The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire becauseA. The emperors were not crowned by the popesB. The byzantine emperors did not acknowledge the Holy Roman

empireC. The people who lived there did not practice ChristianityD. It did not restore imperial unity to Western Europe

Which one of the following does not describe the crusades?A. The campaigns showed European military superiority to

Muslim armiesB. One of the crusades conquered Constantinople instead of

recapturing Palestine.C. Crusaders brought back many Muslim ideas including

agricultural products back to EuropeD. Crusaders traded eagerly with merchants in the Eastern

Mediterranean

Quick Write

High Middle Ages

European Middle Ages0Early / Post-Classical (Ds)

0“the Dark Ages” disorder, disunity, despair

0High Middle Ages (Cs) 0Rise of crown, commerce & cities0Late Middle Ages 03 disasters: church scandal,100 years

war & BLACK DEATH

Post-Classical/ Early Middle Ages

0550 – 900 CE – fragmented & chaotic

0Catholic church only source of intellectual development & literacy

0Church power0Manorialism0Feudalism

High Middle Ages Advancements

0primogeniture0Holy Roman

Emperor0Capetian kings0Norman conquest0More stability

10th century – out of the ruins of the Frankish empire

0W. - France:0 new hereditary

monarchy established:

0Hugh Capet – Capetian dynasty

E. - German States: Holy Roman Empire0Develops as an

“elected” emperor under the Pope

Greater Stability…

Limited Government Control

0Church main authority0Aristocrats vs. monarchical

power /Magna Carta01st English parliament0Three key estates0Conflicts church &

Kings

The Crusades

Overview

0 The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims

0 Fought over control of the city of Jerusalem0 Though eight Crusades occurred between 1096 and 1300,

only the first four hold true historical significance

Causes of the Crusades

0 Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened Constantinople

0 Pope wanted to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christendom (which had split in 1054)

0 Kings and religious leaders wanted to rid themselves of quarrelsome knights

0 European merchants looked to take control of Muslim-held trade routes in the Mediterranean

0 Crusaders were assured of a place in heaven

The Effects of the Crusades

0 Increased contact between the Europeans and Muslims led to:0 Revival of the Mediterranean Sea

Lanes0 Europeans were introduced to

goods from Southwest Asia:0 Spices, ivory, oranges, gun-

powder, East Asian foods0 Islamic forms of math and

science entered European society0 Algebra, optics, advanced

engineering (stone fortifications)0 Decline of Constantinople

The West ExpandsReasons:

0Pop growth0Memory of Rome0Religious zeal

Reconquista of SpainVikingsCrusades0cultural diffusion & trade

Western Civilization

0Christianity was unifying element

0Little classical thought before 1000

0Crusades classical works0Aristotle especially

Trends in the West… food production population strong monarchies travel trade towns… urban culture

Rise of Trade, Towns, &

Cities

Role of Italy0Italian towns had not decayed to same

degree as rest of W. Europe0Italy’s location – trade cities0Crusades resulted in trade of goods –

luxury items from the east & middle east

0Connection between Mediterranean trade system & rest of Europe

0Belgium and N. France0Textile capital of Europe; 0woolen industry0Center of trade in European Northern

Coast: across France, down Rhine River and across English Channel

Flanders

0Trading towns along Baltic Coast & North Eastern Europe

070 member cities0Established permanent trading routes

0Traded in fur, timber, fish, grain

Hanseatic League

Champagne (France) had the best known fairs

Fairs

Role of Medieval Fairs0Goods from all over world were exchanged

(at first by barter then by money) at fairs0Trade items from East: spices, medicine,

perfume, dyes, gems, silk, cotton, linen, gold, silver, ivory

0Trade items from Middle East: textiles, rugs, grains, fruit

0Exchange of ideas!

Development of Money Economy0led to decline of feudal system &

emergence of market economy0Capital: wealth earned, accumulated

and invested0Coinage – silver, then gold0Banking - Italian “banca” = money

changers table0European traders less wealthy than

Islamic counterparts

Growth of Cities and TownsResulted from:

0the revival of trade 0serfs leaving manor

for opportunities0strong monarchies Developed Where?

Near well-traveled roads, transfer points or waterways

Guilds0set quality standard0loans to members0ill / disabled members0Protected businesses0set prices /conditions 0prohibited competition0supervised training…

Universities Develop0Begin as learning guilds (an

association of people organized for the purpose of learning and teaching)

0Limited to specific subjects (ex: theology, law, medicine)

0Academic degrees develop (B.A., M.A. PhD)

Scholasticism0Intellectual movement that attempted to reconcile faith & reason0Faith = Church teachings

0Reason = Aristotle’s logic

0Scholastic philosophers

Thomas Aquinas013th century Italian

priest0Wrote Summa Theologica 0reason was God’s gift 0church doctrine could be

supported through logic 0Proposed 5 logic proofs

of the existence of God...

Vernacular0Vernacular: language of everyday

speech0people spoke the language that had

developed in their own countries from Latin or German roots (Eng, Fr, Ger, Ital, Span)

0each kingdom a distinct identity0literature more accessible

Vernacular Writers0Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy,

epic poem in Italian that describes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory and heaven

9 circles

Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales

0English narrative poems that described a group of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine

Gothic Architecture0Characteristics: walls high & thin, flying

buttresses supported weight of roof, large stained-glass windows, pointed arches

0Symbolism: 0ground plan in shape of a cross0with high walls and pointed arches,

everything appeared to be “reaching towards heaven”

Flying Buttresses

Clerestory Windows

Seville’s Cathedral

Toledo’s Cathedral

MUST KNOW:Gothic vs.

Romanesque

Illuminated

Page

•The Rise of a Middle Class leads to the decline of Medieval Feudalism•The kings will use the Middle Class to weaken the nobility / aristocracy• revival of trade will lead to the more rapid exchange of everything – including the Black Death