THE

HOLYSHEETS

for

DESIGN(ers)

This book is dedicated topeople who believe in

an Endeavor.

Effort never lets you down.

Alpha Channel: channels are stored within a computer graphic image and are usually used to store selections, masks, or transparency information.

Anti-aliasing: is the process whereby the jagged ‘aliased’ edges of a bitmapped image, or on-screen font, are smoothed. Sometimes an anti-alias is actually undesirable. For example, when displaying small fonts on-screen it is gen-erally clearer to leave the fonts aliased.

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Bitmap: an image made up of pixels. An-other term for a Bitmap is a Raster.

Bleed: extra image that extends at least 1/8” beyond the edge of the page. This part of the im-age will be trimmed resulting in the ink appear-ing to go to the edge.

Body copy: is the term given to the main blocks of text in an article - as opposed to head-lines and sub headings.

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Caption: A caption is the descriptive text that is used to explain the contents of a photo-graph, diagram or illustration.

Clipping Path: A path made with Pho-toshop’s pen tool, which is used to make part of an image transparent. When a clipping path is made, everything inside the path is opaque and everything outside is transparent. Images with a clipping path should be saved as an EPS but might work with a Photoshop file format as well.

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CMYK: Process colors that are used in print to simulate all colors of the rainbow.Cyan, Ma-genta and Yellow are known as subtractive colors because the more of each ink that is added, the darker, or less reflective, the resultant shade. In theory, the application of a 100% mixture of Cyan Magenta and Yellow inks will produce a solid black. In practice, in the printing process, black ink nearly always has to be added, which is what the K stands for.

Crop: To crop an image is to trim it to a size that best enhances the contents or to make it fit into the allocated space in the design.

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Desktop Publishing (DTP): the catch-all term applied to the introduction of digital publishing systems in the 1980’s. These systems replaced large, specialist design, pre-press and compositing systems. Although a lot of the design and pre-press can be done on small ‘desktop’ systems, the actual printing still requires large and expensive output systems. Although, this is now gradually changing in some areas, with the advent of smaller run digital printing machines.

Dots-per-inch (DPI): The generally accepted term for describing the resolution an output device such as imagesetters and printers. It is also used in relation to bitmap graphic files and scanned images, that are intended for print-ed output - as opposed to pixels per inch (PPI), which is used for images that are intended purely for on-screen use.

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Duotone: A black and white photographic image that has been given a color tint, by dupli-cation the image onto a second color channel. It is advisable to adjust each channel to ensure that the image has the correct tonal values for each channel and will print as intended.

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EPS (Encapsulated Postscript): A file format which describes an image or grap[hic as a series of mathematical commands. EPS graphics can contain raster and vector elements. EPS files can only be printed properly on a post-script printer.

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FPO (For Position Only): refers to the placement of a dummy image, dummy text, graphic or blank box as a placeholder - during the proofing or editorial process - to indicate that there is a real image or ‘live’ copy still to come. Sometimes the correct image may be in place, but it will only be a low-resolution, non-printing image, until a high resolution version has been scanned and imported. It is particularly impor-tant in these cases to identify the images as FPO, to prevent the accidental sending of the file to pre-press, for output.

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Rectangleframe Tool

Gamut: The range of colors available to a specific output device, such as a Laserprinter or an Imagesetter. If the color range is too wide for that particular device, it is referred to as ‘out of gamut’. For example, the RGB color range is much broader than the CMYK color gamut (which is what most pre-press output devices use). Colors speciffied using the RGB gamut, will often fall out of the gamut range when output.

GIF: or Graphics Interchange Format files, have a .gif extension. GIF format is a popular web graphic format for cartoons, logos, graph-ics with transparent areas, and animations. GIFs contain a maximum of 256 colors.

Grid: A layout grid is the non-printing set of guidelines that designers use to align images and text in a document layout.

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Halftone: A pattern of dots arranged on an imaginary grid to simulate shades of gray or levels of color. Many printers cannot reproduce continuous tone images so instead; create half-tone patterns to simulate them.

High Resolution: Photographic (bit-map) images that will be used for print repro-duction must be scanned at a high resolution. Images that are going to be printed must usually be scanned to a resolution approximating 1.5 times to 2.5 times the intended line screen of the output device. 300 dpi is usually sufficient for most print reproductions.

Histogram: A graph showing the relative distribution of pixels of various densities in an image. Histograms can reflect the dark, mid and light tones of an image.

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Icon: a sign (as a word or graphic symbol) whose form suggests its meaning. A graphic symbol on a computer display screen that usu-ally suggests the type of object represented or the purpose of an available function

Inkjet printer: These printers work by spraying tiny droplets of ink onto the printing substrate. Inkjet printers can vary from small home printing devices, to large and expensive dye-sublimation printers that are involved in the early stages of color proofing.

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JPEG: or Joint Photographic Experts Group files (named after the organization that created the compression format), is a type of file used to compress the size of images that are usually pho-tographs or high-color images. The JPEG format is best for scanned photographs, images using textures, images with gradient color transitions, and any images that require more than 256 col-ors. The downside is that there is loss of quality in a JPEG image. JPEGs are not recommended for use in print due to the reduction of quality. The JPEG format is largely used to reduce the size of web images to enable faster downloads.

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Kerning: the process of adjusting the space between two letters in a piece of text, to make an even or more pleasing visual fit.

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Leading: The space between lines of type in a block of text. Leading is specified in points.

Logotype: commonly known as a logo, is the graphic element, symbol, and icon of a trade-mark or brand, which is set in a special typeface or arranged in a particular way.

Low resolution: The term applied to a bitmap graphics file (usually a photographic image) that is only used for positional purposes, or ‘on-screen’ display. The term ‘low-resolution’ is not an absolute term. A low-resolution file is typically 72dpi, at the intended output size and so is generally considered unsuited for printed work as it will probably appear bitmapped or aliased. However, some newspaper or large post-ers are output at very course line screens and so this size of image is no longer considered ‘low-resolution’. 72 dpi or ppi is the best resolution for web gra-phics.

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Mask: a selection, object or alpha channel used to block out part of an image.

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Pantone: a popular system used to specify different colors of ink. This system lists over 1000 colors and is best used to specify spot colors ac-curately.

Pixel: the smallest unit of a raster graphic. Can be thought of as a single ‘tile’ in a mosaic. A pixel can only be one color.

Pixels Per Inch (PPI): is the method of measuring the size of a bitmap digital image on-screen. This is separate from dots per inch, or the output resolution of an image.

PostScript: A page description language, developed by Adobe, that redefined the design, print and publishing industry in the 1980’s. The Apple laserwriter in the mid-1980’s shipped with

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PostScript and, combined with Pagemaker and the Macintosh, launched the desktop publishing (DTP) industry. PostScript was the first digital printing programming language that, in con-junction with DTP publishing software, allowed text and graphics to be reproduced in a high enough quality to be used in pre-press reproduc-tion.PostScript is also utilized in the majority of fonts used in the design and publishing industry, as well as utilized in applications such as Illustrator, InDesign, etc.

Printers Spread: This is the way you would reorganize your pages in a document to print it in a way that it can make a book using a signature. Usually you print your documents in Sequential Spreads, but they you must use an ac-cordion fold to make your booklet. Other terms

related to Printers Spreads are Imposition and Pagination.

Process Color: Cyan, magenta, yellow and black are used with varying dot patterns to simu-late all the colors in the rainbow. RGB defined colors may be out of range of CMYK so will be changed to fit the CMYK gamut.

RGB: Red, green and blue are the 3 primary colors that are used by monitors to display im-ages. They are called additive colors because the more of each of each RGB color that is added, the brighter the resultant color. 100% of RGB will produce white.

Rivers: A river is a typographic term for the ugly white gaps that can occur in justified columns of type. This is caused when there is too much space between words on concurrent lines of text. Rivers are especially common in narrow columns of text, where the type size is relatively large.

Runaround: In desktop publishing layout programs, such as QuarkXpress and InDesign, it is often desirable to place photographs, logos, or other digital images within blocks of text. The ability to divert blocks of text around the placed images is known as running the text around.

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Serif: the flared portion of a letter’s end. Not all typefaces have serifs and they are called Sans Serif.

Spot Color: Color reproduced on press by a special ink of the exact color wanted rather than being reproduced by missing different per-centages of the primary colors CMYK. Pantone colors are most often used to specify Spot Colors.

Stroke/Outline: This can refer to the outside edge of a font or to the outer edge of a vector graphic image, drawn in a package such as Illustrator or Freehand.

SWOP: Standard for Web Offset Proofing. A color-proofing standard designed to ensure con-sistency between the color you see on the proof and the printed piece.

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Tabloid: is a format normally reserved for newspapers, measuring half the size of a broad-sheet. (11” x 17”)

Text wrap: Term used to describe body text that is running around a placed image, or block of text.

Threaded: text blocks that are connected across the columns of a page or across pages throughout a story. Allows for insertions or dele-tions without losing information.

TIFF (tagged image file format): is a cross-platform, high-resolution pre-press graphics file format that is used in graphic arts. Like the EPS file format, TIFF files have the abil-ity to save information as CMYK. Unlike EPS

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files, ordinary TIFFs are purely bitmap files and could not, until recently, contain vector data. Recently there is the option of the enhanced TIFF file format, which supports fonts and other vector drawing information, as well as supports Photoshop layers and transparency. Most print-ers still prefer Photoshop files to be flattened be-fore outputting. The recent version of InDesign now supports importing layered Photoshop files (PSD) and so the use of layered TIFF files may become obsolete.

Trap: to compensate for possible misalign-ment of colors on a printing press by making objects of different colors overlap slightly. This minimizes a potential white gap when printing presses are misaligned.

Typeface: an alphabet of letters in a particu-

lar style. Technically, the term ‘font’ refers only to a particular style of type in a particular size and typeface refers to the entire collection of letters in a style an size.

Vector graphics: A vector is a shape that is constructed using math in postscript. Unlike bitmap images, it is resolution independent and allows graphics images to be enlarged to any size, without any loss of quality. Another term for Vector is Bezier.

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Zzzzzzzzzzzz: What happens to the viewer if your work is boring.

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AIGA, the professional association for design, stimulates thinking about design, demonstrates the value of design and empowers the success of designers at each stage of their careers. AIGA’s mission is to advance designing as a profession-al craft, strategic tool and vital cultural force. Founded in 1914, AIGA remains the oldest and largest professional membership organization for design, and is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational institution.

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