic on May 14, 1610.

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIIILOUIS XIII

Louis XIII (1610-1643): Nine years old at the time of the death of his father, Henry IV. Louis XIII did not develop the confidence necessary to rule on his own. His mother Marie de'Medici served as regent until 1617.

Louis XIII married this daughter of the Spanish king Philip III, Anne of Austria:

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIIILOUIS XIII

1624 Marie de'Medici, appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the Council of Ministers. In 1628 Richelieu became the chief minister. This advisor to Louis XIII held the real power.

LOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

After the death of Louis XII

LOUIS XIV: King of France from 1643 until 1715 (72 years). He had the longest reign in European history. During this time he brought absolute monarchy to its height.

Parents: Louis XIII and Anne of Austria (Hapsburg - daughter of Philip III of Spain). He was their first child after a marriage of 23 years (married in 1615). They considered him ''god-given''. He succeeded his father on the throne at the age of five

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

The REGENCY: Anne served as regent for her son. She relied on Richelieu's successor, Cardinal Mazarin. Rumor was that their relationship was very close; he might have been her secret spouse.

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

C. The Fronde ''slingshot'' - rebels as naughty children (1648-53): The great nobles and the judges of the Parlement of Paris launched major but uncoordinated revolt in reaction to the centralizing policies of Richelieu and Mazarin. Louis was ten years old when the revolt began. There were riots in Paris and the countryside. The royal family was twice driven out of Paris and when Louis was 13 he and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris.

This was a frightening experience for the boy and resulted in his dislike of Paris. Mazarin finally suppressed the Fronde and restored internal order. The tax exempt status was re-affirmed but the French economy had been disrupted during the rebellion.

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

FRANCE BECAMES THE LEADING POWER IN EUROPE: The Peace of Westphalia (1648) which ended the Thirty Years' War, together with the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which concluded prolonged warfare with Spain, made France the leading European power.

Marriage: The latter treaty was sealed by Louis XIV's marriage on June 9, 1660 to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Philip IV of Spain and sister of Charles II. They had seven children but only one survived to adulthood.

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTYLOUIS XIVLOUIS XIV

LOUIS XIV takes CONTROL END OF THE CHIEF MINISTERS: On Mazarin's death

in 1661, Louis astounded his court by becoming his own chief minister, thereby ending the long ''reign of the cardinal-ministers.'‘

The king controlled his own government until his death, acting through his high state council (conseil d'en haut) and a few select ministers, whom he called or dismissed at will.

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTY LOUIS XIV LOUIS XIV

BUILDING: Money was lavished on buildings.

At Versailles (11 miles southwest of Paris), Louis XIII's hunting lodge was transformed between 1668-1710 into a remarkable palace and park, which were copied by Louis' fellow monarchs across Europe. It was unfortified, contained a chapel, theater, library. council chambers, 226 rooms. The most famous room at Versailles is the Hall of Mirrors. It overlooked palace gardens; windows on one side reflected in 17 huge gold framed mirrors on other side. When the king moved permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court etiquette was established that had the aristocracy, including former rebel princes, vying to participate in Louis' rising (leve) and retiring (couche). Versailles served as a visual display of Louis XIV's absolute power. It surrounded him with a mystique of royalty. To keep the nobility in check Louis required that they live at least part of the year at Versailles.

LOUIS XIV - VERSAILLESLOUIS XIV - VERSAILLES

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTY LOUIS XIV LOUIS XIV

E. Image: Louis saw himself as the center of French government. His nickname was the Sun King, around which everything else revolved. He said L'etat, c'est moi, "I am the state" reflecting the belief that he and the country were one. He projected a commanding persona even though only 5'5" tall

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTY LOUIS XIV LOUIS XIV

War of Devolution (1667-68): against the Spanish Netherlands. Louis XIV claimed that those provinces had ''devolved'' by succession to his Spanish wife rather than to her half brother Charles II, who had inherited the Spanish crown.The war brought him some valuable frontier towns in Flanders

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTY LOUIS XIV – Declining LOUIS XIV – Declining

YearsYearsTurning Point: Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685): the king took the disastrous step of revoking the Huguenot minority's right to worship by his Edict of Fontainebleau. 200,000 Huguenots--who constituted an industrious segment of French society--left the country, taking with them considerable capital as well as skills. In addition Louis' display of religious intolerance helped unite the Protestant powers of Europe against him

BOURBON DYNASTYBOURBON DYNASTY LOUIS XIV – Personal Life LOUIS XIV – Personal Life

The End: The Sun King died of gangrene on Sept. 1, 1715. His son, Louis the Grand Dauphin (1661-1711) spent his life avoiding politics and work. He hunted, partied, and grew fat. He died of smallpox in 1711. He had fought in the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession (1709-10). In 1679, he had married Marie Christine of Bavaria. He fathered three children Louis, duc de Bourgogne, 1682-1712, (the father of Louis XV) ; Philip V of Spain, 1683-1746, Charles, duc de Berry, 1684 (?)- 1714. Louis died at the age of fifty and his son and heir the crippled Duc de Bourgogne, died one year later, and the throne was inherited by his infant grandson Louis (XV) in 1715.

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

The Romanovs 1500 – 1914 The Romanovs 1500 – 1914

Russia before the Russia before the RomanovsRomanovs

The Rurik Dynasty was the The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the ruling dynasty of the Kievan Rus, and early Kievan Rus, and early Russia from 862 to 1598 Russia from 862 to 1598 A.D.A.D.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) was the first to take the title was the first to take the title of “Tsar”; he married of “Tsar”; he married Anastasia RomanovnaAnastasia Romanovna

Defeated the Mongols and Defeated the Mongols and expanded Russian territoryexpanded Russian territory

The Rurik Dynasty ended The Rurik Dynasty ended when Tsar Ivan IV’s son when Tsar Ivan IV’s son Fyodor I died without an Fyodor I died without an heirheir

Ivan the Terrible

““The Time of Troubles”The Time of Troubles” 1598 – 1613 A.D.1598 – 1613 A.D. After the death of Fyodor IAfter the death of Fyodor I Civil War - caused by poor crop yields, foreign Civil War - caused by poor crop yields, foreign

invasions and weak kings.invasions and weak kings. Cossacks and peasants united in calling for a “true Cossacks and peasants united in calling for a “true

Tsar” that would restore their freedomsTsar” that would restore their freedoms Boyars chose Mikhail Romanov – the 16 year old Boyars chose Mikhail Romanov – the 16 year old

grand-nephew of Ivan IVgrand-nephew of Ivan IV Mikhail I ruled from 1613 - 1645Mikhail I ruled from 1613 - 1645

Mikhail meeting with Mikhail meeting with BoyarsBoyars

Peter the GreatPeter the Great Reigned 1672 – 1725Reigned 1672 – 1725 First Tsar to travel to First Tsar to travel to

EuropeEurope Modernized the Modernized the

Russian navy & Russian navy & armyarmy

Built St. PetersburgBuilt St. Petersburg Encouraged boyars Encouraged boyars

to adopt Western to adopt Western dress and attitudesdress and attitudes

Reformed the Reformed the ChurchChurch

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

German princess who German princess who married Tsar Peter IIImarried Tsar Peter III

Ruled Russia alone after Ruled Russia alone after his assassinationhis assassination

Corresponded with Corresponded with Voltaire and supported Voltaire and supported the the philosophesphilosophes

Patron of the arts and Patron of the arts and literatureliterature

““Enlightened Despot”Enlightened Despot”

RomanovsRomanovs

The Romanov The Romanov Dynasty Dynasty continued continued until World until World War I in which War I in which Tsar Nicholas Tsar Nicholas II was II was overthrown by overthrown by Vladimir Vladimir Lenin and the Lenin and the BolsheviksBolsheviks