The HearThe HearttThe HearThe Heartt

The HeartThe HeartThe HeartThe Heart Heart pumps over 1 million gallons per

year Over 60,000 miles of blood vessels

Heart pumps over 1 million gallons per year

Over 60,000 miles of blood vessels

I. Layers of Heart WallI. Layers of Heart Wall

A. Pericardium1. protects and anchors

the heart, prevents overstretching

B. Myocardium 1. cardiac muscle

layer is the bulk of the heart

C. Endocardium1. chamber lining &

valves

A. Pericardium1. protects and anchors

the heart, prevents overstretching

B. Myocardium 1. cardiac muscle

layer is the bulk of the heart

C. Endocardium1. chamber lining &

valves

II. Structures of the HeartII. Structures of the Heart

Brachiocephalic trunkaorta

Superior vena cava

Left subclavian arteryLeft common carrotid

Right atrium

inferior vena cava

Right pulmonary vein

tricuspid

Papillary muscle

Right ventricle

Descending aorta

Interventricular septum

Left ventricle

myocardium

Mitral/bicuspid

Aortic semi-lunarLeft atrium

left pulmonary artery

pulmonary semi-lunar

Chordae tendinae

A. Two closed circuits, the systemic and pulmonic B. Pulmonary circulation

1. Right atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

2. Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve to pulmonary trunk

3. pulmonary trunk branches into left and right pulmonary arteries

4. Pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs for exchange of gases

Which gases and in what direction?

5. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left ventricle

A. Two closed circuits, the systemic and pulmonic B. Pulmonary circulation

1. Right atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

2. Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve to pulmonary trunk

3. pulmonary trunk branches into left and right pulmonary arteries

4. Pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs for exchange of gases

Which gases and in what direction?

5. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left ventricle

III. Blood CirculationIII. Blood Circulation

C. Systemic circulation1. Left atrium pumps blood though the mitral valve

(bicuspid) to the left ventricle Why is this valve replaced the most often?

2. left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic semi-lunar valve into aorta

Why is the myocardium of this chamber the thickest?

3. Aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs4. Arteries branch into many arterioles in tissue.5. Arterioles branch into thin-walled capillaries for exchange

of gases and nutrients6. Deoxygenated blood begins its return in venules7. Venules merge into veins and return to right atrium via

the vena cavas

C. Systemic circulation1. Left atrium pumps blood though the mitral valve

(bicuspid) to the left ventricle Why is this valve replaced the most often?

2. left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic semi-lunar valve into aorta

Why is the myocardium of this chamber the thickest?

3. Aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs4. Arteries branch into many arterioles in tissue.5. Arterioles branch into thin-walled capillaries for exchange

of gases and nutrients6. Deoxygenated blood begins its return in venules7. Venules merge into veins and return to right atrium via

the vena cavas

Blood Circulation (con’t)Blood Circulation (con’t)

IV. Blood Flow Off Descending Aorta IV. Blood Flow Off Descending Aorta

A. Common carotid artery (left)1. First branch coming off of the aorta and it

carries blood to head and brain2. Returns through jugular veins to superior

vena cava

B. Left & right Subclavian arteries carries blood to the arms and the subclavian veins return blood to the superior vena cava.

A. Common carotid artery (left)1. First branch coming off of the aorta and it

carries blood to head and brain2. Returns through jugular veins to superior

vena cava

B. Left & right Subclavian arteries carries blood to the arms and the subclavian veins return blood to the superior vena cava.

Blood flow off Descending Aorta (2) Blood flow off Descending Aorta (2)

C. Celiac artery carries blood to stomach, spleen and liver

D. Portal vein leads to the liver and leaves through the hepatic (liver) vein to inferior vena cava.

E. Superior mesenteric artery carries blood to the small intestine, which in turn connects to the portal vein.

a) This way all materials entering the blood stream from the digestive tract are sent directly to the liver for detoxification.

C. Celiac artery carries blood to stomach, spleen and liver

D. Portal vein leads to the liver and leaves through the hepatic (liver) vein to inferior vena cava.

E. Superior mesenteric artery carries blood to the small intestine, which in turn connects to the portal vein.

a) This way all materials entering the blood stream from the digestive tract are sent directly to the liver for detoxification.

Blood flow off Descending Aorta (3)Blood flow off Descending Aorta (3)

F. Inferior mesenteric artery leads to large intestine (and small, but mostly large)

1. Large intestine leads to internal iliac vein (hypogastric) that connects to the inferior vena cava

G. The Iliac arteries branches to supply blood to reproductive and excretory organs, as well as the legs

1. Blood returns through iliac veins to inferior vena cava

F. Inferior mesenteric artery leads to large intestine (and small, but mostly large)

1. Large intestine leads to internal iliac vein (hypogastric) that connects to the inferior vena cava

G. The Iliac arteries branches to supply blood to reproductive and excretory organs, as well as the legs

1. Blood returns through iliac veins to inferior vena cava

HEART QUESTIONSHEART QUESTIONS

How many times will your heart beat in 80 years?

How much blood is pumped with each heart beat?

How many times will your heart beat in 80 years?

How much blood is pumped with each heart beat?

V. Cardiac CycleV. Cardiac Cycle

A. Atrial diastole 1. both atria fill with blood2. atrioventricular valves are open and the

semilunar valves are closed3. 75% of ventricular filling occurs now4. lasts about 0.7 seconds

B. Atrial systole 1. atria contract forcing the remaining 25% of

the blood into the ventricles2. lasts about 0.1 seconds

A. Atrial diastole 1. both atria fill with blood2. atrioventricular valves are open and the

semilunar valves are closed3. 75% of ventricular filling occurs now4. lasts about 0.7 seconds

B. Atrial systole 1. atria contract forcing the remaining 25% of

the blood into the ventricles2. lasts about 0.1 seconds

Cardiac Cycle (2)Cardiac Cycle (2)

C. Ventricular diastole1. ventricles are relaxing2. lasts about 0.5 seconds

D. Ventricular systole1. ventricles are contracting2. blood is being forced into the aorta and

pulmonary arteries.3. the semilunar valves are open and the

atrioventricular valves are closed.4. lasts about 0.3 seconds

C. Ventricular diastole1. ventricles are relaxing2. lasts about 0.5 seconds

D. Ventricular systole1. ventricles are contracting2. blood is being forced into the aorta and

pulmonary arteries.3. the semilunar valves are open and the

atrioventricular valves are closed.4. lasts about 0.3 seconds

VI. Cardiac Conduction SystemVI. Cardiac Conduction System

A. Impulse originates in sinoatrial node (SA node or pacemaker) which is located in the superior region of the right atrium.

B. Impulse spreads across both atria which causes them to contract at the same time.

C. The impulse reaches atrioventricular node (AV node) located at the top of the right ventricle.

A. Impulse originates in sinoatrial node (SA node or pacemaker) which is located in the superior region of the right atrium.

B. Impulse spreads across both atria which causes them to contract at the same time.

C. The impulse reaches atrioventricular node (AV node) located at the top of the right ventricle.

Cardiac Conduction System (con’t)Cardiac Conduction System (con’t)

D. From the AV node the impulse passes through the atrioventricular bundle node to (Bundle of His).

E. The Bundle of His branches off into right and left bundle branches.

F. The impulse now flows through the many branches of the Purkinje fibers which pass deep into the ventricular myocardium..

D. From the AV node the impulse passes through the atrioventricular bundle node to (Bundle of His).

E. The Bundle of His branches off into right and left bundle branches.

F. The impulse now flows through the many branches of the Purkinje fibers which pass deep into the ventricular myocardium..

AV node

Pacemaker

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

VII. Electrocardiogram-ECG or EKG

VII. Electrocardiogram-ECG or EKG

A. Action potentials of all active cells can be detected and recorded

B. The machine amplifies electrical impulses generated by your muscles.

C. 4 basic parts to analyze:1. P wave2. P to Q interval3. QRS complex 4. T wave

A. Action potentials of all active cells can be detected and recorded

B. The machine amplifies electrical impulses generated by your muscles.

C. 4 basic parts to analyze:1. P wave2. P to Q interval3. QRS complex 4. T wave

VIII. ECG AnalysisVIII. ECG AnalysisVIII. ECG AnalysisVIII. ECG Analysis

A. Parameters 1. Horizontal Axis

a) Measures time of duration.

b) Each box or mm = 0.04 seconds

A. Parameters 1. Horizontal Axis

a) Measures time of duration.

b) Each box or mm = 0.04 seconds

2. Vertical Axisa) Measures voltage or

amplitude

b) Each box or mm = 0.1 mV

P-WaveP-Wave

1. Depolarization of the atria (atrial systole)

2. Amplitude of P-Wave should be less than 0.2 mV to 0.3 mV

3. Duration of P-Wave should be less than 0.11 seconds

1. Depolarization of the atria (atrial systole)

2. Amplitude of P-Wave should be less than 0.2 mV to 0.3 mV

3. Duration of P-Wave should be less than 0.11 seconds

QRS ComplexQRS Complex

1. Atria repolarization (atrial diastole)

2. Ventricle depolarization (ventricular systole)

3. Amplitude should be greater than 0.5 mV in leads 1, 2, or 3

1. Measured from tip of R to bottom of S

4. Duration should be less than 0.12 secs.

1. Atria repolarization (atrial diastole)

2. Ventricle depolarization (ventricular systole)

3. Amplitude should be greater than 0.5 mV in leads 1, 2, or 3

1. Measured from tip of R to bottom of S

4. Duration should be less than 0.12 secs.

T-Wave (isoelectric)T-Wave (isoelectric)

1. Repolarization of ventricles (ventricular diastole)

2. Amplitude should be less than 0.5 and greater than 1/10 of R wave for that segment.

a) T-wave should be on the isoelectric line

3. Duration not a concern4. T-wave should be in the

same direction as the R-wave

1. Repolarization of ventricles (ventricular diastole)

2. Amplitude should be less than 0.5 and greater than 1/10 of R wave for that segment.

a) T-wave should be on the isoelectric line

3. Duration not a concern4. T-wave should be in the

same direction as the R-wave

P-Q IntervalP-Q Interval

1. Measured from beginning of P to beginning of Q.

2. Between 0.12 and 0.2 second duration.

3. Too long indicates AV block.

1. Measured from beginning of P to beginning of Q.

2. Between 0.12 and 0.2 second duration.

3. Too long indicates AV block.

ST SegmentST Segment

1. Amplitude should be isoelectric

a) If depressed more than 2 mm indicates ischemic heart.

b) Most often caused by atherosclerosis.

2. Duration should be between 0.13 - 0.16 sec.

1. Amplitude should be isoelectric

a) If depressed more than 2 mm indicates ischemic heart.

b) Most often caused by atherosclerosis.

2. Duration should be between 0.13 - 0.16 sec.

Heart RateHeart Rate1. HR= 60/(R to R Interval in seconds)1. HR= 60/(R to R Interval in seconds)

Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac Cycle

Regulation of Regulation of Heart RateHeart Rate

Regulation of Regulation of Heart RateHeart Rate

I. Cardiac Output (CO)I. Cardiac Output (CO)

A. The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute.

A. stroke volume (SV) = amount of blood pumped per beat

A. The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute.

A. stroke volume (SV) = amount of blood pumped per beat

II. Influences on Stroke Volume

II. Influences on Stroke Volume

A. Preload (affect of stretching heart muscle)1. Frank-Starling Law of Heart

a) The longer the filling time, the greater the stretch of cardiac muscle

b) more muscle is stretched, greater force of contractionc) This explains why athletes have lower resting heart rates but the

same cardiac outputd) more blood more force of contraction results

B. Contractility1. autonomic nerves, hormones, Ca+2 or K+ levels

C. Afterload1. amount of pressure created by the blood in the

way2. high blood pressure creates high afterload

A. Preload (affect of stretching heart muscle)1. Frank-Starling Law of Heart

a) The longer the filling time, the greater the stretch of cardiac muscle

b) more muscle is stretched, greater force of contractionc) This explains why athletes have lower resting heart rates but the

same cardiac outputd) more blood more force of contraction results

B. Contractility1. autonomic nerves, hormones, Ca+2 or K+ levels

C. Afterload1. amount of pressure created by the blood in the

way2. high blood pressure creates high afterload

III. Control Centers for Heart RateIII. Control Centers for Heart RateIII. Control Centers for Heart RateIII. Control Centers for Heart Rate

A. Two centers found in the medulla1. Cardioacceleratory center

a) has a sympathetic nerve (cardioaccelerator nerve) that connects to the SA node of the heart.

2. Cardioinhibitory centera) has a parasympathetic nerve (vagus

nerve) that connects to the SA node of the heart.

A. Two centers found in the medulla1. Cardioacceleratory center

a) has a sympathetic nerve (cardioaccelerator nerve) that connects to the SA node of the heart.

2. Cardioinhibitory centera) has a parasympathetic nerve (vagus

nerve) that connects to the SA node of the heart.

IV. Factors that effect heart rateIV. Factors that effect heart rate

A. Blood Pressure (BP)1. Carotid Sinus Reflex:

a) As the BP in the carotid sinus rises the walls of the carotid sinuses stretch (baroreceptors)

b) Stretching increases stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which leads to the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla.

c) The inhibitory center stimulates the Vagus nerve which slows down the heart rate

d) Therefore a drop in HR, produced a drop in CO, which produced a drop in blood pressure, that reduced the amount of stretch in the carotid sinus.

e) What happens if there is a drop in blood pressure in the carotid sinus?

A. Blood Pressure (BP)1. Carotid Sinus Reflex:

a) As the BP in the carotid sinus rises the walls of the carotid sinuses stretch (baroreceptors)

b) Stretching increases stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which leads to the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla.

c) The inhibitory center stimulates the Vagus nerve which slows down the heart rate

d) Therefore a drop in HR, produced a drop in CO, which produced a drop in blood pressure, that reduced the amount of stretch in the carotid sinus.

e) What happens if there is a drop in blood pressure in the carotid sinus?

Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)

2. Aortic reflex (regulates BP to rest of body)

a) Right Atrial (Bainbridge) reflexb) There are baroreceptors located in the

right atrium and in the superior and inferior vena cavas.

c) When these are stimulated heart rate increases. Why increase heart rate instead of

decrease?

2. Aortic reflex (regulates BP to rest of body)

a) Right Atrial (Bainbridge) reflexb) There are baroreceptors located in the

right atrium and in the superior and inferior vena cavas.

c) When these are stimulated heart rate increases. Why increase heart rate instead of

decrease?

Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)

B. Chemical Factors 1. CO2

a) increases heart rate2. Adrenaline (epinephrine)

a) increases heart rate3. Ca 2+

a) increases heart rate4. Na+ and K+

a) lower heart rate

B. Chemical Factors 1. CO2

a) increases heart rate2. Adrenaline (epinephrine)

a) increases heart rate3. Ca 2+

a) increases heart rate4. Na+ and K+

a) lower heart rate

Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)Factors that effect heart rate (con’t)

C. Other factors

1. Sexa) females have higher heart rates

2. Agea) older-slower

3. Exercisea) increase b) person who exercises regularly has a lower

resting heart rate than one who doesn't - called Bradycardia

4. Temperaturea) Higher temperature, higher heart rate

C. Other factors

1. Sexa) females have higher heart rates

2. Agea) older-slower

3. Exercisea) increase b) person who exercises regularly has a lower

resting heart rate than one who doesn't - called Bradycardia

4. Temperaturea) Higher temperature, higher heart rate

Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)(CVD)

Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)(CVD)

In the U.S.—1 million deaths/year In the U.S.—1 million deaths/year

I. Coronary heart disease (56%)I. Coronary heart disease (56%)

A. Cause1. Slow build up of fatty plaque

(atherosclerosis) along the walls of the coronary blood vessels which reduces blood flow to heart

2. The drop in O2 levels (ischemia) causes a angina which could lead to myocardial infarction.

A. Cause1. Slow build up of fatty plaque

(atherosclerosis) along the walls of the coronary blood vessels which reduces blood flow to heart

2. The drop in O2 levels (ischemia) causes a angina which could lead to myocardial infarction.

B. DiagnosisB. Diagnosis

1. Outward symptoms of a heart attack:a) pain in chest and left armb) cyanosis of lipsc) nausead) dizzinesse) shortness of breathf) cold sweatg) denial

1. Outward symptoms of a heart attack:a) pain in chest and left armb) cyanosis of lipsc) nausead) dizzinesse) shortness of breathf) cold sweatg) denial

Diagnosis (con’t)Diagnosis (con’t)

2. Exercise ECGa) ST Depressionb) Problems with PR interval

3. Angiograma) A catheter is inserted into femoral artery of

pelvis and worked into the aorta.b) Then dye is injected through catheter.c) A fluoroscope will show the dye pathway.d) Any narrowing or blockages will show up

on the fluoroscope.

2. Exercise ECGa) ST Depressionb) Problems with PR interval

3. Angiograma) A catheter is inserted into femoral artery of

pelvis and worked into the aorta.b) Then dye is injected through catheter.c) A fluoroscope will show the dye pathway.d) Any narrowing or blockages will show up

on the fluoroscope.

C. TreatmentC. Treatment

1. Bypass surgerya) remove a vein from the leg and use it to

bypass a blockage in heart vesselb) stop heart and put on a heart lung machine

2. Angioplasty (see angiogram)a) Catheter with specialized tip is positioned

where the coronary artery is narrowed or blocked.

b) Use syringe to blow up catheter’s balloon (fig. 20-14, page 599).

c) Balloon presses the plaque up against the walls of the vessel.

1. Bypass surgerya) remove a vein from the leg and use it to

bypass a blockage in heart vesselb) stop heart and put on a heart lung machine

2. Angioplasty (see angiogram)a) Catheter with specialized tip is positioned

where the coronary artery is narrowed or blocked.

b) Use syringe to blow up catheter’s balloon (fig. 20-14, page 599).

c) Balloon presses the plaque up against the walls of the vessel.

By-pass GraftBy-pass Graft

Coronary Angioplasty

Coronary Angioplasty

CVDCVD

II. Stroke 20%A. The interruption of blood flow to the

brainB. Causes

1. thrombus vs. embolus

2. atherosclerosis (has no symptoms)

3. aneurysm-broken blood vessel

II. Stroke 20%A. The interruption of blood flow to the

brainB. Causes

1. thrombus vs. embolus

2. atherosclerosis (has no symptoms)

3. aneurysm-broken blood vessel

Stent in an ArteryStent in an Artery

Maintains patency of blood vesselMaintains patency of blood vessel

CVDCVD

III. Hypertension 7%A. Chronic high blood pressureB. More common in black males than white.

IV. Myocardial degeneration 5%A. Heart muscle degenerates

V. Arteriosclerosis 4%A. Hardening of the arteries

VI. Rheumatic fever 2%A. Childhood disease that damages heart valves

III. Hypertension 7%A. Chronic high blood pressureB. More common in black males than white.

IV. Myocardial degeneration 5%A. Heart muscle degenerates

V. Arteriosclerosis 4%A. Hardening of the arteries

VI. Rheumatic fever 2%A. Childhood disease that damages heart valves

VII. Risk Factors associated with Cardiovascular Disease

VII. Risk Factors associated with Cardiovascular Disease

A. ageB. sexC. geneticsD. diets high in fat (hyperlipidemia)E. high blood pressureF. smokingG. stressH. alcoholI. obesityJ. inactivity

A. ageB. sexC. geneticsD. diets high in fat (hyperlipidemia)E. high blood pressureF. smokingG. stressH. alcoholI. obesityJ. inactivity

VIII. First Heart Attack Risk TestVIII. First Heart Attack Risk Test

A. Age: 1. Men: 0 pts = Less than 35, 1 pt = 35 to39, 2 pts

= 40 to 48, 3 pts = 49 to 53, 4 pts = 54+.2. Women: 0 pts = Less than 42, 1 pt = 43 to 45, 2

pts = 46 to 54, 3 pts = 55 to 73, 4 pts = 74+.

B. Family History: 2 pts if family has a history (parents and/or grandparents) of heart disease or heart attack before age 60.

C. Inactivity: 1 pt if you rarely exercise or do anything physically demanding.

D. Weight: 1 pt if you are more than 20 pounds overweight.

A. Age: 1. Men: 0 pts = Less than 35, 1 pt = 35 to39, 2 pts

= 40 to 48, 3 pts = 49 to 53, 4 pts = 54+.2. Women: 0 pts = Less than 42, 1 pt = 43 to 45, 2

pts = 46 to 54, 3 pts = 55 to 73, 4 pts = 74+.

B. Family History: 2 pts if family has a history (parents and/or grandparents) of heart disease or heart attack before age 60.

C. Inactivity: 1 pt if you rarely exercise or do anything physically demanding.

D. Weight: 1 pt if you are more than 20 pounds overweight.

First Heart Attack Risk Test (con’t)First Heart Attack Risk Test (con’t)

E. Inactivity: 1 pt if you rarely exercise or do anything physically demanding.

F. Weight: 1 pt if you are more than 20 pounds overweight.

G. Smoker: 1 pts if you smokeH. Diabetes: 1 pt if you are male, 2 pts if

your are female.I. Total Cholesterol Level: 0 pts if you are

less than 240 mg/dl, 1 pt if you are 240-315 mg/dl and 2pts if you are greater than 315 mg/dl.

E. Inactivity: 1 pt if you rarely exercise or do anything physically demanding.

F. Weight: 1 pt if you are more than 20 pounds overweight.

G. Smoker: 1 pts if you smokeH. Diabetes: 1 pt if you are male, 2 pts if

your are female.I. Total Cholesterol Level: 0 pts if you are

less than 240 mg/dl, 1 pt if you are 240-315 mg/dl and 2pts if you are greater than 315 mg/dl.

First Heart Attack Risk Test (con’t)First Heart Attack Risk Test (con’t)

J. HDL Level: 2 pts if you are under 30 mg/dl, 1 pt if you are 30-38 mg/dl or 1 pt if you are over 60 mg/dl, and 0 pts if you are 38-59 mg/dl.

K. Blood Pressure (Systolic): 0 pts if less than 140 mmhg, 1 pt if 140-170 mm/hg and 2 pts if greater than 170 mmhg.

L. Scoring the test: Any value above four represents an above average risk; the higher the number, the greater the risk.

J. HDL Level: 2 pts if you are under 30 mg/dl, 1 pt if you are 30-38 mg/dl or 1 pt if you are over 60 mg/dl, and 0 pts if you are 38-59 mg/dl.

K. Blood Pressure (Systolic): 0 pts if less than 140 mmhg, 1 pt if 140-170 mm/hg and 2 pts if greater than 170 mmhg.

L. Scoring the test: Any value above four represents an above average risk; the higher the number, the greater the risk.

IX. Benefits of Aerobic Exercise

IX. Benefits of Aerobic Exercise

A. Normalizes BPB. Bradycardia

1. heart pumps more blood per beat2. more efficient

C. Increases the number of RBC'sD. Increases caloric outputE. Decreases LDL's and increases HDL's

1. High density lipoproteins (HDL's) contain more protein than fat and HDL's are able to remove low density lipoproteins (LDL's) from the blood stream

2. LDL's have a higher proportion of fat and tend to accumulate along the walls of the arteries of the body, and heart in cerebral arteries

A. Normalizes BPB. Bradycardia

1. heart pumps more blood per beat2. more efficient

C. Increases the number of RBC'sD. Increases caloric outputE. Decreases LDL's and increases HDL's

1. High density lipoproteins (HDL's) contain more protein than fat and HDL's are able to remove low density lipoproteins (LDL's) from the blood stream

2. LDL's have a higher proportion of fat and tend to accumulate along the walls of the arteries of the body, and heart in cerebral arteries

X. Designing A Good Exercise Program

X. Designing A Good Exercise Program

A. Correct intensity as measured by heart rate1. Heart must work

athlete 80-90% of the max. HR

normal 70-80% of the max. HR

older 60-70% of the max. HR

2. Maximum HR= 220 — age

e.g. a normal person 40 years of age(220-40) x 70%180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min.180 x 0.8=144 beats/min.

A. Correct intensity as measured by heart rate1. Heart must work

athlete 80-90% of the max. HR

normal 70-80% of the max. HR

older 60-70% of the max. HR

2. Maximum HR= 220 — age

e.g. a normal person 40 years of age(220-40) x 70%180 x 0.7 =126.0 beats/min.180 x 0.8=144 beats/min.

Designing A Good Exercise Program (con’t)

Designing A Good Exercise Program (con’t)

B. Correct duration1. 20 minutes or longer at target

heart rate

C. Frequency 1. 3-4 times a week or every

other day

B. Correct duration1. 20 minutes or longer at target

heart rate

C. Frequency 1. 3-4 times a week or every

other day