8/2/2019 The Health Effects of Tobacco Are the Circumstances

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The health effects of tobacco are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of

tobacco consumption on human health. Epidemiological research has been

focused primarily on cigarette tobacco smoking,[1]

which has been studied more

extensively than any other form of consumption.[2]

Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.[3]Tobacco use

leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking

being a major risk factor forheart attacks,strokes,chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease(COPD) (includingemphysemaandchronic bronchitis), andcancer(particularlylung cancer,cancers of the larynx and mouth, andpancreatic cancer).

It also causes peripheral vascular disease andhypertension. The effects depend on

the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes.

Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher intarincreases therisk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke,

has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages.[4]Cigarettessold inunderdeveloped countriestend to have higher tar content, and are lesslikely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease

in these regions.[5]

TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) estimates that tobacco

caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[6]

and 100 million deaths over the course of the20th century.

[7]Similarly, the United StatesCenters for Disease Control and

Preventiondescribes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to

human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death

worldwide."[8]

Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and

cause manygenetic mutations. There are over 19 known chemicalcarcinogensincigarette smoke[9]. Tobacco also containsnicotine, which is a highly addictive

psychoactivedrug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and

psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriagesamong pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of other threats to the health

of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to

3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).[10]

The result of

scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarettesmoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognizehypoxic

conditions, thus increasing the chance of accidentalasphyxiation.[11]

Incidence of

impotenceis approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-

smokers,[12]and is a key factor causingerectile dysfunction(ED).[12][13][14]

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